英語電影賞析課件

1、Appreciating Cinema英語電影賞析Xiong XiaomanWuhan University of TechnologyPurposes1. To gain a rough idea of what had happened in the long history of films and what is happening now.2. To know more about some of the representative film-makers, actors and their masterpieces.3. To enjoy some of the masterpi

2、eces, nice films and their wonderful music. 4. Hopefully, try to use everything learned in the course to get a better idea of the language and the culture.History The history of film is simplified by its shortness .Early CinemaClassical Hollywood CinemaPost - Classical Hollywood Cinema Each of these

3、 periods is characterized by certain technological developments and patterns of industrial organization. Artistically, too, films from a given period of film history tend to display certain characteristic features.I. Early Cinema Technology Development of celluloid Development of cameras and project

4、ors2. Industry Dominance of Edison and Biograph companies3. Aesthetics “Actuality Filming” “Cinema of Attractions”D. W. Griffith: Father of Film David W. Griffith: more sophisticated narrative-based methods of cinematic story-tellingThe Birth of a Nation 一個國家的誕生（1915）Intolerance 黨同伐異（1916） II. Class

5、ical Hollywood Cinema Technology Development of sound Development of Technicolor2. Industry “Big Five” and “Little Three” Vertical integration of production, distribution and exhibition Narrative3. Aesthetics Continuity editing Star system GenresBig Five: Warner Brothers Loews MGM Fox Paramount RKO

6、雷電華Little Three: Columbia; Universal; United Artists聯(lián)美Greta Garbo 葛麗泰嘉寶Ingrid Bergman英格麗褒曼Vivien Leigh費(fèi)雯麗Audrey Hepburn奧黛麗赫本Elizabeth Taylor伊麗莎白泰勒Humphrey Bogart亨萊福鮑嘉 Marlon Brando馬龍白蘭度Clark Gable克拉克蓋博Alain Delon阿蘭德隆Laurence Olivier勞倫斯奧利弗Gregory Peck格里高利派克 Western The Great Train Robbery火車大劫案 (1903)

7、 Stagecoach關(guān)山飛渡(1939)關(guān)山飛度約翰福特鐵騎搜索者原野奇?zhèn)b太陽浴血記正午紅河Comedy Mack Sennett 傳送帶生產(chǎn)式的制片方式 :“出主意者”提出一個原始點(diǎn)子，然后交由“劇本會議”設(shè)計人物和故事，成型后由“噱頭部”負(fù)責(zé)添加滑稽場面和情景。 Charlie Chaplin查理卓別林 Buster Keaton勃斯特基頓 淘金記(1925)、城市之光(1931)、摩登時代(1936)、大獨(dú)裁者(1940)、凡爾杜先生（1947)、舞臺生涯(1952)、一個國王在紐約(1957)等。一夜風(fēng)流天堂里的煩惱Musical百老匯旋律小凱撒疤臉大盜我是一個越獄犯Crime Ho

8、rrorHitchcock 蝴蝶夢后窗美人計煤氣燈下深閨疑云三十九級臺階群鳥深閨疑云III. Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema Technology Development of other exhibition channels and multimedia platforms2. Industry Competition with TV Distribution windows on different media platforms3. Aesthetics Flexible use of genre Rules of causality and tempo

9、ral logic observed less strictly Foregrounding of stylistic devicesPost-Classical Hollywood CinemaTwo major sub-periods:1. “New Hollywood” (or “renaissance”) period弗朗西斯科波拉 Francis Ford Coppola馬丁斯科西斯 Martin Scorsese斯坦利庫布里克Stanley Kubrick 阿瑟佩恩 Arthur Penn喬治盧卡斯 George Lucas史蒂文斯皮爾伯格 Steven Spielberg伍迪艾倫

10、 Woody Allen 奧利弗斯通 William Oliver Stone弗朗西斯科波拉（1939） 弗朗西斯科波拉“美國新浪潮”的旗手 。癡呆癥教父 獲45屆奧斯卡最佳影片、最佳男主角、最佳改編劇本獎。教父續(xù)集獲47屆奧斯卡最佳影片、最佳導(dǎo)演等6項大獎。教父第三集對話27屆戛納電影節(jié)金棕櫚獎。現(xiàn)代啟示錄32屆戛納電影節(jié)金棕櫚獎。馬丁斯科西斯（1942）誰在敲我的門窮街陋巷艾麗絲不再住此紐約，紐約憤怒的公牛純真年代金錢本色紐約黑幫等。代表作出租汽車司機(jī)獲1976年戛納電影節(jié)金棕櫚獎斯坦利庫布里克（19281999） 光榮之路斯巴達(dá)克斯奇愛博士發(fā)條桔子2001：太空遨游巴利林頓全金屬鋁外殼洛

11、麗塔閃靈緊閉雙眼（大開眼界）阿瑟佩恩 邦妮和克萊德（雌雄大盜）不僅標(biāo)志著阿瑟佩恩個人創(chuàng)作的高峰，而且是新好萊塢崛起的標(biāo)志。 本片的特殊之處：（1）首次出現(xiàn)反英雄的英雄形象。（2）融入了法國新浪潮的藝術(shù)觀點(diǎn) 和技巧：時空的自由跳接。（3）突破了好萊塢嚴(yán)格的類型模式，體現(xiàn)了類型融合 的傾向：強(qiáng)盜片、喜劇片、愛情片等。喬治盧卡斯（1945） 1977：星球大戰(zhàn)新希望 全球票房：7.754億美元1980：星球大戰(zhàn)帝國反擊戰(zhàn) 全球票房：5.4億美元1983：星球大戰(zhàn)絕地歸來 全球票房：4.75億美元1999：星球大戰(zhàn)前傳魅影危機(jī) 全球票房：9.43億美元2002：星球大戰(zhàn)前傳克隆人的進(jìn)攻 全球票房：6.

12、5億美元2005：星球大戰(zhàn)前傳西斯的復(fù)仇 全球票房：8.5億美元 斯皮爾伯格（1949）大白鯊?qiáng)Z寶奇兵（1、2、3）第三類接觸外星人紫色太陽帝國胡克船長侏羅紀(jì)公園辛德勒的名單失落的世界拯救大兵瑞恩慕尼黑奧利弗斯通“越戰(zhàn)反思三部曲”：野戰(zhàn)排（獲59屆奧斯卡最佳影片、最佳導(dǎo)演等4項大獎）生于七月四日（獲62屆奧斯卡最佳導(dǎo)演獎）天與地兩部總統(tǒng)片：刺殺肯尼迪尼克松天生殺人狂野戰(zhàn)排生于七月四日天與地天生殺人狂尼克松刺殺肯尼迪Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema2.“independent filmmaking” 在好萊塢制片廠體制之外制作的電影，它制作的目的在于表達(dá)演個人的思想

13、觀念而非追求票房上的成功。索德伯格性謊言錄像帶獲第42屆戛納電影節(jié)金棕櫚獎 ，標(biāo)志著獨(dú)立電影時代的來臨。卡夫卡盲點(diǎn)毒品網(wǎng)絡(luò)（非法交易）永不妥協(xié) 大衛(wèi)林奇心中狂野（1990）獲43屆戛納電影節(jié)金棕櫚獎。 昆汀塔倫蒂諾落水狗（1992年）低俗小說（1994年） 殺死比爾Genres Genres are the categories into which, on the basis of shared characteristics, we place artistic, musical, literary or cinematic works; subgenres are similar but

14、 more limited and more precisely defined.Its rare to find a film that belongs exclusively to one genre.Genre Defining Criteria Differentiating Criteria Social DramaRomanceGangsterWar FilmScience FictionFantasy (奇幻片)WesternDisaster(災(zāi)難片)CrimeEpic Subject Matter Serious social topicRomantic relationshi

15、p between loversGangsters in urban AmericaSpecific military conflictsFuturistic technologiesfuture worldsImpossible worldsfantastical charactersAmerican WestNatural or manmade catastropheCriminal activities and investigationBiblical(有關(guān)圣經(jīng)的)or ancient history Genres GenresGenreDefining CriteriaDiffere

16、ntiating Criteria ActionMusical Formal Criteria Presence of action setpiecesPresence of song and dance performances BlockbusterFilm Noir/Neo-Noir Style Spectacular eventsChiaroscuro (明暗對照法)lighting and dark mise-en-scene (場面調(diào)度) ComedyHorrorThriller Affective Response Intended to generate laughterInt

17、ended to horrifyIntended to thrill GenresSocial dramas are films whose central narrative concern or conflict is a social problempoverty, inequality, discrimination, racism, or exclusion(排外), to name just a few possibilities.The gangster film is rooted in the specific social and cultural context of t

18、wentieth century America. The narratives are usually based on the idea of the “American Dream” and can be seen as a particular American genre.Vietnam war was an American war, and the Vietnam war films allow us a critical perspective on the war.GenresAction films began to become popular in the 1970s

19、and are particularly profitable in the contemporary global marketplace.The “blockbuster” was born on 20 June 1975 with the release of Jaws. A product of the post-classical period, it is considered to be a very “American” genre.The concept of film noir first emerged in 1940s France. The group of film

20、s shared a common visual style and a mood for cynicism, pessimism, and darkness.Character Characterization and performance are two of the essential aspects of any cinematic work. Characters in films can be divided into three basic “functions” (or categories)：main characters，secondary characters，and

21、minor charactersEach of these functions has a certain role to play. i. Character functions The main character is the most important character in a film, and the character of greatest interestUsually the main character is also the protagonist, the character whose actions trigger the chain of causes a

22、nd effects that drive the plot forward. Occasionally，however，the protagonist is not the main character Character Secondary characters are those who interact with the protagonist and have significant impact on the development of the narrative. They can often be divided into three main functions the o

23、pposition character，the mirror character，and the romance character.The opposition character (also known as the “antagonist 反面主角”) is the character who opposes the intentions of the protagonist；antagonists stand in the way of protagonists and create obstacles for them. The protagonist is not always t

24、he hero/heroine, and the antagonist is not always the villain CharacterThe mirror character (also known as the “ support”) is the character most clearly aligned with and supportive of, the protagonistThe romance character (or love interest” ) is the character with whom the protagonist is - or become

25、s-romantically involved Characterii Christopher Vogler argues that there are seven basic character archetypes:ArchetypeCharacterFunction in The Lion KingheroSimbaProtagonist who embarks on the questmentorMufasa, RafikiOlder figures who give advicethreshold guardianHyenasAnimals who stop Simba on his

26、 wayheraldUnclearshape shifterScarScar masquerades as a caring uncleshadowScarScar is really the antagonisttricksterTimon&PumbaaFigures who provide comic reliefCharacteriii However, film characters are not merely static “types” or “functions”, but figures that are transformed as they progress throug

27、h the narrative. Character development occurs gradually over the entire “arc” of the narrative and has been called the “transformational arc”, the key elements of which are motivation and conflict.CharacterOuter motivationInner motivationWhat the character wants to achieveWhy the character wants to

28、achieve itOuter conflictInner conflictConflict against external forcesConflict against part of oneselfiii Motivation Conflict Character growth (as part of the “transformational arc”)Development of new abilities in the face of challengeCritical reconsideration of goalReflection and increased knowledg

29、e of self and worldThe Lion KingOuter motivationInner motivationSimba must recover his kingdomSimba must recover himselfOuter conflictInner conflictConflict with Scar: Scar seizes the kingdom and Simba must take it backConflict with himself due to self-doubt and unwillingness to confront difficultie

30、s from his own past Motivation Conflict Character growth (as part of the “transformational arc”)Self-confidence to challenge ScarThe goal is not just to rule, but to rule well as his father didKnowledge that his father lives on in himself; knowledge that ruling is a duty as well as a privilegeNarrat

31、ive Narrative，Story，and Plot Narrative The way in which a story is told.Story All the events that we see and hearplus all those that we infer or assume to have occurred，arranged in their presumed causal relations，chronological order，duration，frequency，and spatial locationsPlot All the events that ar

32、e directly presented to usincluding their causal relations，chronological order，duration，frequency，and spatial locationsNarrative The Basic StoriesAchilles The “Achilles” story is the story of the seemingly invulnerable (不會受傷的，無懈可擊的) hero with a fatal flawClassical tragedy is usually a variant of the

33、 Achilles story(Example：Superman)Candide The story of the innocent abroadthe naively optimistic hero who triumphs contrary to all expectations(Examples：Forrest Gump，The Lord of the Rings, MrBean，A Beautiful Mind，Indiana Jones(印第安那瓊斯)Cinderella The story of the “dream comes true”：Goodness and virtue

34、are despised at the beginning but recognized at lastThe protagonist of the Cinderella story usually begins in a lowly position but，through his good nature，convinces all doubters(懷疑者)and is rewarded(Example：Pretty Woman (漂亮女人)Narrative The Basic StoriesCirce The “chase” story in which an innocent vic

35、tim is pursued by the villain，until the villain is defeated by the potential victimOften this story takes the form of the temptress (誘惑男人的女性) ensnaring (誘捕) the lovestruck (被愛情沖昏了火的) male；it has often been vividly described as “the spider and the fly”It is the basis of horror films，thrillersand film

36、 noir(Examples：Fatal Attraction(致命吸引力)and the Alien films)Faust The story of an individual who sells his soul to the devil，enjoys a brief period or power and prosperity，but eventually is called upon to repay the debtThe Faust story can also take the form of the dark secret that can never be complete

37、ly suppressed，or the personal history that cannot be evaded(Example：Wall Street (華爾街)Narrative The Basic StoriesOrpheus The story of the gift that is taken awayThe gift could be something personal，a loved one，an ability of some kind，everything valuable in life，or even life itselfThe story can focus

38、on the tragedy of the loss itself or the search that follows the loss(Example：Born on the Fourth of July(生于七月四日)Romeo and Juliet The classic“starcrossed lovers(命運(yùn)不佳的情侶)”story in which a major obstacle stands in the way of true love (Examples：Shakespeare in Love ，Titanic, Ghost(人鬼情未了)Tristan The love

39、 triangle：A man loves a woman，but one of them is already involved with someone (or something)elseThe“third party”in the relationship is usually a person，but it may be something more abstract (ega cause，a mission，a destiny)(Example：The Graduate(畢業(yè)生)The Wandering Jew The “Wandering Jew” is the story o

40、f the persecuted of alienated traveler who will never return home(Examples：The English Patient, Apocalypse Now (現(xiàn)代啟示錄)Narrative The Classic ThreeAct Linear StructureThe majority of Hollywood films employ the classic threeact linear structure (or a variation of it) By no means a11 films will adhere t

41、o this structureand those that do will do so flexiblyNevertheless, most Hollywood scriptwriters are familiar with the structure and acknowledge its importanceActTime Function Act I0-30 minsSet-upAct II30-90 minsDevelopment (Conflict and confrontation)Act III90-120 minsResolution and denouement(結(jié)局)Na

42、rrative Act IApproximate timeEvent Function 0-5 minsThe HookGrabs attention of audience2-5 minsThe Key LinePoses question to be explored15 minsInciting incidentIncident that disturbs life of protagonist30 minsTurning Point 1Crisis for protagonist(1st decisive action)NarrativeAct II60 minsPoint of no

43、 returnProtagonist becomes truly committed to goal90 minsTurning point 2Crisis for protagonistAct III105 minsClimaxPeak emotional moment: protagonist faces greatest challenge105-120 minsResolution / DenouementProtagonist evaluates what has happenedThemeStated simply, the theme of a film is its main

44、point, what the scriptwriter and director wants to tell us.An overview of some of the forms in which theme is expressed in Hollywood films:Broad Human Concerns: Themes commonly reflect the most basic and universal human concerns such as love, the nature of humanity, ethical concerns and the meaning

45、of human existence.Life PhilosophiesReligious and Ethical ConcernsHistorical IssuesNations and National Characteristics Social/Cultural/Technological Changes7. Social ProblemsFilm AwardsAcademy AwardsAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 1. Costume Design 服裝設(shè)計 2. Actor in a Supporting Role 男配角

46、 3. Make up 化妝 4. Art Direction 藝術(shù)指導(dǎo) 5. Live Action Short Film 紀(jì)實短片 Animated Short Film 動畫短片 6. Sound Effects Editing 音響效果剪輯 7. Sound 音響 Film Awards 8. Actress in a Supporting Role 女配角 9. Cinematography 攝影 10. Film Editing 剪輯 11. Visual Effects 視覺效果 12. Documentary Short Subject 記錄短片 Documentary Fea

47、ture 記錄長片 13. Foreign Language Film 外語片 14. Lifetime Achievement 終身成就 Film Awards 15. Original Musical or Comedy Score 音樂（喜?。?Original Dramatic Score 音樂（戲?。?16. Original Screenplay 原著劇本 Screenplay Adaptation 劇本改編 17. Original Song 歌曲 18. Director 導(dǎo)演 19. Actress in a leading Role 最佳女主角 20. Actor in a

48、 leading Role 最佳男主角 21. Picture 影片F(xiàn)ilm FestivalsInternational Film Festival of Cannes, France (Golden Palm)Berlin International Film Festival, Germany (Golden Bear)Venice Film Festival, Venice, Italy (Golden Lion) San Sebastian International Film Festival, Spain (Golden Shell) Tokyo International Fi

49、lm Festival, Japan Moscow International Film Festival , RussiaKarlovy Vary International Film Festival, Czechoslovakia CairoInternationalFilmFestival , EgyptShanghai International Film Festival, ChinaMontreal World Film Festival, CanadaMar del Plata International Film Festival , Argentina Chapter 3

50、Avant-garde Film Movement in EuropeAvant-garde means “advance guard” or “vanguard. The adjective form is used in English, to refer to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics.Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of wha

51、t is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural field. Many artists have aligned themselves with the avant-garde and still continue to do so.1. Background(1) As one form of mass media, films became something cannot be ignored. Meanwhile, Hollywood had been a great threat to th

52、e film market of Europe which made it almost stop developing.(2) The crisis caused by the world war I regarding to western social traditionsand spiritual civilization in a sense accelerated the development of modernismin literature. I. Impressionism Narration in France and Different Genres in the Tr

53、ends of Surrealism II. Aesthetic pursuit in Expressionism and Realism in Germany III. Theory and Practice of Montage School in Soviet IV. The Development of Documentary in 20S I. Impressionism Narration in France and Different Genres in the Trends of Surrealism Impressionism印象主義 was a 19th-century a

54、rt movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s. The name of the movement is derived from the title of a Claude Monets 克勞德莫奈work, Impression, Sunrise 日出 印象, which provoked one critic to coin the term in a satiric review. The emergence o

55、f Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by similar movements in other media which became known as Impressionist music and Impressionist literature.French Impressionist Cinema is a term applied to a loosely defined group of films and filmmakers in France from 1919-1929, although these ye

56、ars are debatable.Avant-garde film/experimental film 先鋒派電影Surrealism 超現(xiàn)實主義is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members.Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions 并列 and non sequitur不

57、根據(jù)前提的推理;似乎無法合理答復(fù)的陳述 ; however many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Surrealism developed out of the Dada 達(dá)達(dá)主義activities of World War I and the most important center of the movement wa

58、s Paris. From the 1920s on, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film, and music, of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, and philosophy and social theory.Hyperrality 超現(xiàn)實In postmodern philosophy, the term hyperrea

59、lity characterizes the inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from fantasy, especially in technologically advanced postmodern cultures. Hyperreality is a means to characterize the way consciousness defines what is actually real in a world where a multitude of media can radically shape and

60、 filter the original event or experience being depicted. A vivid example:Disneyland with its settings such as Main Street and full sized houses has been created to look absolutely realistic, taking visitors imagination to a fantastic past.“ This false reality creates an illusion and makes it more de