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1、The Current Situation of Aluminum Industry in China 中國(guó)鋁工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀 GAMI Heraeus Electro-Nite ShanghaiProfessor Yao Shihuan Product Application Manager Dai Jun貴陽(yáng)鋁鎂設(shè)計(jì)研究院 上海賀利氏電測(cè)騎士有限公司 姚世煥 教授 戴 軍 產(chǎn)品應(yīng)用經(jīng)理 Content 內(nèi)容Part . Aluminum Production,Capacity,Consumption and Forecast Demand Part .The Brief of Developme
2、nt for Chinese Reduction Technology and Typical PotlinesPart .Characteristics of the aluminium reduction technology and its Improvement in China 。1.中國(guó)鋁產(chǎn)能、產(chǎn)量、消耗和需求預(yù)測(cè).2.中國(guó)電解鋁技術(shù)的發(fā)展和典型電解槽系列簡(jiǎn)介3.中國(guó)鋁電解技術(shù)的特征及其改進(jìn)Part Aluminum Production,Capacity,Consumption and Forecast 1.中國(guó)鋁產(chǎn)能、產(chǎn)量、消耗和需求預(yù)測(cè)China Primary Alumin
3、um Production & Capacity中國(guó)原鋁產(chǎn)能與產(chǎn)量Primary Al. production in 1990 was only 854 thousand of metric tons, it reached 6.70 million tonnes in 2004 and capacity reached 8.60 million tonnes.Primary aluminium consumption was increased from 760 thousand of metric tons in 1990 to 5.54 million tonnes in 2004.Ac
4、cording to the statistics ,since 1990, annual average growth rate of aluminium production and consumption have been up to 15.85% and 15.24respectively .1990年原鋁生產(chǎn)85萬(wàn)噸,2004年670萬(wàn)噸,產(chǎn)能860萬(wàn)噸.原鋁消費(fèi)由1990年的76萬(wàn)噸增加到2004年的554萬(wàn)噸.根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),從1990年到2004年,原鋁生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)分別增長(zhǎng)15.85%和15.24%. The Al. industry in China is growing rapi
5、dly in the past 15 years . 中國(guó)鋁工業(yè)在近15年飛速發(fā)展Aluminum Consumption in China Rising by the Annual Rate of 10.2% in the past 25 years(過(guò)去25年,中國(guó)鋁消費(fèi)年增長(zhǎng)速度10.2%)Aluminum Industry Developed Greatly in China中國(guó)原鋁高速度發(fā)展的時(shí)期是1998-2004年高達(dá)25% Al. output average increased rate is about 25% per year from 1998 to 2004.Alum
6、inum from import to export. 從進(jìn)口變出口 Big Changes to Aluminum Consumption Structure in China compared with 20 years ago(1985-2002)(21年來(lái)中國(guó)鋁消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生巨大變化) 1985 2002Much more Fluctuations of Primary Aluminum Consumption than GDP Corresponding Changes(原鋁消費(fèi)波動(dòng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于同期GDP的變化)Forecast of Primary Aluminum Consumptio
7、n in China According to Rising Rate of GDP以增長(zhǎng)速度來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)中國(guó)的鋁消費(fèi)量According to forecast of Chinas Academy of Social Science, from 2000, Chinas economy will continue to develop quickly in the next 1015 years, with annual rising rate between 7.0%-7.6 of GDP. It is found in Antaike Information Co. research th
8、at primary aluminum consumption will rise by 1.1-1.8 times as quickly as GDP. Based on the above, primary aluminum consumption during 2000-2010 will increase at the rate between 7.7% and 13.7%. 根據(jù)中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院預(yù)測(cè),中國(guó)今后10-15年,GDP增長(zhǎng)=7.0-7.6%.研究指出中國(guó)原鋁消費(fèi)增長(zhǎng)速度是同期GDP增長(zhǎng)速度的1.1-1.8倍.以此計(jì)算,2000-2010年原鋁消費(fèi)年增長(zhǎng)速度在7.7-13.7%
9、之間.Estimated Consumption of Primary Aluminum in China among 8.812.6 Mt in 20102010年中國(guó)原鋁消費(fèi)量在8.8-12.6百萬(wàn)噸之間Forecast to Primary Aluminum Consumption in 2010 in China with Elasticity Coefficient(以彈性系數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)2010年中國(guó)原鋁消費(fèi)量)Primary aluminum consumed per GDP generated in China has been rising annually since 1990.
10、In 2003, 8.2 kg primary aluminum was consumed to create 10,000 RMB yuan of GDP.In the past 10 years, the elasticity coefficient has been rising by the average annual rate of 5.4%. It is estimated that the rising rate will not overcomes that figure in the next 5 years. 從1990年起,中國(guó)創(chuàng)造單位GDP所消耗的原鋁數(shù)量逐年上升。2
11、003年,每萬(wàn)元GDP所消費(fèi)的原鋁數(shù)是8.2kg在過(guò)去十年中原鋁彈性系數(shù)年平均增長(zhǎng)速度為5.4%,以此推測(cè)未來(lái)5年鋁的消費(fèi)速度.Estimated Consumption of Primary Al in China =8.2-11.5 Mt in 2010 based on Various Elasticity Coefficients 按不同彈性系數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)2010年中國(guó)原鋁消費(fèi)8.2-11.5百萬(wàn)噸Therefore, We choose the mean among upper limit values and forecasts that in 2010, primary aluminu
12、m consumption will hit 10.5 Mt in China.所以 .到2010年,中國(guó)原鋁消費(fèi)將達(dá)到1050萬(wàn)噸是可能的. Price Ratio of SHFE / LME Continuing to Go Downward 深圳鋁價(jià)與倫敦金屬交易市場(chǎng)鋁價(jià)之比開(kāi)始下滑Part The Brief of Development for Chinese Reduction Technologyand Its Typical Potlines2. 中國(guó)電解鋁技術(shù)發(fā)展和典型電解系列簡(jiǎn)介1st Step : From 60-80KA soderberg technology is
13、leaps to 160KA CWPB technology in 1980s第1步:80年代中國(guó)由60-80KA 自焙槽躍到160KA預(yù)焙槽In 1978, the aluminium output in China was only 300kt, consumption 447kt, import 212kt. In the spring of 1978, the Chinese government issued the order to build the modern 160kt aluminum reduction project of Guizhou Aluminium Smel
14、ter. The selection of which type (model) of technology was the major discussion of the related experts in China. At that time, Pechiney and AlCOA recommended proposals,respectivelyAt that time, The low energy consumption, low current intensity and high pollution in Chinese smelters . The government
15、requested to solve this problem quickly.1978年我國(guó)鋁的產(chǎn)量只有300千噸,消費(fèi)量447千噸,進(jìn)口212千噸。1978年春國(guó)家下達(dá)貴州鋁廠建設(shè)160千噸現(xiàn)代化鋁電解項(xiàng)目的任務(wù)。采用什么電解技術(shù)就變成當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)內(nèi)專家的主要議題。法國(guó)彼施涅和美鋁推薦了不同的建議。當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)存在的問(wèn)題是;污染嚴(yán)重、能耗高和電流強(qiáng)度低,國(guó)家要求迅速解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 Auzat France Instalco USA Omuta JapanSakaide JapanCurrent KA90133125132Anode Current density A/cm2072073068070D
16、C kwh/tAl1290013000-133001329513700Average voltage V38739-40-409C.E. %89589-89Side working pot type recommended by ALUMINIUM PECHINEY in 1976 /1977 當(dāng)時(shí)法鋁推薦的方案135KA邊部加料預(yù)焙陽(yáng)極電解槽Pot type Recommendation to China Import & Export Corp. (1976)Recommendation to China Metals Association (1977)Hooded central-fe
17、eding P-155Standard P-155Energy-saving P-155Standard P-225Energy-saving P-255 Current density A/cm2-0.880.780.850.78Current kA165170170155230200Average voltage V4.54.64.64.234.64.2C.E 90(91-92)-DC kWh/t.Al1480014990114990140002140003133002 The hooded central feeding prebake pot recommendation by AlC
18、OA 美鋁推薦的方案為密閉式中間下料預(yù)焙陽(yáng)極電解槽What kind of prebake types was adopted?采用什么類型的預(yù)焙陽(yáng)極電解槽? During 1977-1978, the experts in China noticed that the side working pots in Europe were featured by low energy consumption (13000kwh/t), but this type of pot emitted large amount of gas in feeding with skylight scrubbin
19、g. For the hooded central feeding pots in North America, they didnt need skylight scrubbing, but the DC consumption of this type of pot was more than 14000kwh/t. so we must look for a kind of prebake pot which is hooded, central feeding and low power consumption.70% of power in Japan was dependent o
20、n the imported petroleum. Power cost took 60% of the primary aluminium cost. By the end of 70s, Japan had built a number of smelters, which were featured by low energy consumption and good environment protection. 1977-1978年間,我國(guó)專家注意到歐洲邊部加料電解槽具有13000kwh/t低電耗特點(diǎn),但是,此種槽加料時(shí)遺出大量氣體.而北美式密閉式中間下料電解槽在解決環(huán)境保護(hù)方面優(yōu)于
21、邊部加工電解槽。但是此種槽當(dāng)時(shí)直流電耗都超過(guò)14000kwh/t。為此,我們必須尋求一種密閉式、中間下料和低電耗的預(yù)焙槽當(dāng)時(shí),日本的電力有70%依賴進(jìn)口石油,電費(fèi)在原鋁成本中占了60%。70年代末日本建成了一批鋁廠,其特點(diǎn)是能耗低和環(huán)境保護(hù)好。Showa Aluminium Chiba Smelter 1997Sumitomo Aluminium Toyosmelter Tomakomai Smelter of J.L.M1977Quarter 1 of 1978Current kA163.05170162157Anode dimensions mm151058513759051350660
22、(1400mm)Anode number16182424Current density A/cm20.690.760.760.735(0.72)Average voltage V4.0554.104.154.033.98Current efficiency 87.5908888(87.5) DC kWh/t.Al13803137001373013560(13750) Feeding interval min.120(150kg/time)304560(90kg/time)Ditto Sky-light scrubbingYes Yes No No Crust breaker typeTooth
23、-type Big cutter-type Hammer-typeActual results of Sumitomo, Showa Al.and Light Metal prebake pots in Japan in 1977日本住友、昭和及輕金屬預(yù)焙槽的實(shí)際效果 China selected the 160kA CWPB technology of the Nippon Light Metals in 1979 80年代初,日本中間下料和低電耗的160KA預(yù)焙槽被中國(guó)選擇Combining the advantages of all the above , China selected
24、the 160kA CWPB of the Nippon Light Metals, which was featured by large current, magnetic field compensation at pot bottom and hitting bar and single pneumatic feeder. This was a good selection at the time. It was used in the 80kt/y phase 1 project in Guizhou Aluminium Smelter. After 1981, China has
25、a large prebake pots. Later, continuous improvements were made, and at present, there are about 1.0 million tons capacity which is produced by this type Its current efficiency is 93%,DC consumption 13300-13600kwh/t,fluoride emission 93%,直流電耗13300-13600kwh/t,氟的排放量100kt/y in 2004)200KA,240KA,280KA和300
26、-360KA典型電解槽系列(鋁廠)圖2004年中國(guó)年產(chǎn)量超過(guò)10萬(wàn)噸的23個(gè)鋁廠見(jiàn)下表企 業(yè) Smelter2004 Production tonsPot Type1中鋁青海分公司 Chalco Qinghai Smelter286058PB 160KA + 200KA2青銅峽鋁業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司 Qingtongxia Aluminum Co.247743 200KA+360KA+Soderberg3中鋁貴州分公司 Chalco Guizhou smelter230001PB 160KA+200KA+230KA4包頭鋁業(yè)(集團(tuán))有限責(zé)任公司 Baotou Aluminum Co.228458 2
27、00KA+135KA+Soderberg5焦作市萬(wàn)方鋁業(yè)股份有限公司 Jiaozuo Wanfang Aluminum Co.226289 PB 280KA6河南豫港龍泉鋁業(yè)有限公司 Henan Yugong Longquan Aluminu Co.204090PB 300KA7河南萬(wàn)基鋁業(yè)股份有限公司 Henan Wanji Aluminum Co.185443 PB 160KA+300KA8云南鋁業(yè)股份有限公司 Yunnan Aluminum Co.182023 PB 200KA+300KA9山東信發(fā)鋁電集團(tuán) Shandong Xinfa Aluminum Co.176433 PB 240
28、KA10撫順?shù)X廠 Fushun Aluminum Smelter162869 PB 200KA11蘭州鋁業(yè)股份有限公司 Lanzhou Aluminum Co. 155526PB 200KA+Soderberg12南山鋁業(yè)公司 Nanshan Aluminum Co.154969 PB 160KA+300KA13峨眉山鋁業(yè)(集團(tuán))有限公司 Emeishan Aluminum Group 153705PB 300KA14蘭州連城鋁業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司 Lanzhou Liancheng Aluminum Co.148673PB 200KA15白銀紅鷺?shù)X業(yè)公司 Baiyin Honghe Aluminu
29、m Co.128000PB 160KA+210KA16青海橋頭鋁電股份有限公司 Qinghai Qiaotou Aluminum Co.124041 PB 240KA17河南豫聯(lián)能源集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司 Henan Yulian Power Goup.121623PB 160KA18四川廣元啟明星鋁業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司 Sichuan Guanyuan Aostar Al. Co.117087 PB 200KA19商丘商電鋁業(yè)集團(tuán)公司 Shangqiu Shangdian Aluminum Co.116877PB 200KA20中鋁廣西分公司 Chalco Pingguo Aluminum Co.113
30、008PB 160KA+320KA21山西關(guān)鋁股份有限公司 Shanxi Guanlv Co. 107095PB 200KA+300KA22四川啟明星鋁業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司 Sichuan Aostar Aluminum Co.106728PB 300KA23三門峽天元鋁業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司 Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Goup.100417PB 200KA合計(jì)Total:: 3,638,183Production percentage of all kinds of cell account for total primary Al. production6.7 millio
31、n tons in 2004 2004年670萬(wàn)噸原鋁產(chǎn)量中各種槽型的比例 HSS & SPB=60KA Soderberg & Small Prebake Cells80KA VSS Pot Converted into 200KA PB Anode Potline in GUIZHOU Smelter in 1997 中國(guó)的第一個(gè)186(200)KA電解系列在貴州鋁廠誕生 QINGHAI QIAOTOU SMELTER(2 POTLINES,240KAPOTS, CAPACITY=300KT/Y)青海橋頭240KA系列JIAOZUO WANFANG焦作萬(wàn)方280KA 2POTLINES27
32、0kt/yearBest Performances:No:1 5 YEARS OPERATIONPot Voltage=4.12VCE93%AE93%AE0.1 YICHUAN & AOSTAR 300KA Potline 伊川和啟明星300KA系列 YICHUAN SMELTER 300KA POTLINE 伊川AOSTAR SMELTER 300KA Potline320KA POTLINE 320KA電解系列 ZHONGFU SMELTER 中孚HENAN ZHONGFU SMELTER 中孚BALCO SMELTER QINGTONGXIA 360KA POTLINE-250kt &
33、SHENHUO 350KA POTLINE-150kt 青銅峽350KA系列-250千噸和神火350KA系列-150千噸青銅峽QingtongxiaModern Smelters with Advanced Anode Plant中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化的鋁廠均裝備有先進(jìn)的陽(yáng)極生產(chǎn)廠Many advanced Equipments was Introduced Abroad : Outokumpu,Solios,Eirich,B&P, etc.Part Characteristics of the Chinese aluminium reduction technology and its improvem
34、ent 3.中國(guó)鋁電解技術(shù)的特征及其改進(jìn)Low cost of Technology,The low cost of equipment,The low cost of construction.Very low capital cost for a Greenfield or Brownfield project.Very low labor cost.Highest power cost.Alumina high price.技術(shù)費(fèi)用較低,設(shè)備價(jià)格低,所以建設(shè)費(fèi)用就低。新建或擴(kuò)建,資本成本或建設(shè)回收的成本都較低。勞動(dòng)成本非常低。電費(fèi)非常貴。高價(jià)氧化鋁。Principal of Develo
35、ping Aluminum Technology According to Chinese State Condition在中國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)鋁冶煉技術(shù)的原則:適合國(guó)情 Characteristic NorthAmerica West / North Europe China Current Efficiency %DC k w h/kg.AlPot Voltage VAnode Current Density A/cm2Anode Consumption kg/kg.AlAE time/day/pot Type of Cathode BlockLabor wages in Operating Cost
36、Investment USD/ t.Al94%13.814.54.34.40.80.90.400-0.4100.03-0.05Amorphous /Graphitic/GraphitizedHigh(18%)4000-5000949613.013.24.054.150.760.820.395-0.4050.03 Graphitic/Graphitized Higher3500-4500939413.313.64.124.180.70.730.420-0.4500.1-0.3Amorphous/ Graphitic(contain6/30% graphite) Lower(3-4%)150018
37、00CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE ALUMINUM REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY中國(guó)鋁電解技術(shù)的特征 Low current density, anode current density normally designed to be 0.72-0.73A/cm3.Bath Ratio:1.15-1.2, namely xsAlF3 is 8-10%,most of smelters dont feed additives such as LiF or MgF2。ACD-the distance between the cathodes and anodes
38、 is quite high.Cathode blocks are mainly made of anthracite,high cathode voltage drop .電流密度低:陽(yáng)極電流密度一般設(shè)計(jì)為0.72-0.73A/cm3。電解質(zhì)重量比(Bath Ratio):1.15-1.2,即xsAlF3為8-10%,絕大部分鋁廠不加添加劑,如LiF或MgF2。極距比較高。陰極炭塊基本以無(wú)煙煤為基料,槽底電壓降較高 Characteristics of Chinese reduction technology 中國(guó)的鋁電解技術(shù)具有的特征Through years practice, I ha
39、ve had the following experience我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)Low current density: For a country with very high power cost, power consumption is the first issue to be considered because power cost takes up about 40% of the cost . The xsAlF3 in the western smelters is 12-13% and 95-96% CE. But the bath with low ratio makes th
40、e conductivity reduce .there are about 150 smelters in China, their alumina supply sources are very sophisticated and so the physical parameters changes greatly. Our experience is to use bath ratio of 1.15-1.2, this can not only avoid the sludge and control AE, most important of all, it can improve
41、the ACD and reduce voltage fluctuation. For China whose aluminium is developing rapidly, it is very easy for the operators to get known to it.低電流密度:對(duì)于電價(jià)十分高的國(guó)家,電費(fèi)在成本中占約40%,應(yīng)考慮電耗。西方鋁廠電解質(zhì)中xsAlF3=12-13%取得95-96%電流,但分子比低,導(dǎo)電率也降低。中國(guó)有150座鋁廠,氧化鋁的供應(yīng)渠道復(fù)雜,性能變化大,用1.15-1.2,可以避免沉淀和控制AE、極距略高,有利減少電壓擺動(dòng).這對(duì)于原鋁發(fā)展迅速的中國(guó)而言,
42、操作者很容易掌握。 From the above two points :綜合以上上兩點(diǎn):The large prebake pots in China are the most adaptable to the raw materials worldwide at present. It has not very high requirements on the skills of the workers and the lowest capital cost. It also provides space to further increase the current density fo
43、r the clients. Therefore, the large amperage prebake pots in China are the technology which has a great potentialityMore than 60% of pots operating at present in China is 200-350KA pots. Because China has selected to go along the appropriate technical route, there are no occurrence of cathode damage
44、s with large area and leakage on pot sides. 中國(guó)大型預(yù)焙槽是目前世界上對(duì)原料適應(yīng)性最強(qiáng)的,對(duì)工人技術(shù)熟練程度要求不高的,以及國(guó)際上造價(jià)最低的鋁電解技術(shù)。中國(guó)的電解技術(shù)為用戶提供了繼續(xù)提高電流密度的空間.具有很大潛力.中國(guó)今年運(yùn)行的電解槽中約有60%以上是200-350KA級(jí)的電解槽,由于中國(guó)選用了合適的技術(shù)路線,大型預(yù)焙槽沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)大面積的陰極破損和側(cè)部漏槽的現(xiàn)象。Best Practice : 280KA Potline 182 CellsBath ratio = 1.15-1.2, LiF-=0.7-1.0%. Average voltage=4.
45、107;CE=93.64%中國(guó)鋁廠280KA槽的最佳操作系列Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.MayJun.Jul.Aug.Sep.Oct.Nov.Dec.Ave.KA281.3281.3280.9280.8280.8280.4280.4280.7280.9280.6280.7281.1280.8Vave.4.154.1274.1484.0884.114.0994.0954.0954.0974.0944.0934.0834.107CE%95.1793.9992.3994.5593.6693.6294.0794.2893.8392.1892.8593.0693.64DC12997130961338
46、612886130801304712972129441301213237131231309113072AlF3-22.66LiCO3-1.06AE 0.140.120.120.100.080.080.070.080.120.100.080.090.098AE” 0.5640.3840.4080.330.2320.2320.210.2080.180.120.0960.0990.273 AE” = Min./ day / potImprovements of Aluminum Reduction Technology for China Aluminum Industry中國(guó)鋁電解技術(shù)的改進(jìn)方向I
47、mprove pot unit area output: improve anode current density)(from 0.72 to 0.80 A/cm2)+ increase in anode surface。 Improve current efficiency : 93-94% to95- 96%, and decrease in power consumption。Control the acidity and temperature of bath, use low bath superheat, and remain good side wall ledge profi
48、le (to thicken ledge at bath-metal interface)。Bath ratio from 1.2 decrease to 1.1。Develop towards lower F emission and anode effect frequency 。AE from 0.1 reduce to 0.03。Strengthen the researches on the influencing factors on the pot stability, reduce and eliminate voltage fluctuations。Focus on ther
49、mal-mass balance control9-Box control strategy on pots提高電解槽單位面積產(chǎn)量 ,從0.72 到0.80 A/cm2 。提高電流效率從93-94%到95-96%,相應(yīng)降低電耗??刂齐娊赓|(zhì)的酸度和溫度,使用低過(guò)熱度,保持厚的側(cè)部槽幫。向著更低的氟化物排放量和更低的效應(yīng)系數(shù)(0.03)的方向邁進(jìn)。控制電解槽的穩(wěn)定性,減少電壓波動(dòng)采用熱平衡和物質(zhì)平衡控制技術(shù)9區(qū)控制技術(shù)Cell ParameterYear 1980Year2000Year 2020Line current (kA)225325500 - 600Cell voltage (V)4.1
50、04.103.9 - 4.0Current efficiency (%)94.095.5 96.0 - 97.0Energy consumption (kWh/kg Al)13.012.8 12.0 - 12.4Cell life (days)1500 2000 - 28003000Anodic current density (A/cm2)0.800.850.95 Forward to advanced world level : High CE ,High KA,Low V ,Low DC power,向世界鋁電解技術(shù)方向看齊:高電流密度,低電壓,低電耗,高電流效率Ref.: Thonst
51、ad et al., “Aluminium Electrolysis”, 3rd Edition, Aluminium-Verlag 2001We expect that Lowest DC Power( 12.6kwh / kg.Al )will be achieved as Japanese Sakaide Smelter in 1981我們希望能獲得12.6kwh / kg.Al Improve Current Efficiency ,Increase in Anode Current density & Decrease AE are Difficulties in Chinese S
52、melters在中國(guó)提高陽(yáng)極電流密度,提高電流效率以及降低效應(yīng)系數(shù)遇到的困難 Lack in alumina supply and poor alumina quality parameters 氧化鋁短缺,來(lái)源復(fù)雜,指標(biāo)和性能差A(yù)node quality should be improved陽(yáng)極質(zhì)量也需要大力改進(jìn)48% of total demand of Al2O3 depend upon import氧化鋁需求量的48%依靠進(jìn)口 The Imported Alumina from 3346 increase to 5605ktin 2001 to 20032001-2003氧化鋁進(jìn)口量從
53、3346kt到5605kt200120022003ktMUSDktMUSDktMUSDUS/tAustralia2860522.863634588.164100998.23243.5India12424.3543569.91572124.90218.4Jamaica17133.7527648.72372105.26283.0Venezuela10015.74456.7119948.65244.5Kazakhstan7412.019717.67182.2Total Import334645715605 Comparison between QALs Al2O3 and Chinas Al2O3
54、standard 國(guó)外澳洲氧化鋁性能與國(guó)內(nèi)比較Alumina Parameter 指標(biāo)或性能QAL Typical Value 昆斯蘭廠Chinese Standard 中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) % +150m2.0 % 45 m8.012 ( Actually 30%) % 20 m1.2 SSA 比表面積7835Alpha Alumina1035 % LOI ( 3001000)0.90.8 Attrition 磨損指數(shù)23 % Na2O0.30.5 % Fe2O30.009 % SiO20.014 % CaO0.016 % TiO20.004 0.005 % P2O50.001 0.003Poor Di
55、ssolution of Al2 O3氧化鋁溶解性極差I(lǐng)n general ,smelters are requesting alumina that is low in impurities and dust content and that gives increased dissolution rates.The expectation is continually for more consistent alumina product. But, it is impossible in China causing different alumina sources. But, high fine particle size, high alpha AL2O3 content & low SSA in china ,therefore ultimately, poor dissolution (more sludge formed )can reduced cell control and current efficiency,and high frequency of AE etc.鋁廠希望使用低雜質(zhì)和含細(xì)粉少的氧化鋁以加快氧化鋁的溶解.希望長(zhǎng)期供應(yīng)品質(zhì)一致氧化鋁.但中國(guó)由于多渠道所以作不到.但是在中國(guó)由于本身生產(chǎn)的氧化鋁質(zhì)量就差,再加上進(jìn)口氧化鋁渠道太多,致使
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