臺州學院大二下跨文化交際英語期末課件

1、Review of Culture CourseThe English CharacterKey words:reservedmodest humoroussportsmanshipthe English characterWhat is a reserved person like? P1What is the sportsmanship? P7 The American Characterthe spirit of pioneeringThe Roots of American Characterthe spirit of libertythe spirit of equalityThe

2、pioneering spirit is still an important part of American characterin search of greater prosperity and freedomthe spirit of pioneeringThe pioneering spirit: the need to explore a new frontier, the desire to start a new life in a new place, the courage to try something new, social mobilitymovement fro

3、m class to class.The pioneering spiritThe American belief in equality of opportunity is illustrated by the American Dream. the spirit of equalityThese popular “rags-to-riches” stories exemplified the American DreamWhat is the American Dream? Its the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, ca

4、n achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. (Para. 10)the spirit of equalityCan you summarize the character of Americans? pioneering spiritthe need to explore a new frontierthe courage to try something newsocial mobilitymovement from class to classbig consumersrough around the edge (lack

5、 sophistication in manners and understanding of things cultural)East & West, Different ValuesEast & West, Different ValuesDifferent ValuesThe core of Western values is individualism. The core of the Chinese value is collectivism.Five Relationships of Confucianism: ruler-minister, father -son, husban

6、d-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. 孟子的“五倫”說：君臣有義，父子有親，夫婦有別，長幼有序，朋友有信。 This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good f

7、aith between friends.”IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine(教條，信條) that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society.An individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.The core of indiv

8、idualism is the pursuit of personal interest and achievements.“God helps those who help themselves.”CollectivismA collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups, and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important.It emphasized cooperation among

9、 group members and individuals success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit, an organization or a community.The core of the Chinese value has some relationship with the Confucianism.In the Renaissance period of England, people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the

10、importance of the present life. Man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. This is the rudiment of Humanism. What are the differences between individualist culture and collectivistic one? 4 points (Page 19)Passage

11、 A: The American FamilyAmerican FamilyThe tradition American family is a “nuclear family2. The main purpose of the family is to advance the happiness of individual members. P2To the Children independence: privacy and responsibility1) a newborn child will be put in a separate room a few weeks old2) a

12、t early age (10 years old)to make decision and to be responsible for their actionswork for money 3) at certain age (18-21 years old)leave the nestNot to be tied to their mothers apron strings.Look out for number one.Stand on ones own feet. To the Adults1) to make major life decisions by themselves2)

13、 to choose their career3) to rely on themselves4) to choose their own spouses3. Marriagerather than practical consideration1) the result of mutual attraction and affectionidealistic about marriage2) deeply loved and deeply understoodhigh divorce ratea marriage without love or no marriage . Conclusio

14、nAmerican views of marriage To the Elderlyindependence and individualismdo not rely on their children financially or emotionally 1) to financially depend on social security or welfare systems2) to seek their own friends -senior citizen centers, to live in the retirement communities3) to be in the nu

15、rsing homes, problems:1) feel lonely: the indifference to the aged and glorification of youth make the old feel alienated and lonely. 2) the separation of the generationsSocial Relationship and Friendship in the East And West Passage B The characteristic of American social relationship 1) Individual

16、s in the United States are members of many groups simultaneously. P13) Membership in families is subject to personal choice. (Individuals needs come first.) P34) The inner most circle of social organization in American culture would be I alone. And Social organization is contractual, loose and imper

17、manent. P5,P7 1) In Chinese culture, individuals identify with only a few distinct groups, and group membership is strong and enduring. P42) Group membership may not be subject to choice. 3) Social organization in Chinese culture is a series of concentric circles同心圓with family at the center along wi

18、th I The characteristic of Chinesesocial relationship The pattern of Chinese social relationshipI, the egoparentsgrandparentsspousesiblingsoffspringdearest friendWork colleagues, neighbors一人得道，雞犬升天。When a man attains the Tao, even his pets ascend to heaven.Even the dog swaggers大搖大擺地走 when its master

19、 wins favor.When a man becomes powerful, those near him ride on his coattails禮服下擺 to success.Chinese friendship多個朋友多條路A friend in court is better than a penny in purse.為朋友兩肋插刀For my friend, I can risk my life.一個籬笆三個樁，一個好漢三個幫Just as a fence needs the support of three stakes, an able fellow needs the

20、help of three other people.FriendshipAmerican friendshipChinese friendshipimpermanentenduring for a lifetime loose and contractual (fades with the ending of shared activity )strong and stablecompartmentalized and fragmentedwith same interests and behaviorsno responsibility and no committed with resp

21、onsibilitywith limitswith no limitsproviding emotional supportproviding more concrete helpChopsticks or Forks,Taste or NutritionIn Chinese food culture, food is often shared among friends on a round tablea clear demonstration of the cultural difference between Chinese and WesternsIn the form of coll

22、ectivism vs individualism.Serving food to others on the same table is also commonly practised as a way of improving human relationship.Chopsticks or Forks, Taste or NutritionIt is thus considered to be more civilized from Chinese perception to eat with chopsticks rather than using forks and knives,

23、which helps to build an atmosphere of harmony.Forks and knives in Western food culturesForks and knives represent the Western hunting culture，reminding people of the hardship of grabbing food in old times, and of the “dividedness between man and nature.”What is reflected from the way of eating in We

24、stern countries actually is humans conquest over nature.Chinese food demand the co-presence of color, fragrance and taste. Nutrition and balance in Western foodUnder the influence of pragmatism, the Westerners are inclined to take the intake of food into consideration basically from the nutrition pe

25、rspective. Westerners care about most is the nutrition in food and the balance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.Education in China and the U.S.Chinese educationWestern educationmethodShow a child how to do something, or teach by holding his hand.Let

26、a child explore the unknown, develop their own way.theoriesThe child is neither old enough nor clever enough to realize the desired action of his own, what possible gain is achieved by having him struggle?Learning should take place by continual careful shaping and molding applies equally to the arts

27、.If skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired. No hurry to promote creativity. Learning through playing.Originality and independence is more important. Unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge.Skills can be picked up later. purposesSkills; Knowledge-oriented, to

28、 learn more things. Creativity; Competence-oriented. rely on themselves (self-reliance); to figure out himself how to solve a problem, to view life in his own way.resultStudents with almost the same opinions. (Inseparable from the tradition, but ,over time, possibly evolve to a point equally origina

29、l)Different students. (Departure first then gradually master the tradition.)Passage A: Different Attitudes to Timein the West in the Eastpolychronic time (P2)(多元時間） /cyclical time（輪回時間觀）Schedule many things at once. (P4)Deal with time holistically.整體地(p5)P-time is oriented toward people,human relati

30、onships and the family.(P6)Matters in a polychronic culture seem to be in a constant state of flux.(P9)Time makes wonders.Man control time. Men are the masters of time.Pay attention to history. Considering the whole situation and judging from a long stand point of view. monochronic time (P1) (一元時間)

31、/linear time(線性時間觀）Emphasize doing one thing at a time.(P3)See time segmentally.可分割地(p3)M-time is oriented to tasks, schedules, and procedures.(P7)People on M-time cultures tend to follow precise scheduling.(P8)Time is a real thing which can be budgeted, wasted, saved and so on time is money. Men ar

32、e slave to time.The effective use of time is a kind of capability.conception of time Monochronic time(1) It is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time. P1(2) Seeing time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.) sequential b

33、locks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. P3(3) To plan in detail, make lists, keep track of activities, and organize time into a daily routine. P3(4) Switching back and forth from one task to another is not only wasteful and distracting, it is also uncomfortable. P3(5) Schedule orient

34、ed culture or task oriented culture. P7Polychronic time(3) Switching from one activity to another is both stimulating and productive and the most desirable to work.P4 (5) More flexible or fluxional(更靈活變化的). P9Lateness in Chinese food culture and punctuality in Western food culture are the commonest

35、examples to show the sharp contrast between P-time and M-time.Unit 9Meeting Different CulturesPassage A: Silence in Different CulturesSilence can communicate apathy (冷漠), confusion, repressed hostility(被壓抑的敵意）, thoughtfulness, contemplation (沉思), sadness, regret, obligation, respect, agreement, disa

36、greement, embarrassment, awe (敬畏) or any number of meanings. P7 HCrely on the context, eitheror In cultures in which context is referred to implicity含蓄 in communication, the messages can be elliptical, indirect, and allusive.use the context to communicate the message relational相關(guān)的, collectivist, int

37、uitive直覺的, and contemplative沉思的emphasize personal sources of information LCmessages are explicit, direct and completely encoded in words and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to wordsput people thoughts into words instead of contextlogical, linear, individualistic, and action-orientedprefer imper

38、sonal sources of information 客觀來源的信息high-context culture VS low-context cultureWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures? (Para.8-10)Be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss. P9Be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values.

39、 P9Be a sign of interpersonal sensitivity, mutual respect, personal dignity, affirmation, and wisdom. P9Be protest. P9What does silence mean in low-context cultures? Why do the Westerners feel uncomfortable to silence? (Para.11-12)Be interpreted as the absence of communication.P11 “The silence was d

40、eafening” Why does HC Culture value silence while LC Culture verbalizing? (Para.13-14)Do not speak up or express a contradictory viewTo save face of members of groupsSocial harmonyBeing in concord with the groupVerbalize- put things in wordsexpress a different viewTo be recognized or triumph in presenting viewBeing rightVS.Culture Shock and AdjustmentsPassage B:Whats Culture Shock?We can describe culture shock as the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin.(P1)It refers t