2023版高三英語(yǔ)主題語(yǔ)境復(fù)習(xí)方案新教案：第2部分 主題群3 子主題4　法律常識(shí)與法治意識(shí)等

1、 子主題(四)法律常識(shí)與法治意識(shí)等閱讀理解A(2018北京卷D)Preparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of selfdriving robot cars has often seemed like a futurists dream, years away from materializing in the real world.Well, the future is apparently now.The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in Apr

2、il for companies to test truly selfdriving cars on public roads.The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out selfdriving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services.California, it should be noted, isnt leading the way here.Companies have been testing their vehicle

3、s in cities across the country.Its hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads.But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.While muc

4、h of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how selfdriving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.The arrival of driverless vehicles i

5、s a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy or even worsen the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual selfdriving vehicles.They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed hi

6、ghways because they can work，entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread.They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking.Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning,

7、they send the selfdriving minibus.The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ridehailing (叫車) services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrolpowered private cars worldwide wit

8、h electric, selfdriving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost c

9、ertainly be fielded by ridehailing services, considering the cost of selfdriving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (責(zé)任與維護(hù)問(wèn)題).But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.Policymakers should start thinking n

10、ow about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesnt extend the worst aspects of the carcontrolled transportation system we have today.The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and mo

11、re affordably.The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要討論了有關(guān)無(wú)人駕駛汽車的發(fā)展前景和面臨的問(wèn)題。1According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can _Ahelp deal with transportationrelated problemsBprovide better services to customersCcause damage to our e

12、nvironmentDmake some people lose jobsA細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety.offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.”可知，人們對(duì)無(wú)人駕駛汽車的關(guān)注點(diǎn)在于其安全性以及有助于減少交通擁堵等方面。故選A。2As for driverless cars, what is the authors major concern?ASafety.BSide effects.CAffordabi

13、lity.DManagement.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Policymakers should start thinking now about .the carcontrolled transportation system we have today.”并結(jié)合上文內(nèi)容可知，作者希望政策的制定者要考慮這些無(wú)人駕駛車輛的管理，不要擴(kuò)大現(xiàn)有汽車管理運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)中的最糟糕的方面，故選D。3What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?AEmployed.BReplaced.CShared.DRedu

14、ced.A詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段中畫(huà)線詞所在句的前半部分內(nèi)容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并結(jié)合下句中“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，隨著價(jià)格的降低以及人們對(duì)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)開(kāi)始應(yīng)用自如，第一批上市的無(wú)人駕駛車輛會(huì)“被應(yīng)用”到“叫車服務(wù)”中。故選A。4What is the authors attitude to the future of selfdriving c

15、ars?ADoubtful.BPositive.CDisapproving.DSympathetic.B觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段最后兩句“The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.”可知，無(wú)人駕駛車輛的時(shí)代馬上來(lái)到，準(zhǔn)備好迎接它的到來(lái)吧。由此推斷作者對(duì)于這種新科技持積極樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度。B(2018江蘇卷C)If you want to disturb the car industry, youd better have a few billion dollars: Momandpop carmakers are unli

16、kely to beat the biggest car companies.But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players.By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems (生態(tài)系統(tǒng)), small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys.As the

17、cofounder of the National Young Farmers Coalition(NYFC，美國(guó)青年農(nóng)會(huì)) and a family farmer myself, I have a frontrow seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer,

18、 Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group.It enables smallscale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per houra huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large f

19、arms of California.Before the tool came out，small farmers couldnt touch the price per pound offered by California farms.But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.The sustainable success of small farmers, though, wont happen witho

20、ut fundamental changes to the industry.One crucial factor is secure access to land.Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning ones own land unattainable for many new farmers.From 2004 to 2013，agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many

21、regions.Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a nonexistent path to citizenship the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own.With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于) farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with twothirds of th

22、e nations farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nations food.There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers cant clumsily put them together before us.We at the NYFC need broad support

23、 as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farmers from all backgrounds.With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with

24、young farmers.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章分析了美國(guó)小農(nóng)場(chǎng)主具有的優(yōu)勢(shì)，同時(shí)也分析了目前美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展所面臨的問(wèn)題，督促國(guó)會(huì)對(duì)某些領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行改革以支持美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)小農(nóng)場(chǎng)的發(fā)展。5The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce _Athe progress made in car industryBa special feature of agricultureCa trend of development in agricultureDthe importance of in

25、vesting in car industryB推理判斷題。文章開(kāi)頭首先提到汽車行業(yè)的特點(diǎn)，“如果想進(jìn)軍汽車行業(yè)，你最好有幾十億美元：家庭經(jīng)營(yíng)的汽車制造廠不大可能擊敗最大的汽車公司”；接著指出“但是在農(nóng)業(yè)方面，小農(nóng)場(chǎng)主可以勝過(guò)大農(nóng)場(chǎng)主”。由此可知，作者開(kāi)頭提到汽車行業(yè)是為了通過(guò)對(duì)比介紹農(nóng)業(yè)不同于工業(yè)的地方。6What does the author want to illustrate with the example in Paragraph 2?ALoans to small local farmers are necessary.BTechnology is vital for agri

26、cultural development.CCompetition between small and big farms is fierce.DSmall farmers may gain some advantages over big ones.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California”以及“they can stay in business”可知，Quick Cut Greens Harvester 的發(fā)明讓小農(nóng)場(chǎng)可以與

27、加利福尼亞的大農(nóng)場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，并且可以繼續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)下去，也就是說(shuō)小農(nóng)場(chǎng)主可能比大農(nóng)場(chǎng)主獲得了一些優(yōu)勢(shì)。7What is the difficulty for those new farmers?ATo gain more financial aid.BTo hire good farm managers.CTo have farms of their own.DTo win old farmers support.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Another challenge .the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own.”可知，新農(nóng)民面

28、臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)是無(wú)法獲得公民身份，因此不能建設(shè)自己的農(nóng)場(chǎng)，故選C。8What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy?ASeek support beyond NYFC.BExpand farmland conservation.CBecome members of NYFC.DInvest more to improve technology.A推理判斷題。最后一段提到NYFC在敦促國(guó)會(huì)增加耕地保護(hù)等方面需要支持，有關(guān)國(guó)會(huì)將要討論的新農(nóng)業(yè)法案，消費(fèi)者必須與年輕農(nóng)民站在一起。由此可知，為了使農(nóng)場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)和公平

29、發(fā)展，農(nóng)場(chǎng)主需要尋求NYFC以外的支持。C(2017天津卷C)This month, Germanys transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛).They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to d

30、eal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (財(cái)產(chǎn)) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes betwe

31、en humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email, say the cars maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an eq

32、ual legal footing to human drivers, he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律責(zé)任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.An assumption behind UK insurance for d

33、riverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say driverless cars， people expect driverless cars，” Merat says.“You know no driver.”Becau

34、se of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California.That is happening in the UK and Singapo

35、re, where governmentprovided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US, however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。隨著無(wú)人駕駛車輛的逐步推廣，無(wú)人駕駛車輛出現(xiàn)事故時(shí)的責(zé)任認(rèn)定成為

36、一個(gè)難題。德國(guó)交通部長(zhǎng)提出了第一套自主駕駛車輛的交通法規(guī)，并就此提出了自己的主張。9What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?AA place where cars often break down.BA case where passing a law is impossible.CAn area where no driving is permitted.DA situation where drivers role is not clear.D詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)下文“the grey area between .

37、the driverless future”對(duì)“死亡谷”的解釋，可知這里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自動(dòng)駕駛與完全無(wú)人駕駛的汽車之間的灰色地帶(界限不明、難以界定的領(lǐng)域)，故應(yīng)指駕駛員的角色不明朗的情景，D項(xiàng)描述與之吻合。10The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to _Astop people from breaking traffic rulesBhelp promote fully automatic drivingCprotect drivers of all ages and racesDprevent serious property dam

38、ageB推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段提到德國(guó)交通部長(zhǎng)希望的三件事以及第四段說(shuō)交通道路法規(guī)中關(guān)于自主駕駛車輛的這種變化將會(huì)允許完全自主駕駛的車輛投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知，選B。11What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?AIt should get the attention of insurance companies.BIt should be the main concern of law makers.CIt should not cause deadly tra

39、ffic accidents.DIt should involve no human responsibility.D推理判斷題。題干詢問(wèn)消費(fèi)者(乘客)對(duì)于無(wú)人駕駛汽車的看法，在談到誰(shuí)應(yīng)承擔(dān)無(wú)人駕駛車輛的責(zé)任時(shí)，第七段說(shuō)，當(dāng)你說(shuō)無(wú)人駕駛車輛的時(shí)候，人們以為是沒(méi)有司機(jī)，從這些信息可以推斷出，消費(fèi)者在這種情況下會(huì)覺(jué)得沒(méi)有為無(wú)人駕駛車輛的安全問(wèn)題負(fù)責(zé)的人，故選D。12Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in _ASingaporeBthe UKCthe USDGermanyC細(xì)節(jié)理解題。在談到無(wú)人駕駛車輛在各國(guó)的前

40、景時(shí)，最后兩段談到在英國(guó)和新加坡，由政府提供的無(wú)人駕駛車輛正在投入使用，但是在美國(guó)這種情況就會(huì)很糟糕(go down poorly in the US)，在這里，認(rèn)為政府會(huì)接管無(wú)人駕駛車輛，把它們作為對(duì)公眾有益的事物，這是完全行不通的(would get absolutely nowhere)，由此推斷，作者覺(jué)得這種無(wú)人駕駛車輛在美國(guó)看不到光明的發(fā)展前景。13What could be the best title for the passage?AAutonomous Driving: Whose Liability?BFully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthr

41、oughCAutonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!DDriverless Cars: Root of Road AccidentsA標(biāo)題歸納題。全文以德國(guó)交通部長(zhǎng)的提議引入，講述了無(wú)人駕駛車輛的法律責(zé)任的認(rèn)定，無(wú)人駕駛車輛在遇到車禍時(shí)首先應(yīng)該保障的是車輛還是乘客的安全等問(wèn)題，因此選A。D(2017江蘇卷C)A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fastgrowing industry, urging antitrust (反壟斷) regulators to step in to check thos

42、e who control its flow.A century ago, the resource in question was oil.Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨頭) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age.The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft.All look unstoppable.Such situations have led to calls for t

43、he tech giants to be broken up.But size alone is not a crime.The giants success has benefited consumers.Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery.Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free(users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data).And the ap

44、pearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.But there is cause for concern.The internet has made data abundant, allpresent and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition.Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better.Bu

45、t recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies.Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power.So they have a “Gods eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.This nature of data make

46、s the antitrust measures of the past less useful.Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again.A rethink is required and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.The first is that antitrust

47、 authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century.When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in.They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets(資產(chǎn)) when assessing the impact of deals.The purchase pr

48、ice could also be a signal that an established company is buying a newborn threat.When this takes place, especially when a newborn company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data

49、and give more to those who supply them.Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it.Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users consent.Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy.But i

50、f governments dont want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇議論文。隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展，有些大型數(shù)據(jù)公司控制著大量的數(shù)據(jù)。人們呼吁把這些巨頭拆分。但問(wèn)題的根源不在這里，反壟斷部門應(yīng)該出面打破這些公司的數(shù)據(jù)壟斷局面，給小公司更多的生存機(jī)會(huì)。14Why is there a call to break up giants?AThey have controlled the data market.BThey collect enormous private data.C

51、They no longer provide free services.DThey dismissed some newborn giants.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的首句“Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.”可知，這種形勢(shì)要求科技巨頭拆分。這種形勢(shì)是指上文提及的那幾家大公司壟斷了數(shù)據(jù)市場(chǎng)，故本題答案為A。15What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?AData giants technology is

52、 very expensive.BGoogles idea is popular among data firms.CData can strengthen giants controlling position.DData can be turned into new services or products.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第三段可知，以谷歌公司為例，這些科技巨頭發(fā)現(xiàn)了數(shù)據(jù)可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾碌姆?wù)，例如翻譯和視覺(jué)識(shí)別，這些都可以賣給其他公司。網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)的控制賦予了他們巨大的權(quán)力，從而可以增強(qiáng)他們的控制地位。16By paying attention to firms data assets

53、, antitrust regulators could _Akill a new threatBavoid the size trapCfavour bigger firmsDcharge higher pricesB推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段可知，反壟斷部門在考慮兼并時(shí)，通常根據(jù)規(guī)模的大小來(lái)決定何時(shí)進(jìn)行干預(yù)，現(xiàn)在當(dāng)評(píng)估這些交易的影響時(shí)，他們需要考慮到這些公司的數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)的范圍，再根據(jù)“The purchase price could .a newborn threat.”可知，通過(guò)重新考慮被兼并公司的數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)，反壟斷部門就可以避免落入規(guī)模大小這個(gè)陷阱。17What is the purpose

54、of loosening the giants control of data?ABig companies could relieve data security pressure.BGovernments could relieve their financial pressure.CConsumers could better protect their privacy.DSmall companies could get more opportunities.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段可知，放松網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)的供應(yīng)商對(duì)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)的控制，把更多的份額給數(shù)據(jù)提供者，從而讓小公司也有機(jī)會(huì)發(fā)展。1

55、materialize v.發(fā)生；成真2potential n.潛力；潛能3worsen v.使變?cè)?ownership n.所有權(quán) 5aspect n.方面6loan n.借貸7clumsily adv.笨拙地8define v.認(rèn)定；下定義9delay v.推遲；延期10issue n.問(wèn)題；爭(zhēng)論點(diǎn)11deadly adj.致命的12profitable adj.利潤(rùn)豐厚的13digital adj.數(shù)字的14initially adv.最初15assess v.評(píng)估 1debate n.& v.爭(zhēng)論；辯論2harvest v.收獲；收割3compete v.比賽；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)4reform n.

56、改革5crash n.& v.撞壞；墜毀6check v.檢查；核對(duì)7legal adj.合法的8control n.& v.控制9threat n.威脅1apparent adj.明顯的apparently adv.顯而易見(jiàn)地2safe adj.安全的safety n.安全3arrive v.到達(dá)arrival n.到達(dá)4appoint v.約會(huì)；約定appointment n.約會(huì)；約定5insure v.保險(xiǎn)；擔(dān)保insurance n.保險(xiǎn)6confuse v.使困惑confusion n.困惑；混亂；混淆7deliver v.運(yùn)送；輸送delivery n.運(yùn)送；輸送8transla

57、te v.翻譯translation n.翻譯1lead the way 領(lǐng)先；帶路2respond to 對(duì)作出反應(yīng)3bring about 帶來(lái)(變化)4far from 遠(yuǎn)非5stand out 突出即時(shí)演練單句語(yǔ)法填空1The late arrival(arrive) of the train had messed up all our plans.2Our daughter is a great dancer; she stands out above the rest.3Of the six people in the plane that crashed(crash), only

58、 one survived.4She was very angry with her husband because he made their rooms in confusion(confuse)5With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.6The boy managed to climb out of the car, apparently(apparent) unhurt.7He set about helping homeless women and children to place

59、 of safety(safe)8He gave me his assurance that the goods should be delivered(deliver) tomorrow morning.9The great damage which the earthquake brought about made many people homeless or lose their lives.熟詞生義(寫(xiě)出句中黑體詞的漢語(yǔ)意思)1There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair

60、farm economy, but farmers cant clumsily put them together before us.引路2that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race.種族3Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers.操作.似易實(shí)難(將句中黑體詞部分譯成漢語(yǔ))1But in agriculture, small farmers