(完整版)跨文化交際復習題和答案解析

1、WORD完美格式判斷題T1Asaphenomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears.作為一種現(xiàn)象，跨文化傳播已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)千年。然而，作為一門學科，它的歷史只有大約五十年。F2InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinEurope.跨文化交際是歐洲第一門學科F3Cultureisastaticentity靜態(tài)的實體whilecommunicati

2、onisadynamicprocess.文化是一個靜態(tài)的實體而溝通是一個動態(tài)的過程T4Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagiven約定的特定的culture.文化可以被看作是一種共享的知識，人們需要知道的是在一個特定的文化中扮演適當?shù)男袨門5Althoughculturalstereotypehasitslimitations(over-generalization),itstillcontributestoapersonsculturalcognition.認識、

3、認知文化刻板印象雖有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化認知。T6Ininterculturalcommunication,weshouldseparateonesindividualcharacterfromculturalgeneralization.在跨文化交際中，我們要把自己的個性和文化的泛化分開。T7Culturalmistakesaremoreseriousthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatsomeoneisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanlea

4、dtoseriousmisunderstandingandevenill-feelingbetweenindividuals.文化錯誤比語言錯誤更嚴重。語言錯誤意味著有人不能充分表達自己的想法，而文化上的錯誤會導致嚴重的誤解，甚至個人之間的不適感F8Allpeopleofthesamenationalitywillhavethesameculture.所有同一民族的人都會有相同的文化T9Althoughtwoculturesmaysharethesameideas,theirmeaningandsignificancemaynotbethesame.雖然兩國文化有著相同的想法，但它們的意義和意

5、義可能不一樣F10Onesactionsaretotallyindependentofhisorherculture.個人的行為完全獨立于他或她的文化ComprehensionCheckT1、Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewaysinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.所有的文化都需要和價值的禮貌，但禮貌的方式可能會有所不同T_2、Donttakeoffence-gettingtheformofaddress”wrong”israrelyintendedtobeoffensive.不

6、要拿“錯誤”的形式來攻擊，這是很難得的進攻T_3、Addressingformslike“MissMary”,”Brown”bytheChinesemaybeaformofculturalcompromise.解決形式如“瑪麗小姐”，“棕色”由中國可能是一種文化妥協(xié)的形式。T_4.RanksinthearmedforceslikeCaptain,Colonelcanbeusedastitles.作頭銜上校，上校，上校，可以用F_5.WesternerscanunderstandwhatUnclepolicemanorP.L.A.Unclemeans.放軍叔叔的手段。西方人能夠理解警察叔叔和解F

7、6.WecanaddressJasonDouglas,whoisalawyer,asLawyerDouglas.個律師，律師道格拉斯。我們可以解決杰森道格拉斯，他F_7.Chinesehospitalitytowardthewesternersisalwaysgreatlyappreciated.客是非常贊賞的。中國人對西方人的熱情好F_8.TheChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyappreciatedbytheWesterners.西方人對中國人的關注往往受到西方人的贊賞。F_9.”Thankyouforcoming!”isatypicalexpressi

8、onusedbyWesternhostswhentheguestsjustarrived.謝謝你的到來！“當客人剛到的時候，這是西方主人使用的一種典型的表達形式。T_10.”Imsorrytohavewastedyourtime”or“Imsorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime”areusuallyappropriateforthebusinessvisit.我很抱歉浪費了你的時間”或者“我很抱歉占用了你這么多時間”，通常都是適合商務拜訪的。ComprehensionCheckT1.sometimestheChinesewayofshowingmodestymay

9、beconsideredasfishingforcompliments.有時，中國人表現(xiàn)出謙虛的方式可以被視為對贊美的贊美T2.ThesocialfunctionsofChineseandEnglishcomplimentsareroughlythesame.漢語和英語的社會功能大致相同。T3.Ininformalsituations,alargenumberofcomplimentsareusedtomakepeoplefeelcomfortable.在非正式場合，大量的贊美是讓人感到舒服的F4.Theculturalassumptionofcomplimentsisthesamebetwe

10、encultures.文化的假設是文化的相同的。T5.AdjectivesandverbsareoftenusedtoconveycomplimentmessageinEnglish,whileadjectives,adverbsandverbsareoftenusedinChinese.形容詞和動詞常被用來傳遞英語中的恭維話，而形容詞、副詞和動詞常被用在漢語里。F6.Englishcomplimentsoftenbeginwiththeword“you”whileChinesecomplimentsoftenstartwiththeword“I”.英語的贊美常以“你”一詞開頭，而中國人的贊美

11、常以“我”一詞開頭F7.ChinesepeoplegivemorecomplimentsindailylifethanAmericans.在日常生活中，中國人比美國人更為贊美。F8.Americanstendstobeself-effacingintheircomplimentsresponses.美國人往往自謙在稱贊別人的反應。F9.ComplimentsonothersbelongingsaresometimesanindirectwayofrequestinAmericanculture.對他人財物的贊美有時是美國文化中的一種間接的方式T10.Ifaguestcomplimentssom

12、ethinginanotherpersonshome,theChinesehostorhostesswillprobablygivethatthingtotheguest.如果一個客人在別人家里贊美別人的話，中國主人或女主人很可能會把這件事告訴客人。ComprehensionCheckF1Verbalcommunicationismoreimportantthannonverbalcommunication.言語交際比非語言交際更為重要F2“Dragon”meansthesametotheWesterneras“龍”totheChinese.“龍”是指同為西方人的“龍”到中國。F3TheChi

13、nesephrase“知識分子”hasthesamemeaningas“intellectual”.中國“知識分子”具有相同的含義是“知識T4Aterminonelanguagemaynothaveacounterpartinanotherlanguage.在一種語言中的一個術語在另一種語言中可能沒有對等詞F5Inreferringtoanimalsandbirds,theChinesepracticeisgenerally,butnotalways,touse“公”or“母”toshowwhetheracreatureismaleorfemale.ThisisthesamewiththeEn

14、glishlanguage.在談到動物和鳥類，中國的做法是通常，但不總是，用“公”或“母”來表明該生物是否是男性或女性。這與英語是一樣的。T6ThefollowingsixEnglishword:“vice”,“associate”,“assistant”,“deputy”,“l(fā)ieutenantand“under”canallmean“副”inChineselanguage.以下六個英文單詞：“副”、“聯(lián)想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在漢語中F7ThereareasmanysimilaritiesasdissimilaritiesbetweenEnglishproverb

15、sandChineseproverbs.有許多相似之處，英語諺語和漢語諺語的異同。T8Violatingaculturaltabooisasseriousasviolatingaverbaltaboo,違反文化禁忌的是嚴重違背了T9Patternsofthoughtvarieswithculture.思維方式隨文化而變化。T10Particularthoughtpatternspredominateineachculture,e.g.Americancultureispredominantlyfactual-inductive,Russiancultureispredominantlyaxio

16、matic-deductive,andArabculturesarepredominatelyintuitive-affective.在每一個特定的思維模式主導文化的T10,例如美國文化主要是事實的歸納，俄羅斯文化主要是公理化演繹，和阿拉伯文化以直觀的情感。ComprehensionCheckT1Speakingisjustonemodeofcommunication.Therearemanyothers.說只是一種交流方式。還有許多人F2Someresearchersassertthatinface-to-facecommunication,about70%ofinformationisco

17、mmunicatedthroughspeaking,andover30%sissentbynonverbalmeans.一些研究者斷言，在面對面的交流中，約有70%的信息是通過說話，而超過30%則是通過非語言方式發(fā)送的T3Environmentisoneofthefivestudyareasthatnonverbalcommunicationcovers.環(huán)境是非語言交際的五個研究領域之一T4Muchofournonverbalbehavior,likeculture,tendstoelusive,spontaneousandfrequentlygoesbeyondourawareness.我

18、們大部分的非語言行為，如文化，往往難以實現(xiàn)，自發(fā)的，往往超越我們的認識F5LatinAmerican,African,ArabandmostAsianculturesareM-Timecultures.拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大多數(shù)亞洲文化是單一的文化。T6Arabbelongstotoughcultures.阿拉伯屬于艱難的文化T7Insomecultures,eyecontactshouldbeavoidedinordertoshowrespectorobedience.在一些文化中，為了表示尊重或服從，應該避免使用目光接觸T8theappropriatenessofphysicalcon

19、tactvarieswithdifferentcultures.身體接觸的適宜性因不同的文化而不同F(xiàn)9WesternwomenusuallylikeChinesetotouchtheirbodiesorsmallchildren.西方婦女通常喜歡中國人接觸他們的身體或小孩。F10Seatingarrangementsreflectculture.Chinesepeopletendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandingbesidethem.座位安排體現(xiàn)文化。中國人傾向于和他們說話，而不是坐在他們旁邊的人Comprehe

20、nsionCheckF1.Genderistheculturalmeaningof“sex”.性別是“性”的文化內(nèi)涵F2.Sexandgenderaresynonymous.同義的性別和性別是同義詞T3.Aladymightbefeminine,masculineoracombinationofboth.一位女士可能是女性，男性或兩者的結合T4.Womenaregenerallycomfortablewithbuildingcloserelationshipsandconfidingtoothers,whilemostmenarereservedaboutinvolvementanddiscl

21、osure.女性一般舒適與建筑密切關系和信任別人，而大多數(shù)人都保留對參與和披露。F5.Mostmenusecommunicationtocreateconnectionorequalitybetweenpeople.大多數(shù)人用溝通來建立聯(lián)系或平等的人F6.Womenusuallyusecommunicationtoestablishstatusandpower.女性通常使用溝通來確立地位和權力T7.Infeminineculture,communicationisawayprobablytheprimarywaytoexpressandexpandcloseness.在女性文化中，傳播是表達和

22、擴大親密關系的主要途徑。T8.Masculinesocializationstressesdoingthingsandregardsactionasprimarywaystocreateandexpresscloseness.男性社會化強調(diào)做事情，把行動視為創(chuàng)造和表達親密的主要方式。T9.Thefirstandlastprincipalforeffectivecross-gendercommunicationissuspendingjudgment.有效的跨性別傳播的第一個和最后一個主要是中止判斷。T10.Itisdifficultbutpossibletoseektranslationcue

23、sthatwillfacilitateourcommunication.這是困難的，但可能尋求翻譯線索，將有利于我們的溝通。T1.Themostcommonproblemsincross-culturalnegotiationsconcern（1）rulesforconductingbusiness,（2）theselectionofnegotiators,and（3）methodsofdecision-making.最常見的問題，在跨文化談判的關注（1）的規(guī)則，進行業(yè)務，（2）的選擇，談判，和（3）決策方法。T2.TheJapanesebelievethatsocializingisinte

24、graltothenegotiationprocesswhiletheAmericansdonotthinkso.日本人認為，社交是談判過程中不可或缺的一部分，而美國人卻不這么認為F3.Americannegotiationteammembersareusuallyselectedonthebasisoftheirsocialandprofessionalstatus.美國談判團隊成員通常在他們的社會和職業(yè)地位的基礎上F4.LikeJapaneseandChinesenegotiators,adetailedwrittenagreementisnotcentraltothenegotiatio

25、nprocessintheMiddleEast,MexicoandFrance.與日本和中國的談判人員一樣，在中東、墨西哥和法國的談判進程中，有一個詳細的書面協(xié)議是不一樣的。T5.TheBritishemployanegotiatingstylesimilartothatofAmericans,butmoresilenceisutilizedandtheyarelessegalitarian.英國人采用了類似于美國人的談判風格，但更多的是利用沉默，他們也不太平等。T6.Germanspreferclear,firm,andassertireexpressionwhiletheJapanesee

26、ncourageconvert,fragmentedexpression.德國人喜歡明確的，堅定的，和assertire表達而日本鼓勵轉(zhuǎn)換、碎片化的表達T7.Mexicannegotiatorspreferthedeductiveapproach.Moreemphasisisplacedoncontemplationandintuition.墨西哥談判者更喜歡演繹的方法。更強調(diào)的是沉思和直覺。F8.TheBraziliansdonotopenlydisagreeduringformalnegotiations;theywouldconsiderthisinsultingandembarrass

27、ing.在正式談判中，巴西人不會公開地不同意，他們會考慮這種侮辱和尷尬。女性經(jīng)常參加一個日本談判小組。T9.CreatingacomfortableclimateandspendingtimeontheexploratoryphaseofnegotiationsarecrucialinMiddleEastandBrazil.創(chuàng)造一個舒適的氣候和花費時間在談判的探索階段是至關重要的中東和巴西。F10.WomenarefrequentparticipantsonaJapanesenegotiationteam.名詞解釋economicglobalization（經(jīng)濟全球化）：theintegrat

28、ionofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.bartersystem（物物交換）：exchangewithoutmoney一Farmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.-Humansocietyhasalwaystrade

29、dgoodsacrossgreatdistances.globalvillage（地球村）：theworldformonecommunity一Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.meltingpot（大熔爐）：asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.culture（文化）：canbeenseenasshare

30、dknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.culturaldiversity（文化融合）：referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.7.Communication（交際）:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyour

31、thoughts,hopes,andknowledge.8interculturalcommunication（跨文化交際）：communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsanddistinct（不同）enoughtoalter（改變）theircommunicaion。Pragmatics（語用學）:thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.Semantics（語義學）：asystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisth

32、estudyofthemeaningofwords.3Denotation（引申含義）：theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword-theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.Chronemics（時間學）：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.（1）PolychromicTime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.（2）PolychronicTime（多元時間觀念）:beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Pr

33、oxemics（空間學）：Referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.Kinetics（身勢學）:thestudyofbodylanguage.身勢學Paralanguage（副語言）：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Aplanetaryculture（行星文化）:integratesEasternmysticismwithWesternscienceandrationalism（理性主義）.Interculturalperson（跨文化的人）:repres

34、entssomeonewhosecognitive（認知的）,affective,andbehavioral（行為的）characteristicsareopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparameters（心理界限）ofhisorherownculture.High-contextcultures（含蓄的文化）assignmeaningtomanyofthestimulisurroundinganexplicitmessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthes

35、urroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextcultures（外向型的文化）excludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything

36、.Iculture（個體主義）：1.Freedomtocontroltheirwondestiny2.Self-reliancetostandontheirownfeetPrivacytomindtheirownbusinessFamilytiestendtoberelativelyunimportantWeculture（集體主義）：1.Harmonytostriveforthecommongood2.Competitionisnotencouraged3.Limitrightstoproperty4.Filialpiety（孝順）5.Inter-dependantPowerdistance

37、（權利差距）：describesthedistribution（分布）ofinfluencewithintheculture,theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutionsacceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuum（延續(xù)體）ofhightolowdistance,thatishierarchy（等級主義）v.s.egalitarian（平等主義）.Masculinecultures（剛性文

38、化）:Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonmaculinetraitsandstressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.Femininecultures（柔性文化）：Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonfeminnetraitsandstressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationshipsandconcernfortheweak.Enculturation（文化習得）:alltheactivitiesoflearningonesculturearecall

39、edenculturationAcculturation（文化適應）：theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.Ethnocentric（文化中心主義）：thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Communication：meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourt

40、houghts,hopes,andknowledge.Source交際邀請Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Encoding編碼Unfortunately（orperhapsfortunately）,humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoa

41、symbol.Message編碼信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.Channel交際渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-f

42、acecommunication.Noise干擾Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Receiver交際接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding解碼Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassignin

43、gmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse接受反應Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback反饋Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandas

44、signsmeaning.Context場景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.Connotation（內(nèi)涵）：thesuggestivemeaningofaword-allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccre

45、tionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.Taboo禁忌語：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemism委婉語：Meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.Strikewhileth

46、eironishotTopassfisheyesforpearls魚目混珠asstubbornasamule犟得像頭牛dumbbell笨蛋tofishintheair水底撈月todrinklikeafishtobeattheendofonelandscapeengineersanitationengineersoft牛飲asdryassawdustsrope山窮水盡園林工人tonsorialartist清潔工shoerebuilderinthehead發(fā)瘋的recklessdisregardfortruth味同嚼蠟理發(fā)師補鞋匠撒謊totakethingswithoutpermission偷竊i

47、ndustrialclimate勞資關系緊張justicehaslongarms天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏fatoffice棋逢對手肥缺goidenndayiiniOm玉良言Youwillcrossthebridgewhenyougettoit船到橋頭自然直趁熱打鐵Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速不達betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofaliontreaduponeggs寧為雞頭，勿為牛后如履薄冰簡答題9componentsofcommunication（交際的十大要素）source（來源）：thepersonwhodesirestoencoding（編碼）

48、：theprocessofputtingonideaintoasymbolmessage（信息）：identifiestheencodingthoughtchannel（渠道）：themeansoftransmission（傳播途徑）noise（干擾）：anythingdistortsthemessagesreceiver（接受者）：thepersonwhoattendstothemessagedecoding（解碼）：assigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceivedreceiverresponse（接受者反應）：anythingthereceiverdoesfeedb

49、ack（反饋）：theportionwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaningcontext（場景）：helpdefine（使明確）thecommunicationDiscussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.convenienttransportationsystems（便捷的交通系統(tǒng)）innovativecommunicationsystems（革新通信技術）economicglobailzation（經(jīng)濟全球化）widesprea

50、dmigrations（廣泛的移民）Whatarethethreeingredients（組成）ofculture?artifacts（thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce）behavior（whattheydo）concepts（共有觀點）（whattheythink）Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?justasaniceberg,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedanimagined.Alsolikeani

51、ceberg,nine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurfaceWhatarethecharacteristic（特點）ofculture?sharedlearned（enculuration文化習得：learningonesculture）dynamic（動態(tài)的）（accultration文化適應：adoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanotherculture）ethnocentric（ethnocentrism文化中心主義：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior）Whatarethecharacteristicofco

52、mmunication?dynamic（動態(tài)性）；irreversible（不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的）symbolic（符號的）systematic（系統(tǒng)性）transactional（互動性）contextual（語境）1.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname；inEnglishthisorderisreversed.InChinaseniority（資歷）ispaidrespectsto.Nowadays,manyEngl

53、ish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.（Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）Chineseoftenextenkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Chineseuseapersonstitle、office、orprofessiontoindica

54、te（表明）thepersonsinfluential（有權勢的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused，suchasdoctor,governor,mayor,professor,nurseandcaptain.（p24）1.WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-TimeandP-time?M-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.認為時間是線性的P-Timeislessrigid（刻板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmo

55、rehuman-centered.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-time?P97M:DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizepromptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommitte

56、dtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bou

57、nd.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?（贊美的社會功能是什么？）Creatingorreinforcing（加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委婉批評）,startingaconversation,o

58、revenovercomingembarrassment（窘迫）.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobeturningandturninginawideninggyre.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyofta

59、ngentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesof

60、subdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhism（佛教