新標準大學英語綜合教程2原文

1、新標準大學英語綜合教程2原文UNIT1College just isnt special any more1If you can remember anything about the 1960s, you werent really there, so the saying goes. It may be true for those who spent their college years in a haze of marijuana smoke. But there is one thing everyone remembers about the 1960s: Going to co

2、llege was the most exciting and stimulating experience of your life. 有這么一種說法：“要是你能記得20 世紀60 年代的任何事情，你就沒有真正經(jīng)歷過那段歲月?！睂τ谠诖舐闊熿F中度過大學時光的那些人，這話可能是真的。但是，20 世紀60 年代有一件事人人都記得，那就是：上大學是你一生中最激動人心、最刺激的經(jīng)歷。2In the 1960s, Californias colleges and universities had transformed the state into the worlds seventh largest

3、 economy. However, Berkeley, the University of Californias main campus, was also well-known for its student demonstrations and strikes, and its atmosphere of political radicalism. When Ronald Reagan ran for office as governor of California in 1966, he asked if Californians would allow a great univer

4、sity to be brought to its knees by a noisy, dissident minority. The liberals replied that it was the ability to tolerate noisy, dissident minorities which made universities great. 20 世紀60 年代，加州的高校把本州變成了世界第七大經(jīng)濟實體。然而，加州大學的主校園伯克利分校也以學生示威、罷課以及激進的政治氛圍而著名。1966 年，羅納德里根競選加州州長，他問加州是否允許“一所偉大的大學被喧鬧的、持不一意見的少數(shù)人征

5、服。”自由派人士回答說，大學之所以偉大正是因為它們有能力容忍喧鬧的、持不同意見的少數(shù)人。3On university campuses in Europe, mass socialist or communist movements gave rise to increasingly violent clashes between the establishment and the college students, with their new and passionate commitment to freedom and justice. Much of the protest was

6、about the Vietnam War. But in France, the students of the Sorbonne in Paris managed to form an alliance with the trade unions and to launch a general strike, which ultimately brought about the resignation of President de Gaulle. 在歐洲的大學校園里，大學生以新的姿態(tài)和激情地投入到自由和正義的事業(yè)中去，大規(guī)模的社會主義或共產(chǎn)主義運動引發(fā)了他們與當權者之間日益升級的暴力沖突

7、。許多抗議是針對越南戰(zhàn)爭的?？墒窃诜▏屠璐髮W的學生與工會聯(lián)盟，發(fā)動了一場大罷工，最終導致了戴高樂總統(tǒng)辭職。4It wasnt just the activism that characterized student life in the 1960s. Everywhere, going to college meant your first taste of real freedom, of late nights in the dorm or in the Junior Common Room, discussing the meaning of life. You used to h

8、ave to go to college to read your first forbidden book, see your first indie film, or find someone who shared your passion for Jimi Hendrix or Lenny Bruce. It was a moment of unimaginable freedom, the most liberating in your life. 20 世紀60 年代大學生活的特點并不僅僅是激進的行動。不論在什么地方，上大學都意味著你初次品嘗真正自由的滋味，初次品嘗深更半夜在宿舍或?qū)W

9、生活動室里討論人生意義的滋味。你往往得上了大學才得以閱讀你的第一本禁書，看你的第一部獨立影人電影，或者找到和你一樣癡迷吉米亨德里克斯或倫尼布魯斯的志同道合者。那是一段難以想象的自由時光，你一生中最無拘無束的時光。5But wheres the passion today? Whats the matter with college? These days political, social and creative awakening seems to happen not because of college, but in spite of it. Of course, its true

10、that higher education is still important. For example, in the UK, Prime Minister Blair was close to achieving his aim of getting 50 per cent of all under thirties into college by 2010 (even though a cynic would say that this was to keep them off the unemployment statistics). Yet college education is

11、 no longer a topic of great national importance. Today, college is seen as a kind of small town from which people are keen to escape. Some people drop out, but the most apathetic stay the course because its too much effort to leave. 可如今那份激情哪兒去了？大學怎么了？現(xiàn)在，政治、社會和創(chuàng)造意識的覺醒似乎不是憑借大學的助力，而是沖破其阻力才發(fā)生的。當然，一點不假，高

12、等教育仍然重要。例如，在英國，布萊爾首相幾乎實現(xiàn)了到2010 年讓50的30 歲以下的人上大學的目標，（即使憤世嫉俗的人會說，這是要把他們排除在失業(yè)統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)之外）。不過，大學教育已不再是全民重視的話題了。如今，大學被視為人們急于逃離的一種小城鎮(zhèn)。有些人輟學，但大多數(shù)已經(jīng)有些麻木，還是堅持混到畢業(yè)，因為離開學校實在是太費事了。6Instead of the heady atmosphere of freedom which students in the 1960s discovered, students today are much more serious. The British Cou

13、ncil has recently done research into the factors which help international students decide where to study. In descending order these are: quality of courses, employability prospects, affordability, personal security issues, lifestyle, and accessibility. College has become a means to an end, an opport

14、unity to increase ones chances on the employment market, and not an end in itself, which gives you the chance to imagine, just for a short while, that you can change the world. 沒有了20 世紀60 年代大學生發(fā)現(xiàn)的令人頭腦發(fā)熱的自由氣氛，如今的大學生要嚴肅得多。英國文化促進會最近做了一項調(diào)查，研究外國留學生在決定上哪所大學時考慮的因素。這些因素從高到低依次是：課程質(zhì)量、就業(yè)前景、學費負擔、人身安全問題、生活方式，以及各

15、種便利。大學已變成實現(xiàn)目的的手段，是在就業(yè)市場上增加就業(yè)幾率的一個機會，上大學本身不再是目的，它給你提供一個機會，讓你暫時想象一下：你能夠改變世界。7The gap between childhood and college has shrunk, and so has the gap between college and the real world. One of the reasons may be financial. In an uncertain world, many children rely on their parents support much longer than

16、 they used to. Students leaving university in the 21st century simply cannot afford to set up their own home because its too expensive. Another possible reason is the communications revolution. Gone are the days when a son or daughter rang home once or twice a term. Today students are umbilically li

17、nked to their parents by their cell phones. And as for finding like-minded friends to share a passion for obscure literature or music, well, we have the Internet and chat rooms to help us do that. 童年與大學之間的距離已縮小了，大學與現(xiàn)實世界之間的距離也縮小了。其中的一個原因可能是經(jīng)濟方面的。在一個沒有保障的世界里，現(xiàn)在的許多孩子依賴父母資助的時間比以前的孩子更長。21世紀的學生大學畢業(yè)后根本無法自立

18、門戶，因為那太昂貴了。另一個可能的原因是通訊革命。兒子或女兒每學期往家里打一兩回電話的日子一去不復返了。如今，大學生通過手機與父母保持著臍帶式聯(lián)系。至于尋找癡迷無名文學或音樂的同道好友嘛，沒問題，我們有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和聊天室來幫助我們做到這一點。8Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, “在那黎明時分活著是至福，9But to be young was very heaven! 但年輕就等于身在天堂！”Wordsworth may have written these lines about the French Revolution, but they were

19、 also true for the students of the 1960s. So why arent they true for the students of today? 華茲華斯的詩句說的可能是法國大革命，但是對于20 世紀60 年代的大學生而言，這樣的詩句同樣真實生動。可是為什么對于如今的大學生來說，它們怎么就不真實了呢？UNIT2How empathy unfolds1The moment Hope, just nine months old, saw another baby fall, tears welled up in her own eyes and she cra

20、wled off to be comforted by her mother, as though it were she who had been hurt. And 15-month-old Michael went to get his own teddy bear for his crying friend Paul; when Paul kept crying, Michael retrieved Pauls security blanket for him. Both these small acts of sympathy and caring were observed by

21、mothers trained to record such incidents of empathy in action. The results of the study suggest that the roots of empathy can be traced to infancy. Virtually from the day they are born infants are upset when they hear another infant cryinga response some see as the earliest precursor of empathy. 2De

22、velopmental psychologists have found that infants feel sympathetic distress even before they fully realize that they exist apart from other people. Even a few months after birth, infants react to a disturbance in those around them as though it were their own, crying when they see another childs tear

23、s. By one year or so, they start to realize the misery is not their own but someone elses, though they still seem confused over what to do about it. In research by Martin L. Hoffman at New York University, for example, a one-year-old brought his own mother over to comfort a crying friend, ignoring t

24、he friends mother, who was also in the room. This confusion is seen too when one-year-olds imitate the distress of someone else, possibly to better comprehend what they are feeling; for example, if another baby hurts her fingers, a one-year-old might put her own fingers in her mouth to see if she hu

25、rts, too. On seeing his mother cry, one baby wiped his own eyes, though they had no tears. 3Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. Titchener, an American psychologist. Titcheners theory was that empathy stem

26、med from a sort of physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself. He sought a word that would be distinct from sympathy, which can be felt for the general plight of another with no sharing whatever of what that other person is feeling. 4Motor mimicry f

27、ades from toddlers repertoire at around two and a half years, at which point they realize that someone elses pain is different from their own, and are better able to comfort them. A typical incident, from a mothers diary: 5A neighbors baby cries and Jenny approaches and tries to give him some cookie

28、s. She follows him around and begins to whimper to herself. She then tries to stroke his hair, but he pulls away. He calms down, but Jenny still looks worried. She continues to bring him toys and to pat his head and shoulders. 6At this point in their development toddlers begin to diverge from one an

29、other in their overall sensitivity to other peoples emotional upsets, with some, like Jenny, keenly aware and others tuning out. A series of studies by Marian Radke-Yarrow and Carolyn Zahn-Waxler at the National Institute of Mental Health showed that a large part of this difference in empathic conce

30、rn had to do with how parents disciplined their children. Children, they found, were more empathic when the discipline included calling strong attention to the distress their misbehavior caused someone else: Look how sad youve made her feel instead of That was naughty. They found too that childrens

31、empathy is also shaped by seeing how others react when someone else is distressed; by imitating what they see, children develop a repertoire of empathic response, especially in helping other people who are distressed. UNIT3Stolen identity1Frank never went to pilot school, medical school, law school,

32、 . because hes still in high school. 2That was the strapline of the 2002 film Catch Me If You Can, which tells the story of Frank Abagnale, Jr. (Leonardo DiCaprio), a brilliant young master of deception who at different times impersonated a doctor, a lawyer, and an airplane pilot, forging checks wor

33、th more than six million dollars in 26 countries. He became the youngest man to ever make the FBIs most-wanted list for forgery. Hunted and caught in the film by fictional FBI agent Carl Hanratty (Tom Hanks), Abagnale later escaped. He eventually became a consultant for the FBI where he focused on w

34、hite-collar crime. 3Its a great film, but could it happen in real life? In fact, Catch Me If You Can is based on the true story of Frank Abagnale, whose career as a fraudster lasted about six years before he was caught, who escaped from custody three times (once through an airplane toilet), and who

35、spent a total of six years in prison in France, Sweden and the US. He now runs a consultancy advising the world of business how to avoid fraud. He has raised enough money to pay back all his victims, and is now a multi-millionaire. 4Since 2003, identity theft has become increasingly common. Few peop

36、le could imagine how important things like taking mail to the post office and not leaving it in the mailbox for pickup, shredding documents instead of throwing them out with the trash, even using a pen costing a couple of bucks, have become to avoid life-changing crimes. 5More and more people are be

37、coming anonymous victims of identity theft. We spend many hours and dollars trying to recover our name, our credit, our money and our lives. We need to look for different ways to protect ourselves. We can improve our chances of avoiding this crime, but it will never go away. 6Its not just a list of

38、dos and donts, we need to change our mindset. Although online banking is now commonplace, theres a significant group of people in the countrythe baby boomers, 15 per cent of the populationwho still prefer to use paper. Whats more, 30 per cent of cases of fraud occur within this group. A check has al

39、l the information about you that an identity thief needs. If you use a ballpoint pen, the ink can be removed with the help of a regular household chemical and the sum of money can be changed. More than 1.2 million bad checks are issued every day, more than 13 per second. 7Check fraud is big business

40、 . and growing by 25 per cent every year. Criminals count on our mistakes to make their jobs easier. So how can we prevent identity theft before it happens to us? 8Take a few precautions. Dont leave your mail in your mailbox overnight or over the weekend. Thieves wait for the red flag to go up, so t

41、hey can look through your outgoing mail for useful personal information or checks. Use a gel pen for checks and important forms, the ink is trapped in the fibre of the paper, and it cant be removed with chemicals. Also, shred or tear up all documents which contain personal information before you put

42、 them in the trash. 9Remember that there are plenty of online opportunities for thieves to create a false identity based on your own. Were all aware of the risks to personal information on computer databases by hacking and Trojan horses. But choosing someone and doing a Google search can also yield

43、large amounts of personal information, and so can online social networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook and Bebo. And just as we take our pocketbook with us when we leave the office to go to the bathroom, its also worth logging off your computer to avoid opportunistic theft. 10Finally, if you get

44、 robbed in a more traditional wayin the streetcanceling your credit cards is obviously the first thing to do. But dont forget that even after theyre reported lost, they can be used as identification to acquire store cards . and you get the criminal record. 11Identity fraud can go on for years withou

45、t the victims knowledge. There is no escaping the fact that right now fraudsters are finding identity crime all too easy. If you havent had your identity stolen, its only because they havent got to you yet. Your turn will come. UNIT4Making the headlines1It isnt very often that the media lead with th

46、e same story everywhere in the world. Such an event would have to be of enormous international significance. But this is exactly what occurred in September 2001 with the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York. It is probably not exaggerated to say that from that mo

47、ment the world was a different place. 2But it is not just the historical and international dimension that made 9/11 memorable and (to use a word the media like) newsworthy. It was the shock and horror, too. So striking, so sensational, was the news that, years after the event, many people can still

48、remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when they first heard it. They can remember their own reactions: For many people across the globe their first instinct was to go and tell someone else about it, thus providing confirmation of the old saying that bad news travels fast. 3And so

49、 it is with all major news stories. I remember when I was at primary school the teacher announcing pale-faced to a startled class of seven year olds President Kennedy is dead. I didnt know who President Kennedy was, but I was so upset at hearing the news that I went rushing home afterwards to tell m

50、y parents (who already knew, of course). In fact, this is one of my earliest memories. 4So what exactly is news? The objective importance of an event is obviously not enough there are plenty of enormous global issues out there, with dramatic consequences, from poverty to global warmingbut since they

51、 are ongoing, they dont all make the just international, but odd, unexpected, and (in the sense that it was possible to identify with the plight of people caught up in the drama) very human. 5Odd doesnt mean huge. Take the story in todays China Daily about a mouse holding up a flight from Vietnam to

52、 Japan. The mouse was spotted running down the aisle of a plane in Hanoi airport. It was eventually caught by a group of 12 technicians worried that the mouse could chew through wires and cause a short circuit. By the time it took off the plane was more than four hours late. 6Not an event with momen

53、tous international consequences, you might say, (apart from a few passengers arriving late for their appointments in another country), but there are echoes of the story across the globe, in online editions of papers from Asia to America, via Scotland (Mouse chase holds up flight, in the Edinburgh Ev

54、ening News). 7Another element of newsworthiness is immediacy. This refers to the nearness of the event in time. An event which happened a week ago is not generally newsunless youve just read about it. When is one of the five wh questions trainee journalists are regularly told that they have to use t

55、o frame a news story (the others are who, what, where and why); today, this morning, and yesterday are probably at the top of the list of time adverbs in a news report. Similarly, an event which is about to happen (today, this evening or tonight) may also be newsworthy, although, by definition, it i

56、s not unexpected and so less sensational. 8When it comes to immediacy, those media which can present news in real time, such as TV, radio, and the Internet, have an enormous advantage over the press. To see an event unfolding in front of your eyes is rather different from reading about it at breakfa

57、st the next morning. But TV news is not necessarily more objective or reliable than a newspaper report, since the images you are looking at on your screen have been chosen by journalists or editors with specific objectives, or at least following set guidelines, and they are shown from a unique viewp

58、oint. By placing the camera somewhere else you would get a different picture. This is why it is usual to talk of the power of the mediathe power to influence the public, more or less covertly. 9But perhaps in the third millennium this power is being eroded, or at least devolved to ordinary people. T

59、he proliferation of personal blogs, the possibility of self-broadcasting through sites such as YouTube, and the growth of open-access web pages (wikis) means that anyone with anything to sayor showcan now reach a worldwide audience instantly. 10This doesnt mean that the press and TV are going to dis

60、appear overnight, of course. But in their never-ending search for interesting news itemsodd, unexpected, and humanthey are going to turn increasingly to these sites for their sources, providing the global information network with a curiously local dimension. UNIT5Catch-22Catch-22 is one of the most