《制冷與低溫原理》課件A第一章 制冷與低溫的熱力學(xué)基礎(chǔ) 3 (1.1.3 - 1.1.8)28

1、1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.1 Refrigeration by phase change1.1.2 Refrigeration by gas expansion1.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch effect1.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect第一節(jié) 制冷的方法一、相變制冷二、氣體膨脹制冷三、氣體渦流制冷四、熱電制冷半導(dǎo)體五、去磁制冷六、稀釋制冷七、熱聲制冷八、激光制冷8/1/202221.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch effect (193

2、1, French) 蘭克管8/1/202231.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch effect (1931, French) 蘭克管Hot outlet(130)Flow inletsCold outlet(-50)OrificeValve1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.1 Refrigeration by phase change1.1.2 Refrigeration by gas expansion1.1.3 Refrigeration by Ranque-Hilsch effect1.1.4 Refrigeration

3、 by Peltier effect第一節(jié) 制冷的方法一、相變制冷二、氣體膨脹制冷三、氣體渦流制冷四、熱電制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀釋制冷七、熱聲制冷八、激光制冷8/1/202251.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect(1934, French) 熱電制冷ElectronPeltier effect (珀?duì)柼?1834) : 當(dāng)直流電流通過(guò)兩種不同導(dǎo)電材料組成的閉合線路時(shí)，就會(huì)使一個(gè)接點(diǎn)變冷，另一個(gè)變熱。Seebeck effect (塞貝克 1821) : 發(fā)現(xiàn)在兩種不同金屬組成的閉合線路中，如果兩接觸點(diǎn)的溫度不同，有一個(gè)電動(dòng)勢(shì)存在。Electronhole8

4、/1/202261.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect(1934, French) 熱電制冷Cold endElectronholeElectronHot endsPeltier effect (珀?duì)柼?1834) : 當(dāng)直流電流通過(guò)兩種不同導(dǎo)電材料組成的閉合線路時(shí)，就會(huì)使一個(gè)接點(diǎn)變冷，另一個(gè)變熱。Seebeck effect (塞貝克 1821) : 發(fā)現(xiàn)在兩種不同金屬組成的閉合線路中，如果兩接觸點(diǎn)的溫度不同，有一個(gè)電動(dòng)勢(shì)存在。銅康銅Cold endHot end8/1/202271.1.4 Refrigeration by Peltier effect

5、(1934, French) 熱電制冷Cold endHot endPeltier effect (1834) : 當(dāng)直流電流通過(guò)兩種不同導(dǎo)電材料組成的閉合線 路時(shí)，就會(huì)使一個(gè)接點(diǎn)變冷，另一個(gè)變熱。一般23級(jí)（溫差100），最多8級(jí)（溫差140160）。8/1/20228小型風(fēng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)冷卻法獲取淡水裝置Cold endHot end1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by th

6、ermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by laser第一節(jié) 制冷的方法一、相變制冷二、氣體膨脹制冷三、氣體渦流制冷四、熱電制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀釋制冷七、熱聲制冷八、激光制冷8/1/202210Refrigeration by expansion of working substances ( 1908 ）Normal Boiling PointCritical PointInversion PointTb（K）Tb（）Tc（K）Tc（）Tmax（K）tmax（）N274.4-198.8126.3-146.9604331H220.4-252.833.3

7、-239.9204-69He4.3-268.95.3-267.946-227TTaTcTbTf1atmHelium0.01atm0.83K8/1/2022111.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 絕熱去磁制冷 P.Debye (1926, Germany) and W. F. Giauque (1933, Canada) 磁熱效應(yīng)順磁性物質(zhì)磁疇8/1/2022121.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 絕熱去磁制冷 P.Debye (1926, Germany) and W.

8、F. Giauque (1933, Canada) CompressedCooledExpanded8/1/2022131.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 絕熱去磁制冷W. F. Giauque (1933, Canada) and DPMc Dougall (Canada) CompressedCooledExpanded0.25k 10-7K硫酸釔 (1.5K)1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Re

9、frigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by laser第一節(jié) 制冷的方法一、相變制冷二、氣體膨脹制冷三、氣體渦流制冷四、熱電制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀釋制冷七、熱聲制冷八、激光制冷8/1/202215H. K. Onnes and liquefaction of helium Superfluid 超流體Superfluid : 1.常壓下永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)凝固 (0.83K) 2. 表面張力：0.05H23. 超流動(dòng)性：10-12Pas 4. 高熱導(dǎo)率：104 Cu8/

10、1/2022161.1.6 Refrigeration by 3He-4He dilution 氦稀釋制冷 4He and 3He4He-I 4.2K3He-I 3.2K4He-II 2.2K3He-II 0.003K8/1/2022171.1.6 Refrigeration by 3He-4He dilution 氦稀釋制冷 4He and 3He4He-I 4.2K3He-I 3.2K4He-II 2.2K3He-II 0.003K油水8/1/2022181.1.6 Dilution refrigerator 氦稀釋制冷機(jī) Heinz London (1962, German)Mixing

11、 chamber(0.01K)StillHeat exchangerGas 3HeLiquid 3He油水1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by laser第一節(jié) 制冷的方法一、相變制冷二、氣體膨脹制冷三、氣體渦流制冷四、熱電制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀釋制冷七、熱聲制冷八、激光制冷8/1/2

12、022201.1.7 Rijke 管、 Sondhauss管、 Taconis 振蕩 Sondhauss (1850 , German ), Rijke (1859 , Dutch )8/1/2022211.1.7 Rijke 管、 Sondhauss管、 Taconis 振蕩 Sondhauss (1850 , German ), Rijke (1859 , Dutch )聲音溫差8/1/2022221.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect 熱聲制冷 G. W. Swift and J. T. Wheatley (1988, American)

13、8/1/202223噪聲能量回收裝置1.1 Methods of refrigeration1.1.5 Refrigeration by adiabatic demagnetization 1.1.6 Refrigeration by dilution 1.1.7 Refrigeration by thermoacoustic effect1.1.8 Refrigeration by laser第一節(jié) 制冷的方法一、相變制冷二、氣體膨脹制冷三、氣體渦流制冷四、熱電制冷五、去磁制冷六、稀釋制冷七、熱聲制冷八、激光制冷8/1/2022251.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激

14、光制冷 A. L. Schawlow and H. G. Dehmelt (1975, American) AtomAtomfurnacePhotonsLaser多普勒冷卻8/1/2022261.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A. L. Schawlow (1975)Steven Chu (1985、 1987、1995 、1997, American) （朱棣文）鈉原子24010-6K8/1/2022271.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A. L. Schawlow (1975)Steven Chu (1985、1987、1

15、995 、1997, American) （朱棣文）鈉原子110-6K磁光阱8/1/2022281.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A. L. Schawlow (1975)Steven Chu (1985、1987、1995 、1997, American) （朱棣文）鈉原子2.4 10-11K磁光阱25cm/s (1km/h)8/1/2022291.1.8 Refrigeration by laser 激光制冷 A. L. Schawlow (1975)Steven Chu (1985、1987、1995 、1997, American) （朱棣文）TaTTcTbTf1atm8/1/202230Guillaume Amontons (1663-1705, French ) and the absolute zeroAmontons Law: p1/p2=T1 /T2查理定律 p1/T1= (p1 - p2) / (T1 -