職業(yè)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)Unit One

1、Unit OneText AText B能力分析訓(xùn)練Text A1.Definition of Electronic Commerce What exactly is electronic commerce? Different people define this term in different ways or from different perspectives. Electronic commerce is an emerging concept that describes the process of buying and selling or exchanging of pr

2、oducts, services and information via computer networks including the Internet. From a communication perspective, EC is the delivery of information, products/services or payments over telephone lines, computer networks, or any other electronic means. From a business process perspective, EC is the app

3、lication of technology toward the automation of business transactions and work flows.From a service perspective, EC is a tool that addresses the desire of firms, consumers and management to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speed of service delivery. From an o

4、nline perspective, EC provides the capability of buying and selling products and information on the Internet and other online services The term electronic business includes the exchange of information not directly related to the actual buying and selling of goods. Increasingly, businesses are using

5、electronic mechanisms to distribute information and provide customer support. 2E-business There are dozens of applications of EC such as home banking, shopping in online stores and malls, buying stocks, finding a job, conducting an auction, and collaborating electronically on research and developmen

6、t projects. The EC applications are supported by infrastructures, and its implementation is dependent on four major areas: people, policy, technical standards and protocols, and other organizations.3The Framework of ECNotes 1This section is intended to clear the ground and examine the definition of

7、electronic commerce and introduce its framework. 這里的clear作動(dòng)詞，譯為“使清楚，使清晰”。 例如：clear ones mind about sth. 弄清楚某事 本句譯為：下面這部分內(nèi)容將要弄清楚電子商務(wù)所涉及的范圍，研究其定義，并且介紹其框架。 2to see a story about some facet of electronic commerce. 這里的story應(yīng)譯為“（新聞）記事，報(bào)道；值得報(bào)道的人物（或事實(shí)）”。例如： a news story 新聞報(bào)道 a feature story 特寫 本句譯為：可以看到有關(guān)電子

8、商務(wù)的某一方面的報(bào)道。 3Electronic commerce is an emerging concept that describes the process of buying and selling or exchanging of products, services, and information via computer networks including the Internet. （1）這里的that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的先行詞concept。 （2）via是“through”的意思，作“通過（手段）”解釋。 例如：The contract established

9、 via oral negotiation can hardly provide such evidences as human testimony and material evidence. 通過口頭協(xié)商而締結(jié)的合同難以提供像證明人和證明材料這樣的證明。 Shipping your order can be made via the transshipment at Hong Kong. 可以通過在香港轉(zhuǎn)船來(lái)裝運(yùn)你方訂貨。 本句譯為：電子商務(wù)是一個(gè)剛出現(xiàn)的概念，它描述通過計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，包括了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，買賣或交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)和信息的過程。 4EC is a tool that addresses

10、the desire of firms, consumers, and management to cut service costs while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speed of service delivery. 這里的while improving the quality of goods就是while EC improves the quality of goods。 當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，從句的主語(yǔ)可省略，代以現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)。 本句譯為：在提高商品質(zhì)量，加快服務(wù)遞送速度的同時(shí)，EC可作為一種降

11、低服務(wù)成本以滿足公司和消費(fèi)者需求的工具。 5It refers to a broader definition of EC, not only buying and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organization. （1）refer to 作“指的是；談到，提到；涉及，有關(guān)”解釋。 例如：By movie theatre, I refer to the one i

12、n the 15th street. 說到電影院，我指的是十五大街那家。 （2）not onlybut(also)不但而且。例如： He not only had read the book but (also) remembered what he had read. 他不但讀過此書，而且還記得所讀的內(nèi)容。 本句譯為：它指的是EC的一種較廣的定義，并不只是買和賣，還包括向顧客提供服務(wù)，與商業(yè)伙伴合作，以及在機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)處理電子事務(wù)等。 6While transactions are conducted via electronic devices, they may be transported

13、using either traditional physical shipping channels, such as a ground delivery service, or digital mechanisms, such as the download of a product from the Internet. 這里的eitheror作“或者或者，不論還是”解釋。 例如：Either you come in person, or you entrust someone with the matter. 你要么自己來(lái)，要么就托人來(lái)處理這件事。 It is wrong to rega

14、rd our work either as totally good or as completely bad. 說我們的工作樣樣都好或者一無(wú)是處，都是錯(cuò)的。 本句譯為：在利用電子設(shè)備處理商業(yè)事務(wù)時(shí)，產(chǎn)品可以選擇傳統(tǒng)的物理運(yùn)送渠道，例如陸運(yùn)遞送服務(wù)，或是數(shù)字傳送方式，例如從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上下載一個(gè)產(chǎn)品來(lái)進(jìn)行傳送。 7The narrower definition is that electronic commerce is the whole process in which people, who master information technology and business regulati

15、ons and rules, systematically use electronic tools and efficiently and low-costly engage in all kinds of activities centering on the exchange of commodities and services in a highly technically and economically advanced society. 這里的in which peopleadvanced society. 是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的先行詞process。 但在該定語(yǔ)從句中又嵌套了

16、另一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，那就是who master information technology and business regulations and rules，修飾先行詞people。 該句中還有一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)centering on the exchange of commodities and services 作定語(yǔ)，修飾前面的activities。 在翻譯過程中要注意兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞處理的位置。 本句譯為：電子商務(wù)在狹義上的定義指的是在高度技術(shù)化、經(jīng)濟(jì)化的先進(jìn)社會(huì)里，掌握了信息技術(shù)和商業(yè)規(guī)則的人系統(tǒng)地、高效地、低成本地使用電子工具進(jìn)行各種以商品和服務(wù)交換為中心的各種行為活動(dòng)

17、。 8Increasingly, businesses are using electronic mechanisms to distribute information and provide customer support. Increasingly放在句首作狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子，可表示說話人對(duì)這句話的態(tài)度或作為對(duì)這句話內(nèi)容的歸納性評(píng)注。 一般，副詞置于句首，并用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，這種用法被稱作狀語(yǔ)前置。 類似的用法如： Clearly, he isnt telling the truth.顯然，他沒說真話。 Luckily, he wasnt at home that day.幸運(yùn)的是

18、，那天他不在家。 本句譯為：企業(yè)利用電子手段發(fā)送信息和提供客戶支持的現(xiàn)象在不斷增加。 9Traditional EDI systems allow pre-established trading partners to electronically exchange business data. allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事。 例如：Parents seldom allow their children to touch electricity wires.家長(zhǎng)很少允許孩子去摸電線。 They are allowed to enter the university

19、for studying. 他們被批準(zhǔn)入學(xué)了。 本句譯為：傳統(tǒng)EDI系統(tǒng)允許先前建立聯(lián)系的貿(mào)易合作伙伴利用電子手段進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)交換。 Text B1The Computer Network and Communication Technology（1）Fundamentals of Computer Network From connection method perspective, computer networks can also be classified according to the hardware and software technology that is used to

20、interconnect the individual devices in the network, such as optical fiber, Ethernet and wireless LAN. From scale perspective, networks are often classified as Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Personal Area Network (PAN), Virtual Private Network (VPN

21、), Campus Area Network (CAN), Storage Area Network (SAN), etc. depending on their scale, scope and purpose. From topology perspective, computer networks may be classified according to the network topology upon which the network is based, such as bus network, star network, ring network, mesh network,

22、 star-bus network, tree or hierarchical topology network. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public,

23、academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies.（2）Fundamentals of Internet In software engineering, a web application is an application that is accessed via a web browser over a ne

24、twork such as the Internet or an intranet. Web applications are popular due to the ubiquity of web browsers, and the convenience of using a web browser as a client.2The Web Applications A database is a collection of logically related records or files consolidated into a common pool that provides dat

25、a for one or more multiple uses.3The Database Applications Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) refers to the structured transmission of data between organizations by electronic means.4EDI(Electronic Data Interchange)Notes 1The following list presents categories used for classifying networks. 這里的used f

26、or classifying networks是過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞categories。 此外，本句翻譯時(shí)采用了減詞法，如：list和categories都省略了。 本句譯為：下面羅列了網(wǎng)絡(luò)的幾種分類形式。 2From connection method perspective, computer networks can also be classified according to the hardware and software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the netwo

27、rk, such as optical fiber, Ethernet and wireless LAN. 這里的that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the network, such as optical fiber, Ethernet and wireless LAN是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞technology。 此外，本句中出現(xiàn)了兩次被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，can also be classified和is used to，在翻譯時(shí)，應(yīng)盡量以主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)表達(dá)。 本句譯為：從連接方式的角度來(lái)講，計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以根據(jù)用于連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)中各個(gè)

28、設(shè)備的硬件和軟件技術(shù)，如光纖、以太網(wǎng)和無(wú)線局域網(wǎng)等，進(jìn)行分類。 3Network topology signifies the way in which devices in the network see their logical relations to one another. 這里的the way作signifies謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，而in which devices in the network see their logical relations to one another是定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the way。 此外，本句翻譯時(shí)采用了減詞法，如省略了see。 本句譯為：網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)

29、構(gòu)是指網(wǎng)絡(luò)中各個(gè)設(shè)備相互之間的邏輯關(guān)系。 4It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies. 這里that consists of millions of pr

30、ivate and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies是定語(yǔ)從句，所修飾先行詞為a network of networks中的network，而that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connectio

31、ns, and other technologies也是定語(yǔ)從句，所修飾先行詞為networks of local to global scope中的networks。 這個(gè)句子句型復(fù)雜，是個(gè)嵌套式的定語(yǔ)從句。 本句譯為：它是由本地的到全球范圍的數(shù)千萬(wàn)個(gè)私有網(wǎng)絡(luò)、公共網(wǎng)絡(luò)、學(xué)術(shù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)通過銅軸線、光纖電纜、無(wú)線連接和其他技術(shù)所組成的一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 5The ability to update and maintain web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially thousa

32、nds of client computers is a key reason for 這里the ability是主語(yǔ)，而to update and maintain web applications是不定式短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，without distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of client computers是介詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)。 此外，本句含意豐富，翻譯時(shí)采用了長(zhǎng)句的分譯法。 本句譯為：Web應(yīng)用的更新和維護(hù)不需要在潛在的上萬(wàn)臺(tái)的客戶機(jī)上進(jìn)行軟件的分發(fā)和安裝。這就成為的主要原因。能力分析訓(xùn)練S

33、kills of UnderstandingSkills of Translation Skills of Business E-mail Writing Skills of Oral Language in Working Condition Skills of Understanding找出主題句，確定中心思想 文章中的段落是圍繞文章主題進(jìn)行闡述的語(yǔ)義整體。 段落通常由一個(gè)主題句（topic sentence）和若干個(gè)輔助句（supporting sentence）構(gòu)成。 主題句概括說明段落的中心思想，而輔助句圍繞該段的中心思想進(jìn)行描述、解釋和發(fā)揮。 尋找主題句是理解段落的關(guān)鍵。 主題句多

34、數(shù)是位于段落的開頭，這種主題句被稱為段首句（leader）；也有些位于段落結(jié)尾（稱為concluder）或段中。 Many people think EC is just having a Web site, but EC is more than that. There are dozens of applications of EC such as home banking, shopping in online stores and malls, buying stocks, finding a job, conducting an auction, and collaborating

35、electronically on research and development projects.1主題句位于段首 One only has to pick up virtually any newspaper or business-related magazine to see a story about some facet of electronic commerce. Businesses are incorporating electronic commerce into strategic plans, business schools are incorporating

36、it into their curriculum, and consulting and software firms are marketing electronic commerce “solutions”. 2主題句位于段中 So what exactly is electronic commerce? Different people define this term in different ways or from different perspectives. Electronic commerce is an emerging concept that describes th

37、e process of buying and selling or exchanging of products, services, and information via computer networks including the Internet. Today the T-shirt can be seen everywhere and on everyone. Women and little children wear T-shirts as do teenagers, university students, and men from all walks of life. T

38、-shirts are worn on playground, at the beach or in town. They can also be worn for work. Yet T-shirts remain relatively inexpensive and longwearing, as well as easy to care for. Smart but comfortable and convenient to wear, they have become one of Americas newest ideas on fashion.3主題句位于段尾 有的段落并沒有主題句

39、，但整個(gè)段落由一個(gè)隱含的思想所統(tǒng)轄。 我們可以通過理解段中所有句子的同一指向來(lái)歸納出這個(gè)隱含的主題句。 Advertisements give recent information about products. If there were no advertising, people could not know about goods in shops. Advertising helps to make a bigger market. 4主題句隱含在段落內(nèi)容之中 Therefore as more goods are sold, they are cheaper. Advertisem

40、ents also offer money for newspaper, magazines, radios and TV stations. 這一段文章就沒有一個(gè)明確的主題句，但所有的句子都具體說明廣告的作用。 所以我們可以歸納本段隱含的主題句是：Advertisement is useful。Exercises of Such Skill 請(qǐng)?jiān)谧疃虝r(shí)間內(nèi)找出下面各段的主題句。 Paragraph 1 Despite the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market. Ford, Genera

41、l Motors and Chrysler are hiring more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper foreign cars has not cost American auto workers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australias biggest employer. Yet GM has its huge American work for

42、ce and hires hundreds of people everyday to meet the needs of an insatiable society. How do you learn English, or French, Russian, German or any other languages? Most people go to classes regularly, or study at home with a book. But the problem for adult learners is that they are busy people who fin

43、d it hard to come to classes at a fixed time. They miss a few classes and then decide that they have fallen too far behind the other students. Eventually they drop out of the class altogether.Paragraph 2 As traffic congestion spreads, increasing amounts of time and fuel are wasted. More fumes are re

44、leased into the air, increasing the likelihood that cities will be covered by smog. The lives of sufferers from chest diseases are endangered. Others find that their eyes water and they have a tickling sensation in the nose. The smell of exhaust fumes increasingly covers up nicer smells and scents t

45、hat are part of the pleasure of life.Paragraph 3Skills of Translation根據(jù)上下文/邏輯關(guān)系確定詞義 英語(yǔ)中，同一個(gè)詞、同一詞類在不同場(chǎng)合往往會(huì)有不同的含義，必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系以及邏輯關(guān)系或句型來(lái)判斷和確定某個(gè)詞在特定場(chǎng)合下的詞義。 例如work這一動(dòng)詞在不同上下文中就有著不同的意義。 The computer is not working. 計(jì)算機(jī)壞了。 Your idea wont work in practice. 你的想法實(shí)際上行不通。 將下列句子譯成漢語(yǔ)，注意句中斜體部分的譯法。 1Every life has it

46、s roses and thorns. 2He overcame his bad habits by sheer force of will. 3We should draw a lesson here: dont be misled by false appearances.Exercises of Such SkillSkills of Business E-mail Writing回復(fù)工作邀請(qǐng)信 If you have got a job offer, you have to decide whether to take that job or not. It is very polite to write an E-mail of acceptance when you want to take that job. Now, read the following sample E-mail carefully. 當(dāng)收到了一份工作邀請(qǐng)，你需要決定