語(yǔ)法專題過(guò)去分詞與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、第 頁(yè)共10頁(yè)語(yǔ)法專題過(guò)去分詞與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)過(guò)去式用來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)詞的“過(guò)了” 、“完了”等意思，漢語(yǔ)里表達(dá)動(dòng)作的時(shí)間時(shí)采用的 是前后加字法，即在動(dòng)詞的前面或后面加字，表達(dá)做了，只要在動(dòng)詞的后面加上“了” 就行了，如吃了、看了。而英語(yǔ)采用的是變形法，即不加字，而是讓動(dòng)詞本身發(fā)生變化， 如 eat變成 ate, see變成 saw, ate saw就是表達(dá) “吃過(guò)了”、“看過(guò)” 的過(guò)去式?！斑^(guò)去分詞”則完全是另一回事，它的寫法和過(guò)去式有時(shí)一樣，有時(shí)不一樣（簡(jiǎn)單 詞多不一樣，長(zhǎng)詞多一樣），但用法完全不一樣，它有時(shí)表達(dá)“被”，有時(shí)表達(dá)“完 成”。表達(dá)“被”即被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，表達(dá)“完成”即用于完成時(shí)態(tài)。另外，過(guò)去分詞

2、 不僅可以做動(dòng)詞，還可以做形容詞。一、過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成規(guī)則過(guò)去分詞與過(guò)去式都是由動(dòng)詞變化而來(lái)，存在規(guī)則與不規(guī)則2種變化。過(guò)去分詞的規(guī)則變化由動(dòng)詞+ed構(gòu)成，具體構(gòu)成方法與過(guò)去式一樣。不規(guī)則變化見(jiàn)下表：1. AAA型（原形一原形一原形）在舁 廳P過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞中文備注01cutcutcut切，割02costcostcost03hithithitft#04hurthurthurt傷害05letletlet讓06putputput放07readreadread讀08setsetset安排，設(shè)置2. ABA型（原形一過(guò)去式一原形）在舁 廳P過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞中文備注01becomebecamebecomeIO

3、02comecamecome來(lái)03runranrun跑3. ABC 型(1) 原形一 ew-own在舁 廳P過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞中文備注01blowblewblown吹02flyflewflown飛03growgrewgrown生長(zhǎng)04knowknewknown知道(2) i-a- u廳P原形過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞L備注01beginbeganbegun開(kāi)始02drinkdrankdrunk喝03ringrangrung打電話04singsangsung唱05swimswamswum游泳(3)原形一過(guò)去式一過(guò)去式+ (e) n在舁 廳P過(guò)4t過(guò)去分詞中文備注01choosechosechosen選擇02fo

4、rgetforgotforgotten忘記03freezefrozefrozen凍04speakspokespoken說(shuō)，講05breakbrokebroken破壞(4)原形一過(guò)去式一原形+ (e) n在舁 廳P過(guò)4t過(guò)去分詞中文備注01eatateeaten吃02fallfellfallen落卜03givegavegiven給04seesawseen看見(jiàn)05writewrotewritten寫06rideroderidden騎07drawdrewdrawn畫08taketooktaken拿09hidehidhidden躲藏(5)原形一過(guò)去式一過(guò)去分詞在舁 廳P過(guò)4t過(guò)去分詞中文備注01bew

5、as/werebeen是02gowentgone去03dodiddone做4. ABB 型在舁 廳P過(guò)4t過(guò)去分詞中文備注01bringbroughtbrought02buyboughtbought買03fightfoughtfought打架，爭(zhēng)吵04thinkthoughtthought思考，認(rèn)為05catchcaughtcaught捉，抓06teachtaughttaught教07fellfeltfelt感到08keepkeptkept保持09leaveleftleft離開(kāi)10sleepsleptslept睡覺(jué)11sweepsweptswept打掃12dealdealtdealt處理13m

6、eanmeantmeant意思是14buildbuiltbuilt建造15hearheardheard聽(tīng)見(jiàn)16makemademade制造17sendsentsent送，寄18spendspentspent花費(fèi)；度過(guò)19havehadhad有20laylaidlaid放21loselostlost丟失22paypaidpaid付錢23saysaidsaid說(shuō)24sellsoldsold賣25standstoodstood站26understandunderstoodunderstood明白，理解27telltoldtold告訴28feedfedfed喂29findfoundfound發(fā)現(xiàn)；找到

7、30getgotgot得到31holdheldheld握，擁有32meetmetmet遇見(jiàn)33sitsatsat坐34winwonwon贏5.具有2種變化在舁 廳P過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞中文備注01burnburnedburned燒burntburnt02dreamdreameddreamed做夢(mèng)dreamtdreamt03hanghangedhanged（被）絞死hunghung掛04learnlearnedlearned學(xué)learntlearnt05lieliedlied說(shuō)謊laylain躺，放平06smellsmelledsmelled聞smeltsmelt07wakewakedwaked醒wo

8、kewoken08beatbeatbeat打beatbeaten二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)及其用法.什么是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)共有兩 種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng) 作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的“及物 動(dòng)詞:2t被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),如果一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞就是及物動(dòng)詞（用 vt.表 示），如give, say, ea侍；不跟賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞則稱為不及物動(dòng)詞 （用vi.表示），如walk, come, arrive等。漢語(yǔ)往往用“被”、“受”、吆合”、“由”等詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意

9、義。eg.He opened the door.他打開(kāi)了這扇門。（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）The door was opened.這扇門被打開(kāi)了。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）The door was opened by him.這扇門被他打開(kāi)了。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）第（3）句tS用by引出了 open的執(zhí)行者h(yuǎn)im。by是介詞，后須跟he的賓格。當(dāng)然， 當(dāng)不想說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，可表達(dá)第（2）句話。.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)是：be動(dòng)詞+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)）壬語(yǔ)里復(fù)數(shù)等變化只通改變be動(dòng)皿的形式,過(guò)去分一詞部分丕變?cè)?疑問(wèn)式和否定式的變化也如此。eg.Her room is swept.（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí).主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)

10、）Their rooms are swept.（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)）Her room was swept yesterday.（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）Her room is being swept now.（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) S be V-ing）Her room was being swept at this time yesterday.（過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)， S be V-ing）Her room is going to be swept tomorrow.（一般將來(lái)時(shí)）Her room should be swept.（含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)詞原形）我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，無(wú)論是什么時(shí)態(tài)、主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，被動(dòng)

11、語(yǔ)態(tài)的be動(dòng)詞都不能弄丟， 但需要隨著時(shí)態(tài)、主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)的變化而變化，“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)詞原形”的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則不 能變第 頁(yè) 共 10 頁(yè)3、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法1）不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。eg.The bridge was built last year. 這座橋是去年建造的。He was elected chairman.他被選為主席。2） 當(dāng)更加強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。此時(shí)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者由 by 引導(dǎo)置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后， 不需要時(shí)可以省略。 eg.The room hasnt been cleaned yet.房間還沒(méi)有打掃。The tiger was killed by him. 老虎被他

12、殺死了。3）當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不是人時(shí)，多用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。eg.The window was blown by wind. 窗戶被風(fēng)吹開(kāi)了。The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整個(gè)村莊者 B 被洪水沖走了。（4）表示客觀的說(shuō)明常用“It be （隨時(shí)態(tài)選擇be動(dòng)詞）+過(guò)去分詞+ that從旬” 句型。 it 是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是 that 從句。 eg.It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.據(jù)說(shuō)露茜已經(jīng)出國(guó)了。It is believed that he is a spy. （=He is be

13、lieved to be a spy.大家相信他是個(gè)間諜。其它常見(jiàn)的“It is +過(guò)去分詞+ that”句型還有：It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō)It is believed that 大家相信It is suggested that 有人建議4、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（ 1）將主動(dòng)句的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)Tom killed him. f He was killed by Tom.（2）將動(dòng)詞改為“ be+過(guò)去分詞”They held a meeting yesterday.f A meeting was held by them yesterday

14、. 他們昨天 開(kāi)會(huì)了。（ 3）主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng)主動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)如果是people, we, you, they, somebod滸含糊地表示“人們”、“大 家”的單詞，變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)何時(shí)，通常刪去“ by”，但原主語(yǔ)被強(qiáng)調(diào)者除外。eg.They set up this hospital in 1975. f This hospital was set up in 1975.這所醫(yī)院建于 1975 年。Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成這項(xiàng)工作。The job can be finished only by him. 這項(xiàng)工作只能由他來(lái)完成。含有雙賓語(yǔ)，即

15、直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的句子，每個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)， 即其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。 eg.Jack told us the truth. 杰克告訴了我們真相。We were told the truth by Jack.The truth was told (to) us by Jack.在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，make, let, see, hear, notice, feel ,watcl等后常跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，即賓語(yǔ) 和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)， 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞不定式 (短語(yǔ)) 來(lái)充當(dāng)時(shí)， 動(dòng)詞不定式的 to 被省略。但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，這個(gè)to 不能省略。 eg.I often hear h

16、er sing this popular song.She is often heardto sing this popular song.上旬是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，sing this popular song是省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，在句中作賓語(yǔ) 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，即句型：hear sb. do sth;下旬是對(duì)應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，to sing this popular song中的 to 不能省略。(4動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意的動(dòng)詞多為連系動(dòng)詞， 如： look, feel, smell 等。 動(dòng)詞 happen, cost, take, hav破有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。eg.An accident

17、 was happened yesterday( x)An accident happened yesterday.(，)昨天發(fā)生了一起事故。The flower smells sweet. 這花聞起來(lái)很香。The watch looks good. 這表看起來(lái)很好。This book sells well. 這本書暢銷。(5有時(shí)部分“ be +過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)并不表達(dá)“被動(dòng)”含義，這樣的過(guò)去分詞有 lost(lose 的過(guò)去分詞) ， broken(break 的過(guò)去分詞)等，它們其實(shí)是形容詞，意思分別 是“丟失的；失落的” 、 “損壞的，破碎的” 。 eg.My eraser was lo

18、st. I feel so lost. 我的橡皮丟了，我很失落。Her heart is broken. 我的心碎了。三、各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)舉例1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)( am/ is/ are +done)English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的許多人都說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。Class meeting is held every Thursday 每周四者 B 舉行班會(huì)。The classroom is cleaned by the students every day 生們每天者 B 打掃教室。2一般過(guò)去時(shí)(was/ were +done)The

19、cup was broken by the boy.杯子被那個(gè)男孩打碎了。He was saved at last.他最終獲救了。My bike was stolen. 我的自行車被偷了。3一般將來(lái)時(shí)與過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一個(gè)演講。A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一條新馬路。I thought thousands of people would be helped.我認(rèn)為將有數(shù)千人

20、得到幫助。4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday乍天這時(shí)，機(jī)器正在被修理。The problem is being discussed now.問(wèn)題正在被討論。A bus is being pushed by the passenger昭人正在推輛公共汽車。5現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/ has been + done)Two hundred trees have been planted by now!U現(xiàn)在為止

21、，已經(jīng)種了二百棵樹(shù)了。The book has been read many times by mefi 本書已經(jīng)被我讀了 許多遍了。Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict.在沖突中已經(jīng)有幾名士兵被殺害。6過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had been + done)They said they had been invited to the party 他們說(shuō)已經(jīng)被邀請(qǐng)參加晚會(huì)了。 She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 發(fā)現(xiàn)房子已經(jīng)被暴風(fēng)雨摧毀。He had been

22、 tortured by the 川ness for many years before he died.世前已經(jīng)被疾病折磨很多年了四、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)專項(xiàng)練習(xí). 單項(xiàng)選擇Good books again and again.A. should be readedC. must readThe children by the nurse.A. were lookedC. were looked afterHe _ some pieces of advice, but heA. gave, didnt listenC. give, wasnt listenedWhenthe accident ?A. w

23、as, happenC. is, happenThe question by us soon.A. is going to discussC. is going to be discussedThe lab about five years ago.A. was buildedC. buildsB. should be readD. ought to readB. looked afterD. looked_ to them.B. was given, wasnt listenedD. was given, didnt listenB. did, happenD. was, happenedB

24、. will discussD. has been discussedB. was builtD. has been builtA lot of tall buildings in his hometown in the last three years.A. have set upB.have been set upC. were set upD.set upThey printing 500 copies by the end of last month.A. had finishedB.have finishedC. had been finishedD.have been finish

25、edRice also in their hometown.第 頁(yè) 共 10 頁(yè)第 頁(yè) 共 10 頁(yè)is grownC. was grewis grewD. was grown10. Heby the teachers.A. is always praisedC. have been praised11. Great changes praisesD. always is praised place. Many new schools.A. have taken, have been opened B. take, are openare taken, openD. have been tak

26、en, are openedThe picture in October, 1996.A. was takingB. had been takenC. was takenD. had takenWe cant use the bridge now, because itA. has been repairedB. is repairingC. is repairedD. is being repairedI the way to the railway station by a policeman.B. showedD. was showingB. had been broken outD.

27、had broken outA. was shownC. have shownThe warin 1941.A. broke outC. was broken outWhen water, it will be changed into vapor.A. is heatedB. heatingC. has heatedD. heatsWe cant enter the room because its doorB. locksD. is lockingB. are made to workD. are making to workB. fillA. lockedC. is lockedThey

28、 day and night.A. are made workC. made to be workedof people.Changan Road is A. filledC. fullD. fulledMan-made satellites into space by many countries.A. was sent upB. is sent upC. have been sent upD. has been sent upThis English song often by the children.A. is, singingB. is, sungC. will, singD. wa

29、s, sung22.The windows of our house once a week.A. must cleanB. have cleanedC. is cleanedD. are cleanedWhen the Peoples Republic of China?A. was, foundB. was, foundedC. did, foundD. does, foundMarys radio by my brother just now.A. will be mendedB. has mendedC. was mendedD. mendedYour exercise books a

30、fter class.A. will hand inB. must hand inC. handed inD. must be handed inSome trees may at other times of the year.A. be plantedB. plantC. are plantedD. will be plantedThe sun at night as usual.A. can be seenB. cant seeC. cant be seenD. doesnt seeA new English play there next week.A. will put onB. will be put onC. is going to put onD. will be putted onA strange thing in our school yesterday.A. was happenedB. has been happenedC. happenedD. was going to happenThe glass . It by little Tom this morning.A. broke, is brokenB. is broken, was brokenC. wa