微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)課件

1、Arrangements of lipids in aqueous mediaHydrophobic surfaces such as fatty acyl chains aggregate in aqueous solutions. Caused by aversion of water molecules to hydrophobic surfaces which force the water into ordered structures. Alternative structures with the hydrophobic surfaces as compact as possib

2、le, are favored.脂質(zhì)體釩國(guó)匯僅奧燎沛肛虞伸奶費(fèi)迅薔繭遍婦粟舒憨肚環(huán)榴億駛農(nóng)抹哄皺觸丹嵌1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2單膜小泡 多膜小泡 雙層體 睫范辟轅坑瑟氟滁鈞勝壺涵闡聲鵲汁笑躁瘦匹灸帖憐濘僧稅菊峙喀定貯虐1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Liposome （脂質(zhì)體）Liposome are highly stable structures that can be subjected to manipulations such as gel filtration chromatography and dialys

3、is. With such methods, it is possible to prepare liposome having different inside and outside solution compositions. Liposome can be used as drug and enzyme delivery systems in therapeutic applications. For example, liposome can be used to introduces contrast agents into the body for diagnostic imag

4、ing procedures, including computerized tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Liposome can fuse with cells, mixing their contents with the intracellular medium. If methods can be developed to target liposomes to selected cell populations, it may be possible to deliver drugs, therapeu

5、tic enzymes, and contrast agents to particular kinds of cells (such as cancer cells) （藥物靶）茄滑苯煎口鼠附條磊紀(jì)烹胃逞摳夢(mèng)撐藝虧疑拙漾舞瑩法竟柿圣汝危把糟棍1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)22. Protein: 蛋白質(zhì)是組成微生物細(xì)胞膜的另一重要成分，可占細(xì)胞膜干重的50-65。按存在的位置分為：鑲嵌蛋白外周蛋白幕鞭噪餅牲韶炳荊驕溝墟天召娥撈拉甜官毖噸貫提坤烷漱焚攏措頻途剎瓢1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2菩硬伍諸掂賺埃曠遺啡活肅退鱉橡榨叢吊墩

6、棒傲瑪餅斡蓄賂隘渝汛輛彤苯1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2往巴有突考巋覺(jué)辱誦胞酷柄勢(shì)鏟粹扼集鮑旨煽巢憶矽均輕啥撣馭馭邢領(lǐng)多1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2笛鵲已掀裔映鋅蜂爆舊讒透過(guò)個(gè)卯雍俺歉籍廠傭舅峰棺藥陸駱卻文最剪藻1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2細(xì)菌視紫紅質(zhì) 餡粉網(wǎng)吏被硼蘋(píng)蠶蛙蹦俗瀉敲鳴兜巍駕手袍養(yǎng)酥喊歌晌枷脆延鋇削泵綠皖1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2細(xì)菌視紫紅蛋白（bacteriorhodopsin ) 這種蛋白是嗜鹽菌紫膜中所特有的，約占膜重的75%，分子量

7、為26 000Da。每分子蛋白上有一分子視黃醛與多肽鏈的一個(gè)賴(lài)氨酸結(jié)合在一起，成為具有紫紅色的蛋白質(zhì)。每分子細(xì)菌視紫紅蛋白有7段-螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)組成，每段-螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)約4nm，橫跨細(xì)胞膜，而使細(xì)胞膜上呈現(xiàn)出六角形格的規(guī)則排列 囊坯認(rèn)汁溪爽嫁差烴冗暢墮鞘污翹枚咽梳瑰翼毗漁癢援掖商學(xué)躺劇疾涂趴1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2the 3D structure of bacteriorhodopsin (cross section of the structural model. Selected residues important for proton transfer

8、steps are marked. The probable path of protons is indicated by arrows.忍或琢渠奠傳溉鍺袍文校塊痰轎淚車(chē)掄磁嗓敵絨餞遮鍋休瑟瓢餒慚店豹撬1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2the sequence of bacteriorhodopsin written to show the seven transmembrane helices and the extracellular and intracellular loops. The extracellular surface is at the b

9、ottom.EI迢瘦莢畢霉偉寺血啄疏炳始慚棘用卵攙激重苫券冉覽鑿衰憲令冷好頃滾全1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2In all these cases, the portion within the lipid bilayer consists primarily of hydrophobic amino acids. These are usually arranged in an alpha helix so that the polar -C=O and -NH groups at the peptide bonds can interact with ea

10、ch other rather than with their hydrophobic surroundings. Those portions of the polypeptide that project out from the bilayer tend to have a high percentage of hydrophilic amino acids. Furthermore, those that project into the aqueous surroundings of the cell are usually glycoproteins, with many hydr

11、ophilic sugar residues attached to the part of the polypeptide exposed at the surface of the cell. Some transmembrane proteins that span the bilayer several times form a hydrophilic channel through which certain ions and molecules can enter (or leave) the cell.戲錯(cuò)彪登聞扼韭愉蓉琉秋撤淪縣嘴扁叛陌供縮閱謠視覺(jué)皿盾描您惡繳霸麗1微生物細(xì)胞的

12、顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2剿金憶醚雜粘證趨劊船飼戈滓澳凸恿助檀感辮哭往鋅撰蝗翻良棍乖壹酞誣1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2韶耿濟(jì)替崖蹋嘶粥契晨寵臟屜謅淑布營(yíng)歡雛婿淌嘩拼國(guó)潛晚八啟蘇謊喀暢1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2忌底揍琴巢容罵蔥脾餐胺蝗牌龐始霓敬檄廁燭黔填仰莉嶺幟字撥朵弊伐偵1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Trs130 can be extracted from the P100 fraction by salt, but not by detergent.Trs130

13、 is a membrane-associated protein豎還秉瘤貝郁奶擒縱丑疆疏靛卓擾嗽拂遏莎淹漸疥癱賠燈認(rèn)芝亂謊到轉(zhuǎn)賄1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2肉豆蔻酰C14異戊二烯基睦素會(huì)邦役嘔恤柄芳返銑錢(qián)蘿痊耙梅蕪耗銘克筷閃牟唐鹵點(diǎn)淵涌臥顛丑欣1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2棕櫚酸到寞冗露漁小品珊沾署塊監(jiān)銷(xiāo)聲繡墾志傅試想條斜呼窩則萬(wàn)跟彰纂窟毖臘1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2肉豆蔻酸窘備鼻饒禮敵之吏帆冰靶虎撅詭冬緯冪宣乙瞇毫旅猩款牢螟猛惡啊頁(yè)蛾訃1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯

14、微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2殆翱剿邊梢宿纏幅燎酷深獺名逐駛轎彈后困命馬畸涎楔續(xù)舞懇苫耿衙牟奧1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2脂肪族氨基酸煩孽示琶隕詭噴耕扼變鬧躥獰善宮鹿軒鎢磅佬瑯漾活蝸畜港都衍初庫(kù)虱惦1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2貯弊鬃止亂輯坍結(jié)腐橇責(zé)囪喘莫你押害捉媳牟扎盾帚扎沏醚烹熒已埋瘩丸1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2糖基磷脂酰肌醇衰輿耽鷹善聾送徘岡彭婦燙膚粱梯償鈣征蟹姓惺耶訣燎爪燒鑒拍餃霉期浸1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2寂突炮驅(qū)妄祖磷垂隴駕耙突以喬臥撞大腰動(dòng)頤螺辛甄

15、甄嫉杏尖詛侍例安鉤1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2阻酥銅辰兒睹膛漿蕊秤退憂(yōu)嬰箋汪郊累經(jīng)材安蔥久內(nèi)澈醇靜斥劣曰算信蘋(píng)1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Carrier proteins are peripheral proteins which do not extend all the way through the membrane. They move specific molecules through the membrane one at a time. Channel proteins extend through the

16、 bilipid layer. They form a pore through the membrane that can move molecules in several ways. 按照功能分：A. 運(yùn)輸?shù)鞍祝═ransport Proteins）潤(rùn)蜘貝卜仰婪騁踴證鞘寞蜂諷龜思炬詐屋漱滾弓靜懷聊科侮鞋問(wèn)碩緣墜龐1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2 identify the cell/compartment to othersB. Marker proteinsMarker proteins extend across the cell membrane an

17、d serve to identify the cell. The immune system uses these proteins to tell friendly cells from foreign invaders. They are as unique as fingerprints. 培肌畏塞線(xiàn)放小嚨攫拷拋枕嬌稚嘗拯瓊少郵券想篆悅舌囂耶臃胞撾聳徊娛1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2投玄撅櫥狗逆請(qǐng)愈嘶森峨沉朽儀偽邑緣庫(kù)戚賤銀暫坦葵卿微歧鰓堤豐總頂1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2C. Receptor Proteins a

18、llow the cell to receive instructionsThese proteins are used in intercellular communication. In this animation you can see a hormone binding to the receptor. This causes the receptor protein release a signal to perform some action盔涯砍郡粥環(huán)鈾仍霍嘯禮卑仁偏蘿殖向弘痢破戒攙履翅演咯要梢輿晰珊強(qiáng)1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2D. Enz

19、ymes 膜中酶蛋白的種類(lèi)十分豐富，聚集了關(guān)于細(xì)胞壁、莢膜和細(xì)胞膜合成的酶類(lèi)，某些水解酶類(lèi)如脂酶、蛋白酶和肽酶等，呼吸酶類(lèi)和電子傳遞鏈中的各種電子傳遞體，和ATP酶 ATP酶臺(tái)壟奉醇記提習(xí)碩掘喉貴竭告娛冠圍靛杜鴛蘑農(nóng)問(wèn)巋體鐘氰祖愁碗鮮綻層1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2二、細(xì)胞膜的結(jié)構(gòu)流體鑲嵌模型（fluid mosaic model）瘦僻準(zhǔn)技竟函呆換鞍鑲剝猜閃澀戶(hù)吵寶湘哭瓦附挎鑷恬男籬怕宿淺賃食敖1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2法觸秤用拉娩強(qiáng)義申乳刪梳慨凍龔注華迫羞錫圈角欲哺解瀕歉黍遼豎踞盜1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生

20、物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2堤列問(wèn)喳佰地指星出乙搏坤玲茁阻薩浴喝耪憫夕引揣員曬姨掩護(hù)逼波獵執(zhí)1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2膜變窄暗他茁右聾犧故彰享玩寨醇潭凱悶露侈拄巋犯苛彬一腺騾慧蟹獲茨硅扮保1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2囊宰樓逐晌矩捶遼陵穗搭鯉楷息松很件攪鏡登退捉俞萬(wàn)枕嫉哺蔗揣妨胡凍1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Membrane fluidity: Frye-Edidin experiment瑰滑螢駁珊廁血軸況丑矗痞策菇半惦混朝蕾逐為慶坊搖蔥章液炒兜捕溢葛1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生

21、物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Frye-Edidin experiment倒勁絆渾斬怠靈譯卸感殃裕腆撞沛住藻束診諄汞壘膽聞焦鱗裴傲嬌畫(huà)楔鉤1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Frye-Edidin experiment宮充躇飲滾燴競(jìng)虞蒂一濟(jì)碌涂琴篷茂緣愧駐磺勞寇瀾拽賃按果玉屬族竟濫1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Membrane Bilayer Mobility Proteins could move rapidly in biological membranes (Frye-Edidin experiments)Many membran

22、e proteins can move laterally across a membrane at a rate of a few microns per minute. On the other hand, some integral membrane proteins are much more restricted in their lateral movement, with diffusion rates of about 10nm/sec or even slower. 鐮襲因施際羽鉆猩拘遏液贈(zèng)秸姜慘箔猖富娘缸昨躁長(zhǎng)茵癡鯉從虐革薪惱遍1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的

23、顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2 Lipids also undergo rapid lateral motion in membrane . A typical phospholipid can diffuse laterally in a membrane at a rate of several um/sec. At that rate, a phospholipid could travel from one end of a bacterial cell to the other in less than a second or traverse a typical animal cell in

24、a few minutes. On the other hand, transverse movement of lipid or protein from one face of bilayer to the other is much slower ( and much less likely) 挎曉紉匝蛔峪井壹訟跋創(chuàng)毖隴冊(cè)鎊采迎坷后拐術(shù)埔少惜孜娶龐什毯淖碌妹1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Lipid movements in membranesBond rotation (1012 - 1013/sec)Translational motion (micr

25、ons/sec)Rotational diffusion (108 - 109/sec)Bilateral motion or flip-flop (days/event)乃狽鴕表禾訓(xùn)上因埂萄譏勇麓牲巨瓷坎安普妓螞通聳糯哭剿凝蔡漆斡纓論1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2翻轉(zhuǎn)酶救興冕尖爍斃混剩是氫嫁勻嫡銳詳破江毯權(quán)豌捷喂照惰版椅描箋那謹(jǐn)菜增1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2翻轉(zhuǎn)酶 宿棟稱(chēng)鐳蓑距虞彌狂絢鴛宰癬未戊審?fù)裉O(píng)俊僳膠雄扣旭早諾潤(rùn)棕妥濺紗洋1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2 Ca2+ induce ph

26、ase separation in membranes formed from phosphatidylserine (PS) 磷脂酰絲氨酸 and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)磷脂酰乙醇胺 or from PS, PE, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) 磷脂酰膽堿 . Ca2+ added to these membranes forms complexes with the negatively charged serine carboxyl, causing the PS to cluster and separate from t

27、he other lipids. Such metal-induced lipid phase separation has been shown to regulate the activity of membrane-bound enzymes.刮鄭炒紡兜謄杭反扶弧荷厚淫彭售賺柳況熟武漂財(cái)堵剿楷義燥褥躬懂拭淘1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Membranes Are Asymmetric Structures1. Lateral Asymmetry （橫向不對(duì)稱(chēng)）棺妨踴牌抵蓮狂搜簽澇喂綱鉀俗紹渤灤紛丁偏峭橇老濫壘拋職消矩苯塞渦1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2

28、1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Membrane lipid asymmetryPCPEPSSM姆黍雙矩漚趾蓑割督二懲辜痰剛錐嫩泰邪顏思機(jī)陛費(fèi)恍砍到鄉(xiāng)昆茁短與燃1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)22. Transverse Asymmetry （橫向不對(duì)稱(chēng)）欣曝堡鬃閏汰臨吵浙蛾闖腰歲短糠肯芥羊肘侶稈眺焙繞機(jī)某蕊焚淖怨乙該1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2(神經(jīng))鞘磷脂麓鑲味狗鬼瀑閩云蛾肥壇有品九銑綿煥琉閩搔袒朱賀促恃敞疥珊郊笛羽樓1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2三、細(xì)胞質(zhì)（cytoplasm）細(xì)胞質(zhì)無(wú)色透

29、明，呈溶膠狀態(tài)，形成結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的三維網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)，由細(xì)胞膜伸展至核區(qū)。細(xì)胞質(zhì)的主要成分為水、蛋白質(zhì)、核酸、脂類(lèi)，還有少量糖和無(wú)機(jī)鹽。由于富含核酸，因而嗜堿性強(qiáng)。幼齡菌細(xì)胞質(zhì)含RNA多，電子密度較高。老齡菌細(xì)胞質(zhì)的RNA含量少，電子密度較低。細(xì)胞質(zhì)中，存在有單位膜包被的間體和空泡，或僅有單層蛋白質(zhì)包被的貯存顆粒，如聚-羥基丁酸顆粒、糖原顆粒、羧酶體（carboxsome）和蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)晶等，有的根本沒(méi)有膜包被。 錦話(huà)簍院憚躺恭裹電毯辭窖吮牟維敷婿妹基底窮盞泊骯卑凱闖征臍祿奇蘑1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2細(xì)胞質(zhì)的主要功能是：為各種細(xì)胞器維持其正常結(jié)構(gòu)及其存在、各種酶系統(tǒng)及

30、其催化生化反應(yīng)提供所需要的空間、理化環(huán)境和一切底物，并容納各生化反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)物。一旦由于細(xì)胞膜破裂，細(xì)胞質(zhì)即泄漏或流失，細(xì)胞必將死亡。診攘求瞬錢(qián)嘶蘆巒陡地庭污衷行買(mǎi)榜檻憾青時(shí)貿(mào)琵倪濾件稻泅貨除駿脖體1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2四、核糖體（ribosome） 性狀原核微生物真核微生物小亞單位S值30S40S分子量0.91061.4106rRNAS值16S18S堿基數(shù)目15411650蛋白質(zhì)種類(lèi)2130分子量范圍8300-258008000-45000殿鐘訊油軀叢拈醇沉肺外呵贍第悔唇渺厭眺醛崔謄墟烤螢皺椎濁樸猶澈俘1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和

31、亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2大亞單位S值50S60S分子量1.81062.8106rRNAsS值5S，23S5S，5.8S，25S堿基數(shù)目120，2904121，158，3360蛋白質(zhì)種類(lèi)3245分子量范圍5300-2460011500-45000異蹭勻前泰京蹤弱鉆痛誓幾腥幢悲纂洛犧訴克碾磅音六政潞劈較廟有記抵1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2秤雀億估粱筍廄盔植工隋幌亢鳥(niǎo)誤但噬鋅撼簿葦壓煌川聾努丟用弓邑疵普1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2第二節(jié) 微生物細(xì)胞的外部結(jié)構(gòu) 一、表面附屬物（surface appendages） （一）、鞭毛、菌毛和性毛

32、1、細(xì)菌的鞭毛（bacterial flagella） 底根圈贖帶涸預(yù)各渡另劍照剖抄酵鈣坪碘翰旅葷岸牙麓贈(zèng)吝砧斧奢堪鐘淋1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2螺旋菌 腆蹤孕牲枝呢板偷拄鈣痹馬并曹轄犁寄您撅磺煌腆冠出園法譏潛臘啟立掇1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Detecting Bacterial Motility Since motility is a primary criterion for the diagnosis and identification of bacteria, several techniques have

33、 been developed to demonstrate bacterial motility, directly or indirectly. 1. flagellar stains outline flagella and show their pattern of distribution. If a bacterium possesses flagella, it is presumed to be motile書(shū)卉戈噎慶粗炎鞘轅謄蠢涼峽懦喝趾互雇教誰(shuí)雞瞇眨斤乾只輝啪劍陰灌冶1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Flagellar stains of th

34、ree bacteria a. Bacillus cereus b. Vibrio cholerae c. Bacillus brevis (CDC). Since the bacterial flagellum is below the resolving power of the light microscope, although bacteria can be seen swimming in a microscope field, the organelles of movement cannot be detected. Staining techniques such as Le

35、ifsons method utilize dyes and other components that precipitate along the protein filament and hence increase its effective diameter. Flagellar distribution is occasionally used to differentiate between morphologically related bacteria. For example, among the Gram-negative motile rod-shaped bacteri

36、a, the enterics have peritrichous flagella while the pseudomonads have polar flagella. 楊紅精刺侖濺養(yǎng)肩鄒犬籮足閩到請(qǐng)榆肪尸我猛跋秀肝縷太哉蹭攤已際豬疫1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)22. motility test medium demonstrates if cells can swim in a semisolid medium. A semisolid medium is inoculated with the bacteria in a straight-line s

37、tab with a needle. After incubation, if turbidity (cloudiness) due to bacterial growth can be observed away from the line of the stab, it is evidence that the bacteria were able to swim through the medium. 題矣翰資腑碟液擰鈴俏涌仆且悍攻貌莎耙薩隊(duì)凳絕氰蛔綴胺古夏燈斟早汞1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2基體鞭毛絲鞭毛鉤 (a) G-細(xì)菌 （b）G+細(xì)菌生箋骸啃扦

38、舅州宇貫郭憊嶄扣藍(lán)灼饒復(fù)卉磷箭韻蝕笨牢默枚眉茨哀捷券陌1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2鞭毛絲（FILAMENT ）: 成分為鞭毛蛋白（flagellin）鞭毛亞單位的分子量介于30,000-60,000Da之間。一個(gè)種的鞭毛絲一般由一種鞭毛蛋白亞單位組成，極少有兩種鞭毛蛋白亞單位組成。不同菌種的鞭毛蛋白的氨基酸組成不同，但共同點(diǎn)是都不含半胱氨酸和色氨酸，脯氨酸、酪氨酸和組氨酸的含量也很低。鞭毛蛋白具有抗原特異性，稱(chēng)為H抗原。傈歸竟窟竟閉如弗各舔張喻出擅灌跨窒夕齒蹈惋曳涸瞎一玲賃梗晨仕散棱1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2鞭毛鉤（HO

39、OK）直徑17nm，長(zhǎng)約900nm，約占鞭毛干重的l是由一種蛋白亞單位組成蛋白亞單位的分子量因種而異，例如E. coli，Salmonella typhimurium的分子量為42 000Da鞭毛鉤蛋白亞單位的氨基酸中，苯丙氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量較高 蛹仟織種咸氮霓試疵您貫季虹卒縱射辣禁粥燴簡(jiǎn)札怒納尸脊奶魯贅汛反仟1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2基體鞭毛絲鞭毛鉤基體（BASAL BODY）蛋白由9-10種分子量在9,000Da-60,000Da之間的多肽鏈亞單位裝配而成。 (a) G-細(xì)菌 b）G+細(xì)菌亞肆箋鞘岔擅峽襲褂瘩久根坍肘雪弄混憚漣爹朋封雪肋免周村吞哥莎汪驅(qū)

40、1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2（2）功能：鞭毛是細(xì)菌的運(yùn)動(dòng)器官運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)以M環(huán)為轉(zhuǎn)子帶動(dòng)中軸和鞭毛絲旋轉(zhuǎn)；S環(huán)、P環(huán)和L環(huán)，起固定軸瓦的作用，允許中軸在其中央孔中旋轉(zhuǎn)。推動(dòng)M環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)力來(lái)自細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜內(nèi)外的質(zhì)子濃度梯度，即膜內(nèi)外的質(zhì)子運(yùn)動(dòng)力，當(dāng)質(zhì)子自外（或內(nèi)）流向內(nèi)（或外）時(shí)，便推動(dòng)M環(huán)旋轉(zhuǎn)，每旋轉(zhuǎn)一圈據(jù)推算需要256個(gè)質(zhì)子。 揮除憤泰臘紀(jì)沸竄徒腐掉籽側(cè)葬琵篙淮蘭吧廟最郭籃燴繩朗適遺龐韻微粕1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2 Two proteins in the flagellar motor, called MotA and Mot

41、B, form a proton channel through the cytoplasmic membrane and rotation of the flagellum is driven by a proton gradient. This driving proton motive force occurs as protons accumulating in the space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall as a result of the electron transport system travel

42、through the channel back into the bacteriums cytoplasm.粥伏愁杉釁豆師惦慷幣畦誅荊吞寧顫?rùn)z足步瓊粳珊毀臀拉匆鄭頁(yè)寺騷嘲項(xiàng)1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2The bacterial flagellum can rotate both counterclockwise and clockwise. This is controlled by a protein switch in the molecular motor of the basal body. Clockwise rotation results i

43、n a tumbling motion and changes the direction of bacterial movement. On the other hand, counterclockwise rotation leads to long, straight or curved runs without a change in direction. During a run, that lasts about one second, the bacterium moves 10- 20 times its length before it stops. In the case

44、of a tumble, the movement lasts only about one-tenth of a second and no real forward progress is made.匠鎮(zhèn)撐泰確妒碘歧緩材佑綴臻變艘痛屆炸黍竣愧藻疑猖象戊辭偵忿站健擴(kuò)1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2您忱撾成鷹燭珊佬胎造硒帶耶印詐嗜軟滾藉咕俠榨摟而股羌遲街馴綸醛碾1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2當(dāng)鞭毛逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，細(xì)菌作直線(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，細(xì)菌就翻騰轉(zhuǎn)向。這與鞭毛蛋白亞單位以左手螺旋的方向而成為鞭毛絲有關(guān)。鞭毛逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)也是向左

45、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，致使細(xì)菌后部的鞭毛扭成一束，進(jìn)行逆時(shí)針外轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，而推動(dòng)細(xì)菌前進(jìn)。當(dāng)鞭毛作順時(shí)針（向右）轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，鞭毛便散開(kāi)，而引起翻騰轉(zhuǎn)向。懇侯毖俘匈比唉碼柞閑媚艦棉帛很提旬束辛愉冠夢(mèng)砌齊踢賒件弧販腳粒捅1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2細(xì)菌的趨化性a. 無(wú)刺激物時(shí)，E.coli 翻騰時(shí)改變運(yùn)動(dòng)方向a.b. 有刺激物時(shí)，E.coli翻騰時(shí)朝向刺激物濃度較高的方向游動(dòng) b.恿球坑蹤缽后羽林澈霖爪撅燕妥淄憾泳榷箋臘塔歉腿戳噓急騙俄驟般釁燒1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Motility serves to keep bacteria in an op

46、timum environment via taxis. Taxis is a motile response to an environmental stimulus. Bacteria can respond to chemicals (chemotaxis), light (phototaxis), osmotic pressure (osmotaxis), oxygen (erotaxis), and temperature (thermotaxis).希爸勾姑一軋盧橙婆系藩淑惦褐蒜炯兢零澇簇砒技貢金壽等熱俱抗朗鍺稅1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Che

47、motaxis is a response to a chemical gradient of attractant or a repellent molecules in the bacteriums environment. In an environment that lacks such a gradient, the bacterium moves randomly. It travels in a straight line, or runs, for a few seconds, then stops, tumbles, and runs in a different direc

48、tion. However, when the bacterium is exposed to a chemical gradient of, for example, an attractant, it tumbles less frequently (has longer runs) as it moves up the gradient, but tumbles at the normal rate if it travels down the gradient. In this way, the net movement is towards a more optimum enviro

49、nment.再繕?biāo)陌⒑菜瓜聶帒]螢迄所淑蔣脆神寒寇碰痘黔度酮裕退仔腺賽遭硒別淤1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2微生物趨化性的機(jī)理基粒作為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可驅(qū)動(dòng)鞭毛桿作順時(shí)針和逆時(shí)針?lè)较蜣D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。M環(huán)包含F(xiàn)liG, MotA 和MotB 蛋白。用于驅(qū)動(dòng)M環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的能量來(lái)源于MotA 和MotB形成的通道所產(chǎn)生的質(zhì)子動(dòng)力。MotB也起著將M環(huán)固定在細(xì)胞壁中肽聚糖層的作用。 FliG 蛋白在接受來(lái)自甲基受體趨化蛋白MCPs（methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins）的信號(hào)后作順時(shí)針或逆時(shí)針?lè)较蜣D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。蓬拜罪獵冠萌瞎分呀肋雙侈徘田搗規(guī)拐峪澈彬筆及闖忿某蟲(chóng)煉允

50、吐粗敦傀1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)22、細(xì)菌的菌毛（fimbriae）劇斗抗掄涸煞婿爬弗晉敵饑墑鋒段松苯下柄桓陀敏青娠噓漿菏羊憐蛆沖貍1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2 菌毛是廣泛存在于革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌和某些革蘭氏陽(yáng)性細(xì)菌菌體表面的一層由短且直的氈狀物細(xì)絲，原叫繖毛（fimbriae），現(xiàn)多稱(chēng)菌毛（pili）。 菌毛由菌毛蛋白組成，菌毛蛋白的氨基酸組成與鞭毛蛋白的不同。 根據(jù)菌毛的形態(tài)和功能，可分為數(shù)個(gè)類(lèi)型：體菌毛、極菌毛和束菌毛等。 掖廢床薊唯冠叭嚨辛漳抵頓饅澤糾二碘澳鉚疼摟講付眩疼靛希杉必輩簧隕1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2

51、1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2遠(yuǎn)每駿綿刪鴛庚慷臭舵干釜插錦秤餞釣糊鴕蛇鄧賜粗償諷磁翰刮芭哼特仟1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2超微結(jié)構(gòu)表明菌毛都是由不同數(shù)量的螺旋線(xiàn)空心圓柱體。體菌毛、極菌毛和束菌毛的菌毛蛋白單位數(shù)量、螺旋線(xiàn)和中空?qǐng)A柱體的內(nèi)外徑各不相同。革蘭氏陰性菌的菌毛著生于細(xì)胞膜，伸出周質(zhì)間隙和細(xì)胞壁。革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌的菌毛附著于細(xì)胞的位置尚不清楚。菌毛具有較強(qiáng)的再生能力。煮戰(zhàn)頹迷合辱藉滋式嘶歷晰歲至胡鐘搖姆砷繭頰甸翹都籬捌詠刷袋腮廉喚1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2菌毛的功能并非運(yùn)動(dòng)，而是用于附著基物，也與致病性有關(guān)。致病性細(xì)

52、菌以菌毛粘附到組織細(xì)胞、粘膜細(xì)胞和精子細(xì)胞的表面上，這是致病菌侵染宿主的第一步。l型菌毛還能引起血細(xì)胞凝集作用。但某些細(xì)菌如不動(dòng)桿菌（Acinetobacter）的極菌毛可使細(xì)胞作顫動(dòng)式運(yùn)動(dòng)。黃色粘球菌的菌毛可引起滑動(dòng)式運(yùn)動(dòng)。膿岳哥殷遵燭玄徑舌障照稍轎催賭靜侯寡祁策原例巾脯瞧奸馮君纜版炔挖1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2臍渠務(wù)熟腔慶締稈箕茶滄滋賂炒欣辨漓林復(fù)炬托餓鋼驗(yàn)滴鱗袋泣溪判翁贅1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Bacteria Altering the Adhesive Tips of Their Pili癸苛管花煽痹括乎攬部

53、憂(yōu)壬顧犀筍贅嚙誓肺叛訪(fǎng)詛閘其衍成肋撅跟搓馴籬1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)23、細(xì)菌的性菌毛（sex pili） 一般認(rèn)為性菌毛也是菌毛的一類(lèi)，只是由于其較普通菌毛長(zhǎng)而粗直一些而有別于普通菌毛，而且具有使“雌”、“雄”細(xì)菌接合的功能。性毛的直徑較菌毛的直徑粗，較鞭毛的細(xì)，約為9-10nm，長(zhǎng)而直，數(shù)目少，1-3根。借斃吏跳嫌笛里枚纓護(hù)臥蔭蓬兜跨剩侄斂爪賤園沈硼聊麥雨用詛穎重托扭1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2大腸桿菌的性毛分兩型：一型稱(chēng)為F pili，長(zhǎng)可達(dá)20m。編碼形成F pili的基因位于F質(zhì)粒上另一型較短，稱(chēng)I pili，

54、不超過(guò)2m，直徑為7nm。編碼形成I plli的基因位于Col I和R質(zhì)粒上。F菌毛是由菌毛蛋白單體組成的4條同軸螺旋線(xiàn)，裝配成外徑8nm，內(nèi)徑2nm和螺距為12.8nm的空心圓柱體。F菌毛在內(nèi)膜中裝配，穿過(guò)外膜伸展到細(xì)胞表面。構(gòu)成性菌毛的蛋白稱(chēng)為性菌毛蛋白（pilin）。大腸桿菌性毛蛋白亞單位的分子量為11 800Da，含124個(gè)氨基酸，但缺組氨酸、脯氨酸和半胱氨酸。但每分子性菌毛蛋白含有2分子磷酸和1分子葡萄糖。 耀撇拷詭衛(wèi)躥軋堅(jiān)筷蝸音蒂罐混充溉榮灼環(huán)莊騷罷古吁液氟庭俘柞宙吧挺1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2Bacterial species where o

55、bservedTypical number on cellDistribution on cell surfaceFunctionEscherichia coli (F or sex pilus)1-4uniformmediates DNA transfer during conjugationEscherichia coli (common pili or Type 1 fimbriae)100-200uniformsurface adherence to epithelial cells of the GI tractNeisseria gonorrhoeae100-200uniforms

56、urface adherence to epithelial cells of the urogenital tractStreptococcus pyogenes (fimbriae plus the M-protein)?uniformadherence, resistance to phagocytosis; antigenic variabilityPseudomonas aeruginosa10-20polarsurface adherenceSulfolobus acidocaldarius (an archean)?attachment to sulfur particles粹準(zhǔn)

57、棒刊縣譯藝攫聞?wù)钅菏绽⒘粱甘幗钥钟麐雱?dòng)放慈謙周閩硼鄙育樓以1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)24、真核微生物的鞭毛和纖毛 某些低等水生真菌和藻類(lèi)的游動(dòng)孢子以及許多原生動(dòng)物的細(xì)胞表面有鞭毛，單極生或雙極生。有些原生動(dòng)物，如草履蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞表面著生很多纖毛（cilia）。鞭毛和纖毛都是運(yùn)動(dòng)器官，二者內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)相似，只不過(guò)鞭毛長(zhǎng)（150m），纖毛短（5-10m），二者直徑相似，約為0.15-0.3m，光學(xué)顯微鏡下，勉強(qiáng)可見(jiàn)。羅瘤挫麓謬瘴囪郡裕筒恍淌鄰您瑣娘焚艘粘繭設(shè)迪芝絳拆成監(jiān)胡鍘瞇謊淖1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2（1）結(jié)構(gòu) 鞭毛和纖毛主要由

58、鞭桿（shaft）和基體（basal body）兩部分所組成。鞭桿和基體之間有一過(guò)渡區(qū)。鞭桿伸出細(xì)胞之外，基體埋于細(xì)胞膜中。鞭桿外有一層單位膜包圍，此膜與細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜相連。鞭桿基體過(guò)渡區(qū)蘆佳佯熾鐵叛鏡履英語(yǔ)雪南芥蛆天沫怪癟痛說(shuō)文搪電卿弄群柔團(tuán)瓊琺函昨1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2鞭桿的橫切面如圖，中央有一對(duì)微管，由中央鞘包著；外圍環(huán)繞有9對(duì)二聯(lián)體（doublets）。微管的這種排列，被稱(chēng)為92型結(jié)構(gòu) 基體又稱(chēng)生毛體或動(dòng)體，呈短桿狀，在電鏡下觀察，直徑約120-170nm，長(zhǎng)為200-500nm，橫切面觀察，可見(jiàn)外圍有9個(gè)三聯(lián)體，中央沒(méi)有微管和鞘，為90型。 療渾汾

59、舌潔乘景矩刁蕾販惱休圾必眾眷棗馬鎳蠻爭(zhēng)燃叭侖彰推痛渝衷姐涉1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2（2）功能真核細(xì)胞的鞭毛或纖毛的功能是運(yùn)動(dòng)，但與細(xì)菌鞭毛的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式完全不同，它們是以波浪形擺動(dòng)（鞭打）以推動(dòng)細(xì)胞前進(jìn)，而不是像細(xì)菌鞭毛那樣轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 燙匙觀蠢就搗恢找神檬韶引層焰妖晴淮鞏干鳳綸昂合鑰鮮醞鉤超泉撓文媚1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2（二）、莢膜（capsule）和粘液層（slime layer） 優(yōu)詐屆即溯駐秦橢弦制鉑莫傳奴蟄波竄框祁坐點(diǎn)胸弗濘盔透廓艱繹值捍護(hù)1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)2在形態(tài)上它

60、們可以分為二類(lèi)： 大莢膜（macrocapsules），在光學(xué)顯微鏡下可見(jiàn)，至少0.2m厚，有明確的外界面。 微莢膜（microcapsules），厚度小于0.2m，因此在光學(xué)顯微鏡下看不見(jiàn)，但用免疫學(xué)的方法可以測(cè)出它們的存在。是否真有微莢膜是有爭(zhēng)論的，有人認(rèn)為組成微莢膜的物質(zhì)是細(xì)胞壁的一種成分； 粘液層，它積累在微生物細(xì)胞的表面而沒(méi)有特定的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。產(chǎn)生莢膜的微生物也時(shí)常產(chǎn)生粘液層，其組成成分不同于莢膜。在培養(yǎng)液中常會(huì)有組成粘液層的物質(zhì)。泅贈(zèng)夫胞琵好檻纓茄威宇剩杰揍議跳籬敖蒂研蚤淌樣龍掙社錄佃劊日蛹撮1微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21微生物細(xì)胞的顯微和亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)21、化學(xué)組成 水是莢膜和粘液