動(dòng)力工程及工程熱物理專業(yè)英語課件

1、動(dòng)力工程及工程熱物理學(xué)科 專業(yè)英語Dr. Liu Dong劉棟 博士江蘇大學(xué)能源與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院Special English for Power Engineering and Engineering Thermo-physics課程任務(wù)及學(xué)習(xí)方法 檢索本學(xué)科有關(guān)國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)期刊，通過略讀摘要獲取本研究領(lǐng)域的重要學(xué)術(shù)論文，通過精讀，詞匯學(xué)習(xí)、表述方法分析、掌握寫作規(guī)范。通過6-8篇論文的精讀，達(dá)到能都熟練閱讀及翻譯本學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的論文，掌握1000至1500個(gè)專業(yè)詞匯、學(xué)會(huì)寫作，制作PPT及英文演講。課程以檢索論文及翻譯、PPT制作及模擬演講確定成績(jī)。主要學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容和任務(wù)檢索本學(xué)科及研究方向的重要論文1

2、0篇以上；翻譯題目及摘要；全文翻譯1-2篇；精讀本學(xué)科學(xué)位論文摘要10-20篇；掌握詞匯及摘要寫作方法；歸納1000以上詞匯，100種常用表達(dá)句式；以1-2篇重要期刊論文為題材，制作PPT, 模擬國(guó)際會(huì)議。重要學(xué)術(shù)期刊： International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.Journal of Fluids Engineering International Journal of Multiphase Flow Experiments in Fluid Flui

3、d Dynamic Research.概論專業(yè)英語屬于科技英語，English for Science and Technology,簡(jiǎn)稱 EST，是一種用英文闡述科學(xué)技術(shù)中的理論、技術(shù)、實(shí)驗(yàn)和現(xiàn)象等的英語體系，它在詞匯、語法和文體等各方面都有自己的特點(diǎn)，從而形成了一門專門學(xué)科。文章的特點(diǎn)： 結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn) 邏輯嚴(yán)密 文體多樣如：論文、綜述、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、教材、專利、說明書等。 專業(yè)英語與科技英語 專業(yè)英語是結(jié)合各自專業(yè)的科技英語 各個(gè)專業(yè)文章的語法現(xiàn)象基本相同，他們都遵循科技英語的語法體系。轉(zhuǎn)化法（conversion）合成法（composition）由兩個(gè)或更多的詞合成一個(gè)詞，叫合成法。有時(shí)需加連字

4、符。壓縮法（shortening）只取詞頭字母 TOEFL： Test of English as a Foreign Language 非英語國(guó)家英語水平考試 ppm: parts per million 百萬分之一 將單詞刪去一些字母： lab： laboratory 實(shí)驗(yàn)室 Kilo：kilogram 千克、公斤 flu: influenza 流行性感冒混成法（blending）兩個(gè)詞的一頭一尾連在一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)新同positron=positiveelectron 正的電子=正電子medicare=medical十care 醫(yī)學(xué)的+照管=醫(yī)療保障字母形象法（letter symboliz

5、ing）X-rayU-pipe科技英語的語法特點(diǎn)作為英語語言的一部分，科技英語以其行文莊重，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，力求客觀，感情色彩少而著稱。對(duì)科技英語語言特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，我們可以看出其語法結(jié)構(gòu)有著不同于普通英語的特征： 陳述句使用較多 被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用頻繁 簡(jiǎn)略表達(dá)突出 被動(dòng)語態(tài)首先，科技人員關(guān)心的是行為、動(dòng)作、作用、事實(shí)，至于這些行為是誰做的，無關(guān)緊要，所以，在這樣的句子中就沒有必要出現(xiàn)人稱。其次，主語一般位于句首，被動(dòng)語句正是將“行為、活動(dòng)、作用、事實(shí)”等作為主語，從而能立即引起讀者對(duì)所陳述的事實(shí)的注意。最后，在意識(shí)的表達(dá)方面被動(dòng)句通常比主動(dòng)句更簡(jiǎn)潔明了。比較例句： Mathematics is used

6、 in many different fields. People use mathematics in many different fields簡(jiǎn)略表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)化時(shí)間狀語從句 After it is separated After separation簡(jiǎn)化原因狀語從句 The steam pressure falls because it condenses on the cylinder The steam pressure falls because of its condensation on the cylinder簡(jiǎn)化名詞從句 The engineer has told us wher

7、e we shall drill another oil well The engineer has told us where to drill another oil well把形容詞名詞化，以簡(jiǎn)化一些以whethe，how等開頭的名詞從句 It is necessary to examine whether these results are accurate It is necessary to examine the accuracy of the results.例句：Force is any push or pull that tends to produce or preven

8、t motion. 力是能產(chǎn)生或阻止運(yùn)動(dòng)的任何形式的推或拉。（錯(cuò)譯：力是任何傾向于產(chǎn)生或阻止運(yùn)動(dòng)的推或拉。）The moment the circuit is completed, a current will start flowing toward the coil.電路一接通，電流就開始流向線圈。（The moment 一就.)(錯(cuò)譯：電流被完成這一片刻，一個(gè)電流就開始流向這個(gè)線圈） 例句：The difference in energy lever between the substrates and products is termed the change in Gibbs fre

9、e energy. 底物與產(chǎn)物之間的能極差叫做吉布斯自由能的變化。 （錯(cuò)譯：在底物和產(chǎn)物之間能量水平的差異稱為吉布斯自由能的變化）Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, require revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas ,observations and discoveries. 對(duì)于現(xiàn)代科技書籍，特別是教科書來說，要是作者希望自己書中的內(nèi)容能與新概念，新觀察到的事實(shí)和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話，那么

10、就需要每隔較短的時(shí)間，將書中的內(nèi)容重新修改。 （不準(zhǔn)確的翻譯：現(xiàn)代科技書籍，特別是教科書要求作者不定時(shí)地修改內(nèi)容，如果他們希望與新概念，觀察到的事實(shí)和發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話（照搬原文，逐字死譯）翻譯技巧和方法-詞匯的翻譯 根據(jù)上下文語境來確定詞義 科技翻譯涉及到的領(lǐng)域較廣，一個(gè)詞在不同領(lǐng)域中的運(yùn)用，意義可能大相徑庭。如end的常用意為“末端，結(jié)束”，但是在科技英語中有著更多的專業(yè)意義，如soluble end“溶解范圍”，variable short end “可變短路器”，the overseas end of Bell telephone Corp.“美國(guó)貝爾電話公司的海外業(yè)務(wù)部”。詞匯翻譯中的

11、變通手段 轉(zhuǎn)化法： 各類詞匯如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞等都可以在雙語語義對(duì)應(yīng)的要求下互相轉(zhuǎn)換詞性，從而改變?cè)牡木渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)，使譯文的表達(dá)更趨向自然。例如：The theory greatly facilitated the interpretation and prediction of properties of organic compounds. 這一理論，在很大程度上有助于解釋和預(yù)測(cè)有機(jī)化合物的性質(zhì)。翻譯技巧和方法-詞匯的翻譯省譯法 為提高譯文的可讀性，翻譯時(shí)可以將原文中的冠詞，代詞，介詞，連詞，動(dòng)詞等進(jìn)行省譯。 例如：The expenditure of energy of on

12、e kind in any process involves the production of an equivalent amount of energy of other kinds. 任何過程中，一種形式的能量損耗都會(huì)產(chǎn)生其他形式的相等的能量。增補(bǔ)法 指的是補(bǔ)充語義上和修辭上需要的詞，使原文中的省略部分和隱含部分在譯文中清楚的表達(dá)出來。 The temperature needed for this processing is lower than that needed to melt the metal 這種加工方法所需要的溫度低于融化該金屬的溫度。翻譯技巧和方法-句子的翻譯長(zhǎng)句的

13、翻譯順譯法：有些科技英語長(zhǎng)句在結(jié)構(gòu)的表達(dá)次序和方式上與漢語基本一致，這時(shí)可以按照原文直譯。分譯法：按照漢語的習(xí)慣，將長(zhǎng)句中的從句或者短語化為若干短句，分開敘述。 例如：Each cylinder is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of a circuit through which water is pumped continually, and cooled by means of air drawn in from the outside atmosphere by large rotary fans worked by moto

14、rs. 每一個(gè)氣缸都用一個(gè)水套圍著，水套構(gòu)成了回路的一部分。水泵驅(qū)使水在回路中不停的流動(dòng)，并由外面鼓進(jìn)空氣使水冷卻。鼓風(fēng)用的大型旋轉(zhuǎn)風(fēng)扇由電機(jī)帶動(dòng)的。 變序法 指的是按照譯語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣重新組織和排列句子的語序。 例如： The construction of such a satellite is now believed to be quite realizable, its realization being supported with all the achievements of contemporary science, which have brought into being

15、not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperature developed, but new technological processes as well. 現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的一切成就不僅提供了能足夠承受高溫高壓的材料，而且也提供了新的工藝過程。依靠現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的這些成就，我們相信完全可以制造出這樣的人造衛(wèi)星。被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯譯成漢語主動(dòng)句 When the rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place. 當(dāng)鐵生銹時(shí)，就發(fā)生了化學(xué)變化

16、。 Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication. 潤(rùn)滑能減少摩擦，延長(zhǎng)機(jī)器壽命。 It is said that據(jù)說. It is believed that.人們相信. It is noted that.人們注意到.有人指出 It is taken/though that.人們認(rèn)為. It is sometime asked that.人們有時(shí)會(huì)問 It is found that.據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn). It is illustrated that.據(jù)圖示（說明）.翻譯過程 翻譯過程一般需經(jīng)過三

17、個(gè)階段：理解、表達(dá)、校對(duì)。1.理解階段 在理解原文時(shí)，首先應(yīng)把全篇文章閱讀一遍，領(lǐng)略大意。2.表達(dá)階段 表達(dá)就是選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臐h語，把已經(jīng)理解了的原作內(nèi)容敘述出來。3.校對(duì)階段 該階段是對(duì)上兩個(gè)階段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行校對(duì)，檢查譯文是否能準(zhǔn)確無誤地轉(zhuǎn)述原作內(nèi)容；譯文的語言表達(dá)是否規(guī)范，是否符合漢語習(xí)慣。了解國(guó)際期刊的投稿周期第二篇 國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)交流英語English for international academic exchange第一講 國(guó)際會(huì)議前期準(zhǔn)備會(huì)議時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)會(huì)議主題會(huì)議日程參加會(huì)議人員組委會(huì)會(huì)務(wù)費(fèi)聯(lián)系方式。 會(huì)議發(fā)言 Oral presentation at a conference會(huì)議發(fā)言開頭

18、Thank you for the warm introduction. It is a great pleasure to be here with you today.Good morning. Let me start by saying just a few words about my own background.Good morning , I am XX，from Jiangsu university. Today i will introduce our new research about XX.闡明發(fā)言主題This presentation will focus on I

19、t is a pleasure for me to be here this afternoon and to address you on the subject of.I would like to talk to you aboutI am happy to have the opportunity to share information with you about .發(fā)言內(nèi)容提要 I have divided my presentation into five parts: first .second.To address these questions, I would like

20、 to divide my talk into five parts:My talk is organized into four parts:.分步討論問題Let us look at the slit wall effect on Taylor-Couette flowThe first thing I want to talk about is the slit wall effect on Taylor-Couette flowNow to the second part of my talk: A second point, that also needs to be stresse

21、d, is that:Another point I would like to make related to轉(zhuǎn)向下一個(gè)話題So far, I have presented you with.And now I would to present you with We have talked here about. There are some relevant questions that need to be addressed again.Now I am going to talk aboutBefore concluding, I would like to touch on on

22、e other important phenomenon 引用及例證A complete proof of this fact can be found in Fig. a.I can even give another example.I take just one of his figures to illustrate my point.結(jié)束語Thank you for your attention. I would be pleased to address your questions at this time.That is all that I want to talk abou

23、t this morning. Please do not hesitate to ask me if you have any question.That concludes my talks. Thank you very much. So , now I am very interested to hear your comments.科技英語論文寫作英語寫作一般知識(shí)簡(jiǎn)介 寫作的基本理論和技巧科技英語論文的組成部分標(biāo)題（Title 或Topic） 作者的姓名（Authors Name） 論文作者的工作單位（Institution）論文摘要（Abstract 或Summary） 論文的內(nèi)容

24、目錄（Contents）論文內(nèi)容本身（Text） 引言（Introduction） 正文 結(jié)論或結(jié)束語（Conclusion(s)）及建議等 附錄（Appendix） 致謝（Acknowledgement(s)） 作者簡(jiǎn)介（Biography）對(duì)他人研究成果、觀點(diǎn)的評(píng)估：By the late 1980s, researchers has started scientific work on Somebody (1990) gave a theoretical overview of , but However, these studies were limited to 近期進(jìn)展情況分析：T

25、he method worked well at The models of has recently received considerable attention.In the last decade, several approaches of were independently proposed. The study of was in vogue for several years until 標(biāo)題 使用名詞短語或非限定動(dòng)詞短語作為論文的標(biāo)題Computer Imitation System for Investigation of the Feasibilities of Primary Study on Mathematical Model of Study on Torsional Vibration Analysis of ICE Crankshaft. Development of Automobile Electronics and Domestic Application. A Simulation Optimization Method for Automotive Cooling System Microprocessors in Transport摘要的特點(diǎn)：篇幅短小語言精煉 用詞規(guī)范 概括完整 內(nèi)容具體 獨(dú)立成文 摘要 文摘包括：