心理學(xué)Psycholog英文版(10思維和語言)匯總課件

1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 10Thinking and Language 中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ThinkingCognitionmental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologistsstudy these mental activitiesconcept formationproblem solvingdecision makingjudgment formation中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ThinkingConcept

2、 mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or peoplePrototypemental image or best example of a categorymatching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)中英文日報導(dǎo)

3、航站 ThinkingAlgorithmmethodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problemcontrasts with the usually speedierbut also more error-prone-use of heuristics中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ThinkingHeuristicsimple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

4、usually speedier than algorithms more error-prone than algorithms中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ThinkingUnscrambleS P L O Y O C H Y GAlgorithmall 907,208 combinationsHeuristicthrow out all YY combinationsother heuristics?中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ThinkingInsightsudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problemcontrasts with

5、 strategy-based solutionsConfirmation Biastendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptionsFixationinability to see a problem from a new perspectiveimpediment to problem solving中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 The Matchstick ProblemHow would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles? 中英文

6、日報導(dǎo)航站 The Three-Jugs Problem Using jugs A, B, and C, with the capacities shown, how would you measure out the volumes indicated? 中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 The Candle-Mounting ProblemUsing these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board? 中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ThinkingMental Settendency to approach a problem in

7、 a particular wayespecially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ThinkingFunctional Fixednesstendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functionsimpediment to problem solving中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 The Matchstick ProblemSolution to

8、the matchstick problem中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 The Three-Jugs Problem Solution: a) All seven problems can be solved by the equation shown in (a): B - A - 2C = desired volume. b) But simpler solutions exist for problems 6 and 7, such as A - C for problem 6. 中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 The Candle-Mounting ProblemSolving this problem re

9、quires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 HeuristicsRepresentativeness Heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypesmay lead one to ignore other relevant information中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 HeuristicsAvailabili

10、ty Heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memoryif instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are commonExample: airplane crash中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ThinkingOverconfidencetendency to be more confident than correct tendency to o

11、verestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgments中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ThinkingFramingthe way an issue is posedhow an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgmentsExample: What is the best way to market ground beef-as 25% fat or 75% lean?中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 ThinkingBelief Biasthe tendency for ones p

12、reexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoningsometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalidBelief Perseveranceclinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intellig

13、encedesigning and programming computer systemsto do intelligent things to simulate human thought processes intuitive reasoninglearningunderstanding language中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 Artificial IntelligenceComputer Neural Networkscomputer circuits that mimic the brains interconnected neural cellsperforming taskslearn

14、ing to recognize visual patternslearning to recognize smells中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 LanguageLanguageour spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaningPhonemein a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 LanguageMorphemein a language, the smallest unit that

15、 carries meaningmay be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)Grammara system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 LanguageSemanticsthe set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given languagealso, the

16、study of meaningSyntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 LanguageWe are all born to recognize speech sounds from all the worlds languages1009080706050403020100Percentage ableto discriminateHindi tsHindi-speakingadults6-8 months8-10months10

17、-12monthsEnglish-speakingadultsInfants from English-speaking homes中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 LanguageBabbling Stagebeginning at 3 to 4 monthsthe stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household languageOne-Word Stagefrom about age 1 to 2the stage

18、in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 LanguageTwo-Word Stagebeginning about age 2the stage in speech development during which a child speaks in mostly two-word statementsTelegraphic Speechearly speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram-“go car”

19、-using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 LanguageSummary of Language DevelopmentMonth(approximate)Stage410122424+Babbles many speech sounds.Babbling reveals households language.One-word stage.Two-world, telegraphic speech.Language develops rapidly intocomplete sentences.中英文日報導(dǎo)航站 LanguageGenes design the mechanisms for a language