經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理雙語(yǔ)PPT16

1、Monopolistic CompetitionChapter 16壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)本章我們將探索這些問題的答案：在完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與壟斷之間有什么樣的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)?它們有什么特征？壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)企業(yè)如何決定產(chǎn)量和價(jià)格？它們能獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)嗎？壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)通過什么方式影響社會(huì)福利？廣告的社會(huì)成本與利益分別是什么？2不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Imperfect Competition不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)指的是介于完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和純壟斷之間的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)。Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect competition and pure mon

2、opoly.不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Imperfect Competition不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)包括這樣的產(chǎn)業(yè)：企業(yè)面臨競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，但競(jìng)爭(zhēng)沒有激烈到使企業(yè)成為價(jià)格接受者。Imperfect competition includes industries in which firms have competitors but do not face so much competition that they are price takers.不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)的類型Types of ImperfectlyCompetitive Markets壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng) Monopolistic Competition許多企業(yè)出售類似但不相同的產(chǎn)

3、品。Many firms selling products that are similar but not identical.寡頭 Oligopoly只有少數(shù)賣主，每一個(gè)提供類似的或相同的產(chǎn)品。Only a few sellers, each offering a similar oridentical product to the others.壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的例子Examples of MonopolisticCompetition舉例：書籍、 CD、電影、電腦游戲、餐館、鋼琴課、點(diǎn)心、家具等。Product examples include books, CDs,movies, compu

4、ter games, restaurants,piano lessons, cookies, furniture, etc.壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的特征Attributes of MonopolisticCompetition許多賣者M(jìn)any sellers產(chǎn)品差別Product differentiation自由進(jìn)入和退出Free entry and exit許多賣者M(jìn)any Sellers有許多企業(yè)爭(zhēng)奪同樣的顧客群體。There are many firms competing for the same group of customers.產(chǎn)品差別Product Differentiation每一個(gè)企

5、業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品至少與其他企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品略有不同。Each firm produces a product that is at least slightly different from those of other firms.每個(gè)企業(yè)不是價(jià)格接受者，而是面臨一條向右下方傾斜的需求曲線。Rather than being a price taker, each firm faces a downward-sloping demand curve.自由進(jìn)入和退出 Free Entry or Exit企業(yè)可以沒有限制地進(jìn)入和退出一個(gè)市場(chǎng)。Firms can enter or exit the ma

6、rket without restriction.市場(chǎng)上企業(yè)的數(shù)目要一直調(diào)整到經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)為零時(shí)為止。The number of firms in the market adjusts until economic profits are zero.11比較完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有沒有，價(jià)格接受者企業(yè)有市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力嗎?向右下方傾斜水平企業(yè)面臨的需求曲線不同完全相同企業(yè)出售的產(chǎn)品零利潤(rùn)零利潤(rùn)長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)是是自由進(jìn)入/退出市場(chǎng)許多許多賣者的數(shù)量壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)012比較壟斷與壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 有有企業(yè)有市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力嗎?向右下方傾斜向右下方傾斜 (市場(chǎng)需求)企業(yè)面臨的需求曲線許多沒有相近的替代品零利潤(rùn)正利潤(rùn)長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)是不

7、是自由進(jìn)入/退出市場(chǎng)許多一個(gè)賣者的數(shù)量壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壟斷0壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Monopolistic Competition市場(chǎng)具有某些競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的特性也具有某些壟斷的特性。Markets that have some features of competition and some features of monopoly.14利潤(rùn)ATCP短期中盈利的壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)企業(yè)Monopolistic Competitors inthe Short Run.企業(yè)面臨向下傾斜的需求曲線在每個(gè)Q, MR P為利潤(rùn)最大化，企業(yè)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)量直到MR = MC企業(yè)使用需求曲線來設(shè)定價(jià)格 P產(chǎn)量?jī)r(jià)格ATCDMRMCQ015損失短期中的壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)企業(yè)Monopolistic Competitors inthe Short Run.對(duì)這個(gè)企業(yè)而言，在MR = MC時(shí)生產(chǎn)，此時(shí)P MC，壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)的產(chǎn)量小于使社會(huì)有效率的產(chǎn)量然而，政策制定者解決這個(gè)問題很困難：企業(yè)獲得零利潤(rùn)，因此不能要求它們降低價(jià)格0MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION51壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與社會(huì)福利市場(chǎng)上企業(yè)的數(shù)量可能并不是理想的數(shù)量，這是因?yàn)榕c新企業(yè)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)相關(guān)的外部性：產(chǎn)品多樣化外部性： 消費(fèi)者從新產(chǎn)品引進(jìn)中得到了消費(fèi)者剩余搶走業(yè)務(wù)外部性： 企業(yè)因新競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)而遭受的損失壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的無(wú)效率的模糊的，并且難以衡量。政策制定者沒有簡(jiǎn)單