醫(yī)學(xué)英語課件資料：空氣質(zhì)量改善對兒童肺部發(fā)育的影響

1、空氣質(zhì)量改善對兒童肺部發(fā)育的影響文章大意陳楚巖201201007文章內(nèi)容1994-2011Southern CaliforniaInvolving 2120 children from 11-15 years of ageCohort C：1994-1998Cohort D：1997-2001Cohort E： 2007-2011Declining pollution levels lung functional developmentForced vital capacity用力肺活量盡力最大吸氣后，盡力盡快呼氣所能呼出的最大氣量Forced expiratory volume用力呼氣量盡力

2、吸氣后，再盡力盡快呼氣時(shí)，在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)所呼出的氣量FEV1正常值第一秒用力呼氣量（FEV1）約為用力肺活量的83%， 第二秒鐘的FEV2/FVC約為96%，第三秒鐘的FEV3/FVC約為99%。氣道阻塞、氣道延長時(shí)，該值會降低E.g. 哮喘結(jié)論重要性長期：1992-2011跨越近20年的實(shí)驗(yàn)以科學(xué)的數(shù)據(jù)，證明空氣污染對肺部發(fā)育的影響“Their lungs may have lost the opportunity to grow any more”基礎(chǔ)知識吳瀟201201021Cohort study隊(duì)列研究A form of longitudinal study 縱向研究，也叫追蹤研究，是

3、指在一段相對長的時(shí)間內(nèi)對同一個(gè)或同一批被試進(jìn)行重復(fù)的研究cross-sectional study橫向研究，對相匹配的實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對照組在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)就有關(guān)變量進(jìn)行分析比較研究。根據(jù)目前或過去某個(gè)時(shí)期是否暴露于某個(gè)待研究的危險(xiǎn)因素，或不同的暴露水平分為不同的亞組某一特定人群隨訪觀察一段時(shí)間檢查并登記各組人群待研究的預(yù)期結(jié)局的發(fā)生情況，比較各組結(jié)局的發(fā)生率判定某因素與該結(jié)局之間有無因果關(guān)聯(lián)及關(guān)聯(lián)程度As part of the Childrens Health Study, we measured lung function annually in 2120 children from three s

4、eparate cohorts corresponding to three separate calendar periods: 19941998, 19972001, and 20072011. Mean ages of the children within each cohort were 11 years at the beginning of the period and 15 years at the end. Linear-regression models were used to examine the relationship between declining poll

5、ution levels over time and lung-function development from 11 to 15 years of age, measured as the increases in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) during that period (referred to as 4-year growth in FEV1 and FVC).”“某一特定人群不同亞組預(yù)期結(jié)局因素暴露程度Linear-regression models線性

6、回歸模型利用線性回歸方程對一個(gè)或多個(gè)自變量和因變量之間關(guān)系進(jìn)行建模Y= a + b1X1 + b2X2 + + bkXk只有一個(gè)自變量的情況：簡單回歸因素暴露程度預(yù)期結(jié)局發(fā)生情況Linear-spline model線性樣條模型分段定義的多項(xiàng)式函數(shù)分段處光滑，稱knot（節(jié)點(diǎn)），預(yù)先設(shè)定。Two-sided alternative hypothesis假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)(Hypothesis Testing)是數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)中根據(jù)一定假設(shè)條件由樣本推斷總體的一種方法。Null hypothesis: 原假設(shè)H0. 根據(jù)問題的需要對所研究的總體作某種假設(shè)，記作H0；選取合適的統(tǒng)計(jì)量，由實(shí)測的樣本，計(jì)算出統(tǒng)計(jì)量

7、的值，并根據(jù)預(yù)先給定的顯著性水平進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，作出拒絕或接受假設(shè)H0的判斷。原假設(shè)H0是需要保護(hù)的，不能輕易否定的假設(shè)。原假設(shè)不成立時(shí)，必須接受的假設(shè)為備擇假設(shè)。H0為=0，而備擇假設(shè)H1表明可能大于0，也可能小于0，稱為雙邊備擇假設(shè)。詞根復(fù)習(xí)儲曉天201201019aerodynamicaero+dynamic 空氣+動(dòng)力的aer/o- 表示空氣，充氣aer, aero, aeriaerate eret充氣，暴露于空氣aerology erld氣象學(xué)aeriform erfm空氣狀的，氣體的引申為航空aerodynamic-dynamic動(dòng)態(tài)的，動(dòng)力學(xué)的-static靜態(tài)的，靜止的類似含義-ki

8、netic動(dòng)力學(xué)的spirometerspiro+meter肺活量計(jì)spir/o 呼吸，螺旋spirochetespirillum-meter 測量用的表，量計(jì)thermometer 溫度計(jì)pneumoniapneumon+ia肺炎表示各器官的詞根pneumon/o ，pulmon/o肺的nephr/o 腎的phleb/o 靜脈的hepat/o 肝的cyst/o 膀胱的，囊的entero-, duoden/o, jejun/o, ile/o, cec/o, col/o, colon/o, proct/o直腸專業(yè)詞匯潘曉承201201045Cohort n. 一群；步兵大隊(duì)；支持者；同生群；隊(duì)列

9、 we measured lung function annually in 2120 children from three separate cohorts corresponding to three separate calendar periods The study sample included children recruited fromthree separate Childrens Health Study cohorts群體or隊(duì)列2. Baseline n. 基線；底線 Written questionnaires regarding each childs gene

10、ralhealth and personal exposures were completed by the parent or guardian at baseline The mean age at the baseline pulmonary-function test was higher in cohort E (11.3 years) than in cohort C (10.9 years) and cohort D (10.9 years).3. Exposure n. 暴露；曝光；揭露；陳列Expose v. we and others have linked exposur

11、e to ambient air pollution with or several indoor exposures, including cats, dogs, and mold or mildew.接觸4. Cutoff n. 切掉；中斷；捷徑 adj. 截止的；中斷的 we determined whether the ratio of observed to predicted FEV1 and FVC fell below each of three cutoffs for defining low lung function: 90%, 85%, and 80%. at a cu

12、toff of 80% for the ratio of observed to predicted values, the proportion of children with low FEV1臨界值5. Racial & ethnic racial adj. 種族的；人種的 information about the child, including age, sex, self-identified race and ethnic background “racial多指人的外在特殊，比如膚色、眼睛顏色、頭發(fā)顏色等等，而ethnic多用于表示文化方面，比如國籍、文化習(xí)俗、語言、信仰等等

13、。” ethnic adj. 種族的；人種的6. Cross-sectional we analyzed the cross-sectional pulmonary-function measurements obtained for 1585 children at the end of this period adj. 代表性的 adj. 橫斷面的 橫斷面研究(cross-sectional study)是在某一特定時(shí)間對某一定范圍內(nèi)的人群，以個(gè)人為單位收集和描述人群的特征以及疾病或健康狀況。7. FEV1 &FVC 一秒用力呼氣容積(Forced expiratory volume in

14、 one second, FEV1) ：最大深吸氣后做最大呼氣，最大呼氣第一秒呼出的氣量的容積為一秒用力呼氣容積。 用力肺活量（Forced vital capacity, FVC）：是指盡力最大吸氣后，盡力盡快呼氣所能呼出的最大氣量。 臨床上常以FEV1/FVC的比值(FEV1%)做判定，正常值為83%長難句解析秦立楠201201061 這是一個(gè)長句子For example, the associations between improved lung-function development and reduced nitrogen dioxide levels in Table 1 (s

15、hown as “base model” in Table S4 in the Supplementary Appendix) remained significant and of similar magnitude when additional adjustment was made for in utero or passive tobacco-smoke exposure, personal smoking, health insurance, parental education, asthma at baseline, or several indoor exposures, i

16、ncluding cats, dogs, and mold or mildew.the associations between improved lung-function development and reduced nitrogen dioxide levels .remained significant and of similar magnitude.When additional adjustment was made for in utero or passive tobacco-smoke exposure, personal smoking, health insuranc

17、e, parental education, asthma at baseline, or several indoor exposures, including cats, dogs, and mold or mildew.這也是一個(gè)長句子In this study, we examined whether changes that have occurred across these time spans in levels of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of

18、less than 2.5 m (PM2.5), less than 10 m (PM10), and between 2.5 and 10 m (coarse particulate matter PM10PM2.5) are associated with the development of lung function in children.In this study, we examined whether changes are associated withthe development of lung function in children.Changes that have

19、 occurred across these time spans in levels of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 m (PM2.5), less than 10 m (PM10), and between 2.5 and 10 m (coarse particulate matter PM10PM2.5) The estimated health effect of each pollutant is reported as t

20、heexpected difference in lung-function growth associated with a difference in exposure equal to the median of the changes in pollution in the five communities over the course of the study period.The estimated health effect of each pollutant is reported as 。expected difference in lung-function growth

21、 。associated with a difference in exposurethe median of the changes in pollution in the five communities over the course of the study period.A main directive of the 1970 U.S. Clean Air Act was to establish “ambient air quality standards . . . allowing an adequate margin of safety . . . requisite to

22、protect the public health . . . .”周圍空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為安全留下足夠的余地。保護(hù)公眾健康的必需品從“三扇門”到“三尖瓣”醫(yī)學(xué)英語翻譯的往日與今時(shí)余佳文 2012010252022/9/16余佳文 201201025頭殼大較骨氣緊眼珠發(fā)綠黃水三扇門SkullHip jointAsthmaGlaucomaSerumTricuspid valve顱骨髖關(guān)節(jié)哮喘青光眼血清三尖瓣2022/9/16余佳文 201201025合信 道光年間 英國傳教士 西醫(yī)五種=全體新論+西醫(yī)略論+ 婦嬰新說+內(nèi)科新說+ 博物新編醫(yī)學(xué)英華字釋 第一本英漢醫(yī)學(xué)詞典傅蘭雅？嘉約翰？傅恒理？德貞？盧公明？2022/9/16余佳文 201201025全體新論1851 黃水省身指掌1886 血汁生理 1906 血漿省身