鄭州大學(xué)雙學(xué)位課件-項(xiàng)目管理概念

1、2021/8/30 星期一1Project Management 2021/8/30 星期一22021/8/30 星期一32021/8/30 星期一42021/8/30 星期一5 PMI（項(xiàng)目管理協(xié)會(huì))是全球領(lǐng)先的項(xiàng)目管理行業(yè)的倡導(dǎo)者，它創(chuàng)造性地制定了行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并正在構(gòu)筑不斷擴(kuò)展的專業(yè)知識(shí)體系，讓項(xiàng)目管理從業(yè)人員成為各自所在組織不斷變革、創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的推動(dòng)力量。PMI目前擁有來自全球150多個(gè)國家和地區(qū)的近22萬多名會(huì)員，該協(xié)會(huì)正積極地為業(yè)界樹立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、從事科學(xué)研究、傳播專業(yè)知識(shí)、促進(jìn)行業(yè)發(fā)展，并拓展職業(yè)前景。此外它還提供教育和認(rèn)證服務(wù)，促進(jìn)會(huì)員間的交流溝通和商機(jī)拓展。 PMI的專業(yè)人員幾乎分布在每

2、個(gè)主要行業(yè)，包括航空、汽車、商業(yè)管理、建筑、工程、金融服務(wù)、信息技術(shù)、制藥、醫(yī)療和電信。 PMI的項(xiàng)目管理知識(shí)體系(PMBOK )和項(xiàng)目管理專業(yè)人員（PMP ）資格認(rèn)證自2000年由中國外國專家局引入中國以來，迄今已有超過20萬人次接受了項(xiàng)目管理的培訓(xùn)，1萬多人通過認(rèn)證考試并獲得美國項(xiàng)目管理專業(yè)人員證書（PMP )。2021/8/30 星期一6擁有PMP認(rèn)證的人士在兩到三年后的平均薪資為64400美元(比擁有類似經(jīng)驗(yàn)，但沒有獲得認(rèn)證的同事多15.6%)擁有PMP認(rèn)證的人士在五到九年后的平均薪資為94340美元(比沒有獲得認(rèn)證的同事多17.2%)擁有PMP認(rèn)證的人士在十年后的平均薪資為10200

3、0美元(比沒有獲得認(rèn)證的同事多13.3%)2021/8/30 星期一7PMP 試題分布 考試時(shí)間：4個(gè)小時(shí)考題總量：200題計(jì)分題量：175題考題類型：4選1 單選及格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：答對141題（80.6%）考試題分布： 啟動(dòng)Initiation： 11%規(guī)劃Plan：23%執(zhí)行Execution： 27% 監(jiān)控Monitor & Control： 21%收尾Close：9% 職業(yè)道德Professional Resp：9%100% 2021/8/30 星期一8狀態(tài)班 號(hào)上 課日 期費(fèi) 用考前輔導(dǎo)班（五天）12月班 12月16日(周六)12月17日(周日)12月22日(周五)12月23日(周六)12月

4、24日(周日) ￥ 元含教材資料模 考 班（三天）與考前輔導(dǎo)班同步學(xué)習(xí)￥ 元單報(bào)備注：首次參加培訓(xùn)的學(xué)員，要求同時(shí)參加?？及?。備注：?？及噙m合已經(jīng)參加過項(xiàng)目管理培訓(xùn)，并獲得了35學(xué)時(shí)PDU學(xué)分的學(xué)員；或者首次考試未通過準(zhǔn)備重考的學(xué)員！備注：學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)束，頒發(fā)美國項(xiàng)目管理協(xié)會(huì)PMI授權(quán)的35小時(shí)PDU培訓(xùn)證書。2021/8/30 星期一9Part 1 The Life of a Project項(xiàng)目生命周期2021/8/30 星期一10Chapter 1 Project Management ConceptsProvides an overview of project management conc

5、epts, the project life cycle, and the steps in the project management process. the definition of a project and its attributes the key constraints within which a project must be managed how a project is “born” the life of a project the steps involved in the project management process the benefits of

6、project management項(xiàng)目管理概念2021/8/30 星期一111.1 Attributes of a projectA project is an endeavor to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of interrelated tasks and the effective utilization of resources. What is a Project? 項(xiàng)目（ project ）就是以一套獨(dú)特而相互聯(lián)系的任務(wù)為前提，有效地利用資源，為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)特定的目標(biāo)所做的努力。2021/8/30 星期

7、一12事目標(biāo)人的各種努力2021/8/30 星期一13 A project has a well-defined objective _an expected result or product.The objective of a project is usually defined in terms of scope, schedule, and cost. 項(xiàng)目有一個(gè)明確界定的目標(biāo)（ objective ) ： 一個(gè)期望的結(jié)果或產(chǎn)品。2021/8/30 星期一14 A project is carried out through a series of interdependent ta

8、sks.that is, a number of nonrepetitive tasks that need to be accomplished in a certain sequence in order to achieve the project objective.項(xiàng)目的執(zhí)行要通過完成一系列相互關(guān)聯(lián)的任務(wù)。（許多不重復(fù)的任務(wù)以一定的順序完成）2021/8/30 星期一15 A project utilizes various resources to carry out the tasks. Such resources can include different people, o

9、rganizations, equipment, materials, and facilities. 項(xiàng)目需運(yùn)用各種資源來執(zhí)行任務(wù)。資源可能包括不同的人力、組織、設(shè)備、原材料和工具。2021/8/30 星期一16 A project has a specific time frame, or finite life span. It has a start time and a date by which the objective must be accomplished. 項(xiàng)目有具體的時(shí)間計(jì)劃或壽命期限。（一個(gè)開始時(shí)間和到期日）2021/8/30 星期一17Some projects-l

10、ike designing and building a space stationare unique because they have never before been attempted. Other projects, such as developing a new product, building a house, or planning a wedding, are unique because of the customization required. A project may be a unique or one-time endeavor.項(xiàng)目可能是獨(dú)一無二的、一

11、次性的努力。2021/8/30 星期一18The customer is the entity that provides the funds necessary to accomplish the projectit can be a person, an organization, or a group of two or more people or organizations. The person managing the project and the project team must successfully accomplish the project objective t

12、o satisfy the customer(s). A project has a customer.每個(gè)項(xiàng)目都有客戶?？蛻羰菫檫_(dá)成目標(biāo)而提供必要資金的實(shí)體，它可能是某個(gè)人或組織，或是由兩個(gè)以上的人或組織構(gòu)成的一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)。2021/8/30 星期一19Before a project is started, a plan is prepared based on certain assumptions and estimates. A project is based on a unique set of tasks and estimates of how long each task sh

13、ould take, various resources and assumptions about the availability and capability of those resources, and estimates of the costs associated with the resources. Finally, a project involves a degree of uncertainty.項(xiàng)目包含一定的不確定性。項(xiàng)目是基于每項(xiàng)任務(wù)將要耗用的時(shí)間估計(jì)、各種資源可得性的假定，以及與其相關(guān)的成本假定。這種假定和估計(jì)結(jié)合在一起就產(chǎn)生了一定程度的不確定性。2021/8/

14、30 星期一20The following are some examples of projects:Staging a theatrical productionDeveloping and introducing a new productPlanning a weddingDesigning and implementing a computer systemModernizing a factoryHolding a high school reunionBuilding a shopping mallPerforming a series of surgeries on an ac

15、cident victim Putting on a centennial celebrationHosting a dinner for twenty relativesDesigning a business internship program for high school studentsBuilding a tree house2021/8/30 星期一21projecta well-defined objectivea series of interdependent tasksutilizing various resourcesa specific time framea u

16、nique or one-time endeavora customera degree of uncertainty2021/8/30 星期一22The successful accomplishment of the project objective is usually constrained by four factors: scope, cost, schedule, and customer satisfaction. 項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的成功實(shí)現(xiàn)通常受四個(gè)因素制約：工作范圍、成本、進(jìn)度計(jì)劃和客戶滿意度。2021/8/30 星期一23The scope of a projectalso k

17、nown as the project scope or the work scopeis all the work that must be done in order to satisfy the customer that the deliverables (the tangible product or items to be provided) meet the requirements or acceptance criteria agreed upon at the onset of the project.項(xiàng)目范圍（ project scope ），也稱工作范圍（work sc

18、ope ），即為使客戶滿意而必須做的所有工作。要使客戶滿意。交付物（ deliverables ，有形產(chǎn)品或所提供的東西）就要滿足項(xiàng)目開始時(shí)所指定的接受標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與要求。2021/8/30 星期一24The cost of a project is the amount the customer has agreed to pay for acceptable project deliverables. The project cost is based on a budget that includes an estimate of the costs associated with the va

19、rious resources that will be used to accomplish the project. 項(xiàng)目成本（ cost ）就是客戶同意為一個(gè)可接受的項(xiàng)目交付物所支付的費(fèi)用。項(xiàng)目成本以預(yù)算為基礎(chǔ)。（預(yù)算是與完成項(xiàng)目所需的各種資源有關(guān)的成本估計(jì)，它可能包括將用于支付項(xiàng)目的雇員的薪水、原材料供應(yīng)、設(shè)備和工具租金，以及負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)行某些項(xiàng)目任務(wù)的分包商和咨詢商的費(fèi)用。）2021/8/30 星期一25The schedule for a project is the timetable that specifies when each activity should start and

20、 finish. The project objective usually states the time by which the project scope must be completed in terms of a specific date agreed upon by the customer and the individual or organization performing the work. 項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度計(jì)劃（ schedule ）是每項(xiàng)活動(dòng)應(yīng)當(dāng)在什么時(shí)候開始和結(jié)束的具體時(shí)間表。通常根據(jù)客戶與執(zhí)行工作的個(gè)人或組織商定的具體日期來規(guī)定項(xiàng)目范圍必須完成的時(shí)間。2021/8/

21、30 星期一26任何項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)都要在一定時(shí)間和在預(yù)算內(nèi)完成工作范圍，并使客戶滿意。The objective of any project is to complete the scope within budget by a certain time to the customers satisfaction. It is important to develop a plan before the start of the project; this plan should include all the work tasks, associated costs, and estimates

22、 of the time necessary to complete them. 為使客戶滿意，良好的計(jì)劃和溝通對于防止問題產(chǎn)生及解決，都是絕對必要的。2021/8/30 星期一27Factors Constraining Project SuccessProjectSuccessscopecostschedulecustomer satisfaction2021/8/30 星期一281.2 Project life cycleProjects are “born” when a need is identified by the customerthe people or the organ

23、ization willing to provide funds to have the need satisfied. 當(dāng)客戶識(shí)別出需求時(shí)，項(xiàng)目就誕生了。2021/8/30 星期一29This first phase the identification of a need, problem, or opportunity and can result in the customers requesting proposals from individuals, a project team, or organizations (contractors) to address the ide

24、ntified need or solve the problem. The need and requirements are usually written up by the customer in a document called a request for proposal (RFP). 對需求、問題或是機(jī)會(huì)的確認(rèn)，并促使客戶向承約商征詢項(xiàng)目建議書。需求建議書客戶可以要求承約商提交其如何在成本約束和進(jìn)度計(jì)劃下解決問題的建議書。2021/8/30 星期一30The second phase the development of a proposed solution to the n

25、eed or problem. This phase results in the submission of a proposal to the customer by one or more individuals or organizations (contractors) who would like to have the customer pay them to subsequently implement the proposed solution. After the customer evaluates the submissions and selects the winn

26、ing proposal, the customer and the winning contractor negotiate and sign a contract (agreement). 提出解決需求或問題的方案。承約商向客戶提交建議書（ proposal ) ，并希望客戶為成功執(zhí)行解決方案而付酬勞。客戶評(píng)估了申請書并選出一個(gè)優(yōu)勝方案后，與中標(biāo)的承約商將協(xié)商簽訂一份合同。2021/8/30 星期一31The third phase of the project life cycle is the implementation of the proposed solution. This

27、phase, referred to as performing the project, involves doing the detailed planning for the project and then implementing that plan to accomplish the project objective. During the course of performing the project, different types of resources will be utilized. 執(zhí)行解決方案。包括為項(xiàng)目制定詳細(xì)的計(jì)劃，然后執(zhí)行計(jì)劃以實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)。在執(zhí)行項(xiàng)目期

28、間，將會(huì)用到不同類型的資源。2021/8/30 星期一32The final phase of the project life cycle is terminating the project. When a project is completed, certain close-out activities need to be performed, such as confirming that all deliverables have been provided to and accepted by the customer, that all payments have been

29、collected. An important task during this phase is evaluating performance of the project in order to learn what could be improved if a similar project were to be carried out in the future. 終止項(xiàng)目。當(dāng)項(xiàng)目結(jié)束時(shí)，某些掃尾工作仍需完成。2021/8/30 星期一33The four phases of the project life cycle and the relative amount of effor

30、t and time devoted to each phase.2021/8/30 星期一34First phase AIdentifying the need or problemSecond phase BThird phase CFourth phase DDeveloping the proposed solutionImplementing the proposed solutionTerminating the project2021/8/30 星期一35In other situations, a customer may go through the first two ph

31、ases of the project life cycle in a less structured, more informal manner.In general, the project life cycle is followed in a more formal and structured manner when a project is conducted in a business setting.當(dāng)項(xiàng)目在商業(yè)環(huán)境中執(zhí)行時(shí)，項(xiàng)目生命周期會(huì)以更正式、更結(jié)構(gòu)化的方式展開。當(dāng)項(xiàng)目由私人或志愿者執(zhí)行時(shí)，項(xiàng)目生命周期則趨向于較非正式的形式。2021/8/30 星期一361.3 The

32、project management processThe project management process means planning the work and then working the plan. A coaching staff may spend hours preparing項(xiàng)目管理過程就是制定計(jì)劃，然后按計(jì)劃工作。2021/8/30 星期一37Project management involves a process of first establishing a plan and then implementing that plan to accomplish t

33、he project objective.The front-end effort in managing a project must be focused on establishing a baseline plan that provides a roadmap for how the project scope will be accomplished on time and within budget. 集中精力建立一個(gè)基準(zhǔn)計(jì)劃，為在預(yù)算之內(nèi)按時(shí)完成項(xiàng)目范圍提供一份路線圖。2021/8/30 星期一38Planningwhat needs to be done,who will d

34、o it,how long it will take,how much it will cost,a baseline planThis planning effort includes the following steps:2021/8/30 星期一391. Clearly define the project objective.The definition must be agreed upon by the customer and the individual or organization who will perform the project.清晰地定義項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)，并達(dá)成一致。

35、2021/8/30 星期一402. Divide and subdivide the project scope into major “pieces,” or work packages. A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical tree of work elements or items accomplished or produced by the project team during the project. 把項(xiàng)目工作范圍一步步細(xì)分為大的“部分”或工作包（ work packages ）。工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)就是實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的工作單

36、元或項(xiàng)目等級(jí)樹。工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)通常針對每一個(gè)工作包確認(rèn)組織或個(gè)人的責(zé)任。2021/8/30 星期一413. Define the specific activities that need to be performed for each work package. 必須界定對應(yīng)每一個(gè)工作包必須執(zhí)行的具體活動(dòng)。2021/8/30 星期一42工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)2021/8/30 星期一434. Graphically portray the activities in the form of a network diagram. This diagram shows the necessary sequ

37、ence and interdependencies of activities to achieve the project objective. 以網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖描繪活動(dòng)，表明各種活動(dòng)之間的必要次序和相互依賴性。2021/8/30 星期一442021/8/30 星期一455. Make a time estimate for how long it will take to complete each activity. It is also necessary to determine which types of resources and how many of each resource

38、are needed for each activity to be completed within the estimated duration.預(yù)計(jì)完成每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)需花多長時(shí)間。確定一下每項(xiàng)活動(dòng)需要用到哪些資源及其用量，才能在預(yù)定工期內(nèi)完成該活動(dòng)。2021/8/30 星期一466. Make a cost estimate for each activity. The cost is based on the types and quantities of resources required for each activity.為每項(xiàng)活動(dòng)做成本估算。成本依每項(xiàng)活動(dòng)所需的資源類型及數(shù)量而定

39、。2021/8/30 星期一477. Calculate a project schedule and budget.計(jì)算項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度計(jì)劃及預(yù)算，以確定項(xiàng)目能否在預(yù)定時(shí)間內(nèi)，在既定的資金與可利用資源的條件下完成。To determine whether the project can be completed within the required time, with the allotted funds, and with the available resources. If not, adjustments must be made .2021/8/30 星期一482021/8/30 星期

40、一492021/8/30 星期一50投入一定的時(shí)間來做一個(gè)考慮周全的計(jì)劃，這對任何項(xiàng)目的成功完成都是至關(guān)重要的。Taking the time to develop a well-thought-out plan is critical to the successful accomplishment of any project. 2021/8/30 星期一51Once a baseline plan has been established, it must be implemented.This involves performing the work according to the

41、plan and controlling the work so that the project scope is achieved within the budget and schedule, to the customers satisfaction.一旦建立了基準(zhǔn)計(jì)劃就必須執(zhí)行。這包括按計(jì)劃執(zhí)行工作和控制工作，以使項(xiàng)目工作能在預(yù)算之內(nèi)、按進(jìn)度、使顧客滿意地予以完成。2021/8/30 星期一52project startsImplementing Monitoringproject completedplanned progressactual progressactivitiesa

42、ctivitiesactivitiescorrective actionbehind schedule,overrunning the budget,meeting the technical specifications,evaluate several alternative actionsobjective.activitiesactivitiesactivitiesbaseline plan2021/8/30 星期一531.4 The benefit of implementing project management techniquesa satisfied customera great feeling of satisfactionadditional business from the same customerreputation as a project managerexpanded career opportunitiesexpanded your knowledge and enhanced your skillsWhen projects are successful, everybody wins!2021/8/30 星期一54項(xiàng)目的成功周密的計(jì)劃良好的溝通