英語詞第七講課件

1、English DictionaryMajor contentsDevelopment of English dictionaryTypes of English dictionaryContents of English dictionaryWhat is a dictionaryThe word “dictionary” for English-speaking people is a book which presents in alphabetic order the words of the English language, with information as to its s

2、pelling, pronunciation, meaning and its etymology (James Root Hulbert)Development of English dictionariesThe origins of the English dictionaryThe first English dictionariesModern English dictionariesThe origins of the English dictionaryAccording to James Root Hulbert, English dictionary-making began

3、 in Anglo-Saxon times.The first dictionaries in England were printed in Latin.The first English dictionariesIn the 17th century, with printing well established, the first real English dictionaries of importance appeared.They defined English words in terms of other English words, and in this respect

4、resembled todays dictionary.They were different in other respects. For one thing, they defined only what the english called “hard words”.First English dictionaries published:Robert Caswdreys Table Alphabetical of Hard Words (1604)John Bollokars An English Expositor (1616)Henry Cockerams The English

5、Dictionary (1623)Modern English dictionaryBaileys DictionaryAn universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721)Emphasis on the origins of wordsContained 40,000 wordsModel for many to come laterProblems in definitions, e.g.:Cow: a beast well-knownDog: a quadruped, well-knownModern English dictionaryS

6、amuel JohnsonHe lived in the 18th C., an age of dictionaries and the encyclopedic and lexicographical tendencies of the time received their fullest expression in the Dictionary of Samuel Johnson. Samuel Johnson (often referred to as Dr. Johnson) (18 September 1709 O.S. 7 September 13 December 1784)

7、was an English author. Beginning as a Grub Street journalist, he made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, novelist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson was a devout Anglican and political conservative, and has been described as “argua

8、bly the most distinguished man of letters in English history”. He is also the subject of “the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature”: James Boswells Life of Samuel Johnson. 賽繆爾.約翰遜(Samuel Johnson)英國作家,批評家 (1709-1748). 英國文學(xué)史上重要的詩人,散文家,傳記家和健談家, 編纂的 對英語發(fā)展做出了重大貢獻(xiàn).和瓊森一樣,他

9、也是當(dāng)時文壇上的一代盟主,他對文學(xué)小說詩歌文學(xué)作品的評論,即使只言片語也被眾口宣傳,當(dāng)作屑金碎玉.約翰遜1765年出版了經(jīng)他校訂的, 這個版本在后世為學(xué)者詬病,因為約翰遜有時出于己意, 對原文進(jìn)行刪改.他對莎評的主要貢獻(xiàn),在于他為莎劇所作的批注和他為這個版本所作的序言.在約翰遜時代,文化氛圍已經(jīng)在向浪漫主義方向發(fā)展, 人們已不再視”三一律”為神圣.與德萊登,伏爾泰相比,約翰遜是更為寬容的新古典主義者.塞繆爾.約翰遜是18世紀(jì)最重要的英國作家之一,在英國人心目中有著難以取代的地位,英國人常常將18世紀(jì)的前50年稱為”斯威夫特和蒲柏的時代” (the age of Swift and Pope),

10、 同時將后50年稱作”約翰遜的時代”.約翰遜一生著述甚豐,最有影響的卻是完成與1755年的兩卷本(The Dictionary of the English Language). 在長達(dá)150年的時間里,這本詞典一直是最權(quán)威的英語詞典,直到20世紀(jì)初才被取而代之.Modern English dictionaryPeople identified his dictionary as a matter of national pride and defense, and a symbol of British individualism and strength.In 1755, 8 years

11、 after he had signed the contract with his booksellers, Johnsons dictionary was published.2,300 pages long-two and a half times as long as Baileys.Two-volume: about 40,000 entries, with a complete previously unmatched.His techniques for defining a word, and his inclusions of quotations form authorit

12、ies, impress his personal stamp on the development of English lexicography.Johnsons dictionary:First of its kind in any way be considered as a standard. (all its predecessors being mere lists of words in comparison).The meanings of words, for the first time, fully illustrated by well-selected author

13、ities.The definitions are full, clear, and above all praise for their happy illustration of the meaning of words.Noah Webster (October 16, 1758-May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook author, spelling reformer, word enthusiast, and editor. He has been called the “Father of American Sch

14、olarship and Education”. His “Blue-Backed Speller” books were used to teach spelling and reading to five generations of American children. In the U.S., his name has become synonymous with dictionaries, especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as An American D

15、ictionary of the English Language.An American Dictionary of the English Language:70,000 entriesOne-man dictionaryDifferences between American and British usage and meaning were pointed out.Illustrative quotations of Americans.Definitions are more accurate A moral guide as well as a reference book Am

16、erican spellingNo dictionary in the 19th century enjoyed equal prestige to that of Noah Websters Dictionary of the English Language.The Oxford English Dictionary (OED):Published by the Oxford University Press (OUP), is a comprehensive dictionary of the English language. (1879)414,000 definitions, il

17、lustrated by almost two million quotations.OED, OALD, features can be seen from Professor Lu Gusuns preface: 準(zhǔn)確至上,繁略適中,追求直觀,言必有據(jù),攝要納新Types of English Dictionaries1. 綜合詞典 (general purpose dictionary) 綜合英語詞典范圍很廣,即使成為”綜合詞典”, 每本詞典也都是以一定范圍的讀者為目標(biāo)的.一般收五萬詞條左右的是袖珍詞典,七八萬詞條的是簡明詞典.十五萬詞條左右的是中型詞典,二十萬詞條以上的是大型詞典. 英

18、美現(xiàn)在最為通用的是中型詞典(英語叫做desk dictionary 或college dictionary,也可譯作 “案頭詞典”). 美國出版的The Century Dictionary (), Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary (), Websters New Dictionary(), The Random House Dictionary ()等;英國出版的 Universal Dictionary of the English Language(), The Concise Oxford Dictionary () , Chambers T

19、wentieth Century Dictionary ()等. 較大型的 Websters Third New International Dictionary ( 第三版), The American Heritage Dictionary ()等,也可屬此例.2. 學(xué)術(shù)性詞典 (scholarly dictionary) . 學(xué)術(shù)性詞典以其大而全為特征.最為突出的是, 及其美國的姐妹篇 A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principle ().3. 專門詞典 (Specialize dictionary)專門詞典的種類繁多,就

20、語言詞典而論,幾乎關(guān)于詞匯的每個領(lǐng)域都有專門詞典.例如:辭源詞典 (其中最為有名的是Walter W. Skeat編的Etymological Dictionary of English Language和Charles T. Onions編的The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology).同義詞詞典 (例如:A Dictionary of English Synonymous Expressions, Websters Dictionary of Synonyms).成語詞典 (例如:Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiom

21、atic English, Dictionary of American Idioms).發(fā)音詞典 (最為有名的是Daniel Jones編的An English Pronouncing Dictionary和John S. Kenyon等編的A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English).按概論分類的詞典(最有名的是Peter Marc編的Rogets International Thesaurus).用法詞典 (例如: Henry Watson Fowler編的A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Berge

22、n Evans等編的A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage).其他還有國情詞典,方言詞典,俚語詞典,縮略語詞典,人名詞典,地名詞典,圖解詞典等.至于科技詞典或者以某一學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的詞匯為對象的專門詞典更是不勝枚舉了.4. 學(xué)生詞典(learners dictionary)一種供本國學(xué)生使用的詞典,如:Chambers Students Dictionary(), The Oxford School Dictionary(), Chambers Young Set Dictionaries(), Oxford English Picture Dicti

23、onary(), Collins COBUILD Learners Dictionary ().另一種是轉(zhuǎn)為外國人學(xué)英語而編纂的,如:Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary of Current English(), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(), Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary()/ Cambridge International Dictionary of English (), Collins COBUILD English Learners

24、Dictionary ().5. 雙語詞典(bilingual dictionary)英語和其它語種之間的雙語或多語詞也是種類繁多,以我國出版的英漢詞典來說,有陸谷孫主編的,鄭易里主編的,葛傳等編的,王同憶主編的等;漢英詞典有林語堂編的(A Modern Chinese English Dictionary), 梁實秋編的(A Practical Chinese-English Dictionary),吳光華主編的(Chinese-English Dictionary), 戴鳴鐘,戴煒棟主編的(A Comprehensive Chinese-English Dictionary),吳景榮主編的

25、, (A Chinese-English Dictionary)漢英雙語版 (外語教學(xué)與研究出版社2002年11月)等.6.?？圃~典 ?？圃~典專門收錄某一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域詞語.如,對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)國際貿(mào)易系,陸乃圣(經(jīng)濟(jì)改革類),柳葆青,謝濤, 袁恩恒等.7. 新詞詞典現(xiàn)代科技日新月異,新詞語表達(dá)層出不窮.研究此類詞語的詞典也是如雨后春筍,如張健,朱詩向,楊秀珍,路玉昆,中國日報網(wǎng)站等.Content of English dictionary1. 拼寫英語詞典在正字法 (orthography)方面起著相當(dāng)重要的作用,現(xiàn)在人們使用英語都詞典的拼法為準(zhǔn),英美拼法不同的詞在詞典上一般都列出來(如cent

26、re 和center, kerb 和curb), 一個詞有兩種或兩種以上拼法時在詞典上一般也都列出來(如:judgement 和judgment). 單詞如何移形,復(fù)合詞是否用連字符號等內(nèi)容也可以在詞典上找到依據(jù).同形異義詞則通常列為不同的詞, 在右上角標(biāo)上數(shù)字(如gum1 橡膠, gum2 齒齦).2. 發(fā)音 (pronunciation)緊接著詞條的是發(fā)音.各種詞典使用的表音方法不同,例如: 美國詞典多用韋氏音標(biāo),英國出版的詞典有的用國際音標(biāo),有的用牛津音標(biāo),或者另外一套音標(biāo).有的詞典前后兩版命名用的標(biāo)音方法也有不同, 就是一例,它的前兩版命名用”寬式”國際英標(biāo),第三版開始改用”嚴(yán)式”國際音標(biāo),第四版又作改動.我們使用本詞典的時候一定要看一看它的發(fā)音說明部分.有的詞有兩種以上發(fā)音,詞典