高考必備高中化學方程式大全(分類)

1、高中化學方程式大全一、非金屬單質(zhì)F2 , CI2,O2,S,N2,RC,Si , H 1、氧化性：F2 + H2二二二2HF 陰暗處爆炸F2+Xe過量二二XeF22F2過量+Xe=二XeF4 XeF4是強氧化劑，能將MX+氧化為MnOrnF2+2M二二二2MFnM表示大部分金屬2F2+2H2。二二二4HF+O2水是還原劑2F2+2NaOH = = =2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCI = = =2NaF+CI2F2+2NaBr= = =2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI= = =2NaF+I27F2過量 + 12 二二二2IF7F2+Ck等體積 = = =2CIF CIF 屬于類鹵素:CIF

2、+H2O=二HF+HCIO word完美格式.專業(yè).專注.3F2過量+。2二二二2CIF3CIF 3 + 3H2O =3HF+HCIO3Ck+H霆暨2HCI 將叱在6點燃；混合點燃、加熱、光照發(fā)生爆炸占燃35+2P 竺冬 2PCI3Cl2+PCl3=PCI5CI2+2Na=2NaCI占燃占燃3CI2+2Fe2FeCI3CI2+CuCuCI2CI2+2FeCI2= = =2FeCI3 在水溶液中:CI2+2Fe2+ = = =2Fe3+ + 3CI CI2+2NaBr= =2NaCI + Br2CI2+2Br =2CI +Br2Cl2+2KI= =2KCI+l2Ch+21 =2CI +I235過

3、量+2KI+3H2O = =6HCI + KIO33Cl2+r+3H2O=6H+6CI+IO3-5CI2+l2+6H2O = = =2HIO3+10HCI5CI2+l2+6H2O=10CI+IO3+12H+CI2+Na2S= =2NaCI + S!Cl2+S2-=2CI+S |CI2+H2S = =2HCI + S!水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H+2CI +S|CI2+SO2+2H2O = = = H2SO4+2HCICl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2C|-CI2+H2O2= = =2HCI+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H+a+O2占燃2O2+3FeFe3O4Ch+K 二二二 KO2S

4、+ H H2S2S+CMCS2S+ZnZnSS + Fe也FeS 既能由單質(zhì)制取,又能由離子制取S+2CuCu2S 只能由單質(zhì)制取,不能由離子制取.專業(yè).專注.N2+O2 坐=2NO占燃4P+5O2當冬P4O10常寫成 P2O52P+3XL 2PX3 X 表示 F2 , CI2 , Br2PX3+X2 =PXsN2+3MgMgN2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaCa3N2N2+6Na 2Na3NS+H2SOM濃也3SO21 +2H2O3S+2AIA|2S3只能由單質(zhì)制取，不能由離子制取催化劑、N2 + 3H2F高育 2NH3高溫高壓N2+3Ba/Ba3N2N2+2AI 旦晝 2A1NH2+2Li

5、4 2LiH2、還原性S+O2 些 SO2S + 6HNO3濃H2SO4+6NO2 t +2H2OS+4H+6=6NO2 tP4+20HNO3濃4H3PO4+20NO21 +4H2OC+2F2CF4C+2C= CCI4占燃占燃C+O2足量當MCO22C+O2少量當生2COC+CO 2COC+H2O也CO+H2生成水煤氣2C+SiO2#=Si+2CO制得粗硅Si粗+2CkSiCl4 SiCl4+2H2= =Si 純+4HClSi粉+O甥炎SiO2 Si+C耍星SiC金剛砂Si+2NaOH + H2O = = Na2SiO3 + 2H21Si+2OH 一 +H?O= SiO ； +2H2t+2H2

6、O+ sot3S+4HNO3稀=3SO2+4NO t +2H2O3S+4H+4NO；3SO2+4NO t3、歧化反應+2H2OCl2+H2O = = HCl + HClO 加堿或光照促進歧化：Cl2+H2O= H+2H2Oword完美格式+HC10)占燃2Na+O Na2O22Na + S=二Na2S (爆炸)Cl2+2NaOH二二NaCl + NaClO + H2O(Cl2+2OH-=Cl-+ClO-+H2。)2Na+2H2O = =2NaOH + H212Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH-+H21Cl2+2Ca(OH)2二二CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(濃)4 5

7、KCI + KCIO3 + 3H2O3S + 6NaOH 2Na2S+Na2SO3 + 3H2。+3H2O)4P+3KOH(濃) + 3H2O= = PH31 +3KH2PO2+3H2PO2-)(Cl2+2OH-=Cl-+ClO-+H2。)(3C12+6OH5CI-+CIO3-+3H2O)(3S+6OH2s2 - +SO32 -(4P+3OH - +3H2O= = PH3 t2Na+2NH3 = =2NaNH2+H212Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H214Na+TiCl 4NaCl+Ti Mg+ClMgCl2 Mg + BrMgBr22Mg+O2 笠暨 2MgOMg + 弟 MgS2Cu

8、 + CU2S CU2S只能由單質(zhì)制備Mg+2H2O4Mg(OH)2+H212Mg+TiCl Ti+2MgCl2占明2Mg+CO= 2MgO+CMg+2RbCI 醫(yī)暨 MgCl2+2Rb2Mg + SiO2 2MgO + Si(Mg+2H(Mg+2H+=Mg2+H2t)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O = = 5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaOHClO2HClO3HClO4,但濃，熱的HClO4氧化性很強)4HNO3稀足+Fe二二二FeNO33 + NO t +2H2O4H+NO3-+Fe=Fe3+NO t2H2H2SOM濃+ S3SO21 +2H2O+2H2O2H2SOM

9、濃+CCO21 +2SO21 +2H+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe= = =8FeNO33 + 3N2O t +I5H2O 30 H+6NO3HH2SO4+Fe(Al)室溫下鈍化6H2SOM濃+2Fe4Fe2SO43+3SO21 +6H2O+8Fe=8Fe3+3N2Ot +15H2O2H2SOM濃+CuCuSO4+SO21 +2H2O36HNO3 + 10Fe= = = 10FeNO33 + 3N2t+I8H2O36H+6NO3word完美格式不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸強酸制弱酸酸工業(yè)制磷肥+10Fe=8Fe3+3N21 +I8H2O

10、30HNO3+8Fe= = =8FeNO33 + 3NH4NO3+9H2O30H+3NO3 -+8Fe=8Fe3+3NH4+9H2O4Zn + 10HNO3稀 = =4ZnNO32+N2。f +5H2O 4Zn+10H+2NO3=4Zn2+N2Ot +5H2O4Zn + 10HNO3 稀 = =4ZnNO32+NH4NO3+3H2。4Zn+10H+NO3 -=4Zn2+NH4+5H2O2、還原性：H2SO3+X2+H2O= = = H2SO4+2HXX 表 示Cl2,Br2,l2H2SO3+X2 + H2O=4H + + SO42-+X-2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H

11、+SO42-H2SO3+H2O2= = = H2SO4+H2O&$03 + &02 = 2 + + $042一+&05H2SO3+2KMnO4= = =2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4 -=2Mn2+4H+3SO42-+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O = = = H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl H2SO3+2Fe3+H2O=4H+2Fe2+SO42-3、酸性：H2SO4濃+CaF2 = CaSO4+2HFtH2SOM濃+ NaCINaHSO4+HCl tH2SOM濃+2NaC|4Na2SO4+2HCl t酸H2SO4濃+ NaNO34NaH

12、SO4+HNO313H2SO4濃+Ca3PO42 3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SOM 濃+Ca3PO42 2CaSO4+CaH2PO422HNO3+CaCO3二二CaNO32+H2O+CO212H+CaCO3=Ca2+H2O+CO21用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S , HI , HBr , SO2等還原性氣體4H3PO4+Ca3PO42 43CaH2PO42重鈣word完美格式H3PO4H3PO4濃+ NaBr = NaH2PO4+HBrt 不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸，磷酸是非氧化性酸H3PO4 濃+NaNaH2PO4+HIf4、不穩(wěn)定性：光照2HClO=2HCl + O21 保存在棕

13、色瓶中4HNO3類堂4NO21 +O21 +2H2O 保存在棕色瓶中H2SOAH2O+SO2 7 在加熱或酸性條件下分解H2CO3&H2O+CO2 7 在加熱或酸性條件下分解H4SiOH2SQ3+H2OH2SQ3 = SiO21 +H2OH2S2O34H2O+S 1 +SO21 在加熱或酸性條件下分解七.堿1、低價態(tài)的還原性：4FeOH2+O2+2H2O= = =4FeOH32、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：Ca(OH)2+2NH4CI2CaCl2+2NH31 +2H2O (實驗室制 NH3)Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl = = MgCl2+2NH3H2。(Al(OH)3+NH4Cl 不溶解)2H+2OH

14、 - +Ba2+SO42 - =BaSO4 12NaOH + SO2(少量) = = Na2SO3 + H2。NaOH + SO2(足) = = NaHSO32NaOH + SiO2二二Na2SiO3+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2KOH+Cl2= = KCl + KClO+H2ONaOH + HCl=二NaCl + H2ONaOH + H2S(足)二二NaHS + H2O2NaOH + H2S(少量) = = Na2S+2H2。3NaOH+AlCl3二二Al(OH)31 +3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3二二NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH + NHKNaCl + N

15、Hs t +H2OBa(OH)2+H2SO4二二BaSO4 I +2H2OOH-+SO2=SO32-+H2OOH+SOzC足)=HSO3-OH-+SiO2=SiO32-+H2O2OH-+AI2O3=2AlO2-+H2OCI2+2OHF-+CIO-+H2OH+OH 一 =H2OOH-+H2S=HS-+H2O2OH-+H2S=S2-+2H2O3OH-+A13+=A1(OH)3 1OH-+A1(OH)3=A1O2-+2H2。word完美格式2H2O3、不穩(wěn)定性：Mg(OH)2=MgO + H2O2AI(OH)3=AI2O3 + 3H2O2Fe(OH)3=Fe2O3 + 3H2OCu(OH)2=CuO

16、 + H2O2AgOH = =Ag2O+H2O八.鹽1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCI3+Fe=3FeCI22Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCI3+Cu = =2FeCI2+CuCI2(用于雕刻銅線路版)2F/+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+2FeCI3+Zn(少量)= =2FeCI2+ZnCI22Fe3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+FeCh+Ag=二二FeCk+AgCI I2Fe3+CI +2Ag=2Fe2+2AgCI IFe2(SO4)3+2Ag = = = FeSO4+Ag2SO4 !(較難反應)Fe(NO3)3+Ag 不反應word完美格式Ik.專注.2FeCI3+H2S= =2FeCI2+2

17、HCI + S I2Fe3+H2S=2Fe2+2H+S 12FeCI3+2KI= =2FeCI2+2KCI+I22Fe3+2I=2Fe2+I2FeCk+Mg =二二Fe+MgChFe2+Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4CI = = NaCI + N21 +2H2O 實驗室制氮氣NH4+NO2 =N2 t+2H2O2、還原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2二二二2FeCh在水溶液中不需加熱2Fe2+3CI2=2Fe3+6CI3Na2S+8HNO3稀二二二6NaNC3+2NO f +3S+4H2O 3S2 +8H+2NO3 =2N0 t+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3 稀 = =3Na2S

18、O4+2NO t +H203SO32 +2H+2NO3 =3SO42 +2N0 f +H202Na2SO3+O2= = =2Na2SO4Na 2SO3在空氣中易變質(zhì)NazSOa+S Na2&C3Na2S+CI2=2NaCI + S I 在水溶液中 S2 +CI2=2CI +S13、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4二二Cu(OH)2 ! +CaSO4 !(波爾多液)MgCl2+2NH3 - H2O = = = Mg(OH)2 ! +2NH4CI Mg2+2NHs H2O=Mg(OH)2 1+2NH4+AlCl3 + 3NH3H2O = = =Al(OH)3 ! +3NH4Cl Al3

19、+3NH3H2O=Al(OH)2 1 +3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3H2O = = = Fe(OH)3 J +3NH4CI Fe3+3NH3H2O=Fe(OH)3 1 +3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3-H2O(不足)=Cu(OH)2 ! +(NH4)2SO4 Cu2+2NH3-H2G=Cu(OH)2 4+2NH4+AgNO3+2NH3H2O = =Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3H2O=Ag(NH3)2+2H2O總方程式ZnSO4+2NH3H2O(不足) = =Zn(OH)2 ! +(NH4)2SO4 Zn2+2NH3H2O=Zn(OH)2 1+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH

20、3H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2。ZnSO4+4NH3H2 O(足) = =Zn(NH3)4SO4+4H2。Zn2+4NH3H2O=Zn(NH3)42+4H2O總方程式4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：強酸制弱酸，或不揮發(fā)性酸制揮發(fā)性酸PO4PO43-+2H+=H2PO4-HPO42-+H+=H2PO4-H2PO4- + H + = H3PO4CO32-+H+=HCO3-HCO3-+H+=CO2t+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3 + 3H2O = =2Al(OH)3 J +3CO2f +6NaCl (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應)Cu(OH)2+4NH3H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2。

21、Cu(OH)2+4NH3H2O=Cu(NH3)42+2OH-+4H2O 銅氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3H2O(足)二二Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2O總方程式Cu2+4NH3H2O=Cu(NH3)42+4H2O銅氨溶液AgNO3 + NH3H2O = =AgOH ! +NH4NO32AgOH=Ag20(灰黑色)+H2。Ag2O+4NH3H2O=2Ag(NH3)2+2OH-+3H2O 銀氨溶液Na3PO4+2HCl二二二Na2HPO4+2NaClNa2HPO4+HCl二二二NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl = = = H3PO4+NaClNa2CO3+HCl二二二NaHCO3 + N

22、aClNaHCO3+HCl二二二NaCl + H2O+CO21word完美格式3CO32-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)31 +3CO213AlO2-+Fe3+6H2O=3Al(OH)31 +Fe(OH)31物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應物質(zhì)之間的雙水3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O= = =2Fe(OH)3 ! +3CO2+6NaCl (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應)3CO32-+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)31 +3CO213NaHCO3+AlCl3= = =Al(OH)3! +3CO213HCO3-+A13+=2A1(OH)31

23、 +3CO213NaHCO3+FeCl3= = = Fe(OH)3 ! +3CO213HCO3-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH)31 +3CO213Na2S+Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O = = =2Al(OH)3 ! +3H2S t3S2-+2A13+3H2O=2A1(OH)31 +3H2S t3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O = =4Al(OH)3! +3NaCl解反應)3A1O2-+A13+6H2O=4A1(OH)3 13NaAlO2+FeCl3 + 6H2O=3Al(OH)3 ! +Fe(OH)3 ! +3NaClNaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O = =Al(OH)3! +NH3-

24、H2O + NaClA1O2-+NH4+2H2O=A1(OH)3 4 +NH3H2。Na2CO3+H2O+CO2= = =2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2=2NaHSO3+CO21 (1:2)CO32-+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3-+CO2t2Na2CO3(足)+ H2O + SO2二二Na2SO3+2NaHCO3 (CO2 中的 SO2 不能用 Na2COs 洗氣)2CO32-+H2O+SO2=SOs2-+2HCO3- (2:1)Na2CO3+SO2二二Na2SO3+CO2(1:1)CO32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2NaHCO3+SO

25、2= = = NaHSO3+CO2 (CO2 中的 SO2 可能用 NaHCOs 洗氣)2HCO3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO3+SO2二二Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3-+SO2=SO32-+2CO2+H2Oword完美格式Na2SiO3+2HCl = = = H2SiO3 I +NaCl 或 Na2SiO3+2HCl + H2O = = = H4SiO4 I+2NaClSiO32-+2H+=H2SiO31或 SiO32-+2H+H2O=H4SiO41Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O = = = H2SiO3 I +Na2CO3SiOs2+CO2+2H2O=H4Si

26、O4 1+CO32-5、鹽與鹽復分解反應Na2SO4+BaCl2= = BaSO4l +2NaCl沉淀不溶于鹽酸、硝酸SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO41AgNO3 + KI=二AgCl I +KNO3Ag+I=AgI|3AgNO3 + Na3PO4二二AgaPON +3NaNO3 3Ag+PO43-=Ag3PO41CuSO4+Na2S二二CuS I +Na2SO4Cu2+S2-=CuS 1FeCl3+3KSCN二二FeSCN3+3KClFe3+3SCN-=FeSCN3 血紅色，用于Fe3+的特性檢驗6、不穩(wěn)定性：Na2S2O3+H2SO4= = = Na2SO4+S I +SO2 t +H2O

27、S2O32+2H+=S J +SO2 tNa2SO3+BaCl2= = BaSO31 +2NaCl 沉淀溶于鹽酸，在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不+H2O消失SO3消失SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO3 1Na2CO3+BaCl2= = BaCO3 1 +2NaCl沉淀溶于鹽酸、沉淀消NH4NH31 +HIt失CO32-+Ba2+=BaCO3 1Na2CO3+CaCl2二二CaCO31 +2NaClAgNO3 + NaCl=二AgCl I +NaNO3AgNO3 + NaBr=二AgBrI +NaNO3NaHCO3 不反應CO32-+Ca2+=CaCO31Ag+Cl-=AgCl|Ag+Br=AgBr

28、|NH4I鳥NH3 t +H2t +I2tNH4HCO34NH3 t +H2O + CO2 t2KNO2KNO2+O212CuNOs2CuO+4NO21 +O21word完美格式C-光照一C-2AgNO3=2Ag+2NO21 +O21 (保存在棕色瓶中)5NH4NO4N21 +2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO8N21 +4NO21 +O21 +20H2O t (硝酸銨爆炸反應)2KMnOK2MnO4+MnO2+O212氐1。3鳥2KC1+3O212NaHCONa2CO3+H2O+CO21Ca(HCO3)CaCO3 + H2O+CO21CaCO3蔓CaO+CO21MgCOlMgO+CO21九、

29、電離方程式1、酸的電離(H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr、HI、H3PO4、HF、H2SO3、CH3COOH、H2CO3、H2S、HNO2、C6H5OH、HCN、HClO)H2SO4=2H + + SO42-或：H2SO4+2H2O=2H3O+ + SO42-HNO3= = H + + NO3- 或:HNO3+H2O = = H3O+ + NO3-(以下雷同)HCl = = H+Cl_HBr= = H + + Br 一HI= = H +H3PO4H + + H2POH2POH + + HPO4一 HPO ；一H + + PO了HFH + + F一H2SO3H + + HSO；HSO；H +

30、 + SO；CECOOHH + + CH3COO 一 頃。3H + + HCO；HCO；H + + CO；H + + HS -HS-H + + S2-HNO2H + + NO C6H5OH=H +C6H5O-(苯酚不是酸,顯酸性)HCN=H +CN -HClO H +ClO偵 H +OH2H2。 H3O0OH2、堿的電離(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2、Mg(OH)2、Al(OH)3、11田出20)NaOH=二Na+OH 一KOH = = K+OH 一Ba(OH)2二二Ba2+2OH 一Mg(OH)2 Mg2+2OH 一Al(OH)3=Al3+ + 3OH- 酸式電離：Al(OH)3=H +

31、 + AlO +H2O11田出2。= NH: +2OH 一Ca(OH)2=Ca2+2OH -(澄清石灰水)Ca(OH)2=Ca2+2OH -(石灰懸濁液)3、鹽的電離(NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHSO4. Na2SO3、NaHSO3、MgSO4. CaSO4.word完美格式A12SO43、CuSO4、A1C13、AgNO3、CHsCOONa、NH4NO3、FeCh、Na2CO3、Na3PO4=3Na+ + PO了 KI= = K+I NaBr=二Na+ + Br NaClO = = Na+ClONaHCO3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2PO4. Na2HPO4. Na3PO4、KI、NaB

32、r、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO3NaCl=二Na+Cl 一Na2SO4=2Na+ SO ；NaHSO4= = H + + Na+ + SO；Na2SO3=2Na+ SO；NaHSO3二二Na+ + HSO3-錯誤書寫：NaHSO3二二Na+ + H + + SO42-MgSO4= = Mg2+ SO ； A12SO43 = =2A13+ + 3SO； CuSO4=Cu2+ SO；AICI3二二Al3+ + 3Cl 一 AgNO3二二Ag+ + NO3CECOONa二二CH3COO 一 +Na+NH4NO3 = = NH4+ + NO3- FeCl3二二Fe3+ + 3C Na2CO3 =

33、=2Na+ CO ；NaHCO3二二Na+ HCO；錯誤書寫：NaHCO3二二Na+ + H + + CO；Na2S=2Na+ + S 2一NaHS=二Na+ + HS一錯 誤 書 寫 ：NaHS=二Na+ + H + S 2NaH2PO4= = Na+ + H2PO ；Na2HPO4=2Na+ + HPO錯誤書寫：Na2HPO4=2Na+ + H + + PO了AgCI一Ag+ Cl-難溶、微溶物質(zhì)在水中發(fā)生微弱電離CaCO3Ca2+ + CO；錯誤書寫：CaCO3=Ca2+CO；CaSO4Ca2+ + SO 4一 錯誤書寫：CaSO4=Ca2+ + SO 4一3、熔融電離NaC Na+ C

34、l -MgCl Mg2+ + 2 Cl -Na2 2Na+O2-Al2O 2Al3+ + 3O2-十、水解反應1、單水解-可逆水解NH4Cl + H2O= NH3-H2O + HC1 NH4+H2O= H+NH3H2OFeCl3+3H2。 FeOH3 + 3HClFe3+3H2。 FeOH3+3H+A1C13+3H2OA1OH3+3HC1 Al3+3H2OAlOH3+3H+CuSO4+2H2O=CuOH2+H2SO4 金屬活動順序表中Mg2+以后的陽離子均水解word完美格式NaHCO3+H2O= H2CO3 + NaOH NaHSO4 不水解，NaHSOs 電離大于水解C6H5ONa + H

35、2。 CeHsOH + NaOHNa2CO3+H2。NaHCO3 + NaOH COa+H?。HCOs+OH-2、雙水解NaHCO3+H2OH2CO3 + NaOH第一步遠遠大于第二步,二步不能疊加CH3COONH4+H2O= CH3COOH + NH3-H2ONa2SO3+H2。 NaHSO3 + NaOH SO32-+H2O HSO3-+OH-NH4F + H2O= HF + NH3-H2ONaHSO3 + H2O= H2SO3 + NaOH第一步遠遠大于第二步,二步不能疊加Al2S3+6H2O=AlOH31 +H2S t 隔絕空氣,密封保存HSO3-+H2O= H2SO3+OH-Na2S

36、+H2。 NaHS + NaOHS2-+H2。 HS-+OH-NaHS + H20L= H2S+NaOH第一步遠遠大于第二步,二步不能疊加Mg3N2+6H2O = = MgOH21 +NH31 隔絕空氣,密封保存Na3P+3H2O = =3NaOH + PH3f 隔絕空氣,密封保存ZmP2+6H2O = =ZnOH21 +PH3 f Zg 一種老鼠藥,PH 劇毒神經(jīng)毒劑HPO42HPO42-+&0 H2PO4-+OH-NaH2PO4+H2O= H3PO4+NaOHH2PO4-+H2O= H3PO4+OH-Na3PO4+H2。 Na2HPO4+NaOHPO+H?。 HPO+OH-Na2HPO4+

37、H2。 NaH2PO4+NaOHCaC2+2H2O = =CaOH31 +C2H21 隔絕空氣,密封保存C2H5ONa + H2O=C2H5OH + NaOH十一、電解及電極方程式1、電解質(zhì)溶液在惰性電極條件下，或陰極是較活潑金屬電極，陽極是惰性電極CHsCHsCOOH + NaOH條件下的電解CH3COONa + H2OCH3COO-+H2。 CH3COOH+OH-_ 一 _ 電解 _一2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH + H21 +CI21word完美格式(-)2H2O+2e- = = H21 +20H或 2H +2e-= = H21(+)2C|-2e- = =CI21電解2Cr+2H2O2

38、OH-+H21 +CI21, 電解 ,CuCb Cu+Cbt(-)Cu2+2e- = =Cu I(+)2C-2e-二二Cl 2 T電解Cu2+ + 2C|-Cu ! +CI21電解2C11SO4+2H2O 2Cu I +O21 +2H2SO4(-)2Cu2+ + 4e=2Cu I(+)2H2O=4e- = =O2 T_:TOT?-4e- = =O2 T4H2O4H + +4OH-電解2Cu2+2H2O 2Cu I +021 +4H +電解2H2O2H21 +021(-)4H + +4e- = =2H21word完美格式.專業(yè).專注.(+)4OH-4e- = =O 21 +2H2O中性電解 4H

39、2(J=4H十+4OH-2H2O2H2O電解H21 +021酸性水解:(-)4H +4e-=2H21(+)2H2O-4e-=O21 +4H+ 4OH-4e-=O 21 +2H2O2H2O2H2O電解H21 +021堿性水解:(-)4H2O+4e- =2H21 +40H或:4H +4e-=2H21+2H2+2H2U(+J4UH -4e-=U2 T +2H2U電解2 H2O H21 +O212、2、鍍銅：CuSO4電鍍液鍍件(-)Cu2+2e-=Cu!純銅(+) Cu-2e_=Cu2+鍍鋅：ZnSO4電鍍液鍍件(-)Zn2+2e-=Zn!純鋅(+) Zn-2e_=Zn2+鍍銀：AgNO3電鍍液鍍件

40、(-)Ag+ + $ 二二Ag J純銀(+) Ag-e-二二Ag+鍍鐐:NiSO4電鍍液鍍件(-)Ni2+2e-= = Ni!純鐐(+) Ni-2e_= = Ni2+3、熔融狀態(tài)下的電解：電解2NaCI(熔融)=2Na+CI21(-)2Na+2e-=2Na(+)2C|-2e-=CI2tword完美格式.專業(yè).專注.電解2Na+2C|-(熔融)=2Na+CI21電解2AI2O3(熔融)4Al+2O21(-)4A|3+ + 12e-=4AI(+)6O2-12e-=3O2t胳融電解4AI3+ +6O2 NaAIFu 4AI + 3O2 t電解NaHF2(熔融H2f +F2f(-)2H +2e-二二S

41、(+)2F-2e- = = F2t電解2HFH21 +F2t十二、原電池反應XY(電解質(zhì)溶液)或X/電解質(zhì)溶液Y(1)不可逆電池蘇打電池：ZnCu(H2SC)4)Zn 極(-)Zn-2e_=Zn2+ (氧化反應)Cu 極(+) 2H +2e_= = H21 (還原反應)離子方程式Zn+2H + = = H21 +Zn2+化學方程式Zn + H2SO4=ZnSO4+H21鐵碳電池：FeC(H2COs)Fe 極(-)Fe-2e-= = Fe2+ (氧化反應)C 極(+) 2H +2$二二H21 (還原反應)離子方程式Fe+2H +=二H21 +Fe2+(析氫腐蝕)鐵碳電池：FeC(H2。、O2)F

42、e 極(-)2Fe-4e-=2Fe2+ (氧化反應)C 極(+) O2+2H2O+4e-=4OH(還原反應)化學方程式2Fe+O2+2H2O = =2Fe(OH)2(吸氧腐蝕)4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O = =4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3 = = Fe2O3-nH2O + (3-n)H2O (鐵銹的生成過程)鋁鐐電池：AlNi(NaCI溶液、0力AI 極(-)4AI-12b二二4AI3+(氧化反應).word完美格式.專業(yè).專注.Ni 極+3O2+6H2O + I2e-= = 12OH還原反應化學方程式4AI + 3O2+6H2O=4AIOH3 海洋燈標電池干電池:ZnMnO2NH4

43、CI 糊狀物NH4CI + H2O = = NH3-H2O + HCIZn 極-Zn-2e=Zn2+氧化反應Cu 極+ 2MnO2+2H +2e-= = Mn2O3 + H2O 還原反應化學方程式 Zn+2NH4CI+2MnO2=ZnCl2+Mn2O3+2NH312可逆電池鉛蓄電池：PbPbC2濃硫酸放電Pb 極-Pb+H2SO4-2e-= = PbSO4+2H+氧化反應PbCh極+PbC2+H2SO4+2H +2e-二二PbSO4+2H2。還原反應化學方程式Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4=2PbSO4+2H2OPbPbO2濃硫酸充電Pb 極 -PbSO4+2H+-2e-= Pb+H2SO4還原

44、反應PbCh極+PbSO4+2H2O+2e-= = PbO2+H2SO4+2H+ 氧化反應化學方程式2PbSO4+2H2O = = Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4放電PWbO2+2HO4 2PbSO4+2HO充電鋰電池：Li一LiMnO2(固體介質(zhì))(-)Li-e二二Li+(氧化反應)(+) MnO2+Li+e-= = LiMnO2+H2O (還原反應)化學方程式 Li + MnCh=二LiMnCh放電Li+ IiiInU 2 Li ulnUo充電銀鋅電池：ZnAg2O(NaOH)Zn 極(-)Zn+2OH-2e-=ZnO + H2O(氧化反應)Cu 極(+) Ag2O + H2O+2e_=2A

45、g+2OH (還原反應)化學方程式Zn+Ag2O =二ZnO+2Ag(3)高能燃料電池：H2O2(NaOH)word完美格式.專業(yè).專注.Pt 極(-)2H2+4OH e=4H2O氧化反應Pt 極(+)。2+2叱0+4。-二二40H(還原反應)化學方程式2H2 + O2=2H2。CH4O2(NaOH)Pt 極(-)CH4+10OH -8e-= = C0| +7H2O (氧化反應)Pt 極(+) 2O2+4H2O+8e=8OH(還原反應)化學方程式CH4+2O2+2NaOH = = Na2CO3 + 3H2O十三、熱化學方程式C + l/2O2(g) = =CO(g) ; AH= - 393.5

46、kJ/mol0s)+O2(g)=CO2(g) ;AH= - 110.5kJ/molCO(g)+l/2O2(g)=CO2(g) ; AH= - 283.0kJ/molH2(g) + l/2O2(g) = = H2O(g) ; AH= - 241.8kJ/molH2(g) + l/2O2(g) = = H2O(l) ; AH= - 285.8kJ/mol2H2(g)+O2(g) = =2H2O(g) ; AH= - 483.6kJ/mol2H2(g)+O2(g) = =2H2O(l) ; AH= - 571.6kJ/molCH4(g)+2O2(g)=CO2(g)+2H2O(l) ; AH= - 8

47、90.3kJ/molC8Hi8(l) + 12.5O2(g) = =8CO2(g)+9H2O(l) ; AH= - 5518kJ/molC6Hi2O6+6O2(g)二二6CO2(g)+6H2O(l) ; AH= - 2800kJ/molN2H4(g)+O2(g) = = N2(g)+2H2O(g) ; AH= - 534kJ/molS(s)+O2(g)=SO2(g) ; AH= - 297kJ/molFeS2(s)+1 l/4O2(g) = = 1/2Fe2O3(s)+2SO2(g) ； AH = -853kJ/molSO2+l/2O2(g)=SO3(g) ; AH= - 98.3kJ/mol

48、SO3(g) + H2O(l) = = H2SO4(l) ； AH= - 130.8kJ/molH2(g)+Cl2(g)二二2HCI(g) ; AH= - 184.6kJ/molC(s)+H2O(g)= = H2(g)+CO2(g) ; AH = + 131.5kJ/mol3H2(g)+N2(g)=2NH3(g) ; AH= - 92.2kJ/mol2O2(g)+N2(g)=2NO2(g) ; AH =+68kJ/molO2(g)+N2(g)二二2N0(g) ; AH= - kJ/mol.word完美格式.專業(yè).專注.O2(g)+2NO(g)=2NO2(g) ； AH= - kJ/mol2NO

49、2(g)= = N2O4(g) ; AH= - kJ/molCu(s) + l/2O2(g) = =CuO(s) ; AH= - 157kJ/molCaCO3+ 二二Ca0+CO2(g) ； AH = + 1777kJ/molC(石墨)+ 02(g)二二二 CO2(g) ; AH = - 393.51kJ -moP1C(金剛石)+ 02(g)二二二 CO2(g) ; AH = - 395.41kJ -moP1C(石墨)二二二C(金剛石);AH = +1.9kJ -moP1NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq) = NaCI(aq)+H2O(l) ; AH= - 57.3kJ/molKOH(aq)

50、+HNO3(aq) = NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) ; AH= - 57.3kJ/molNaOH(aq) + l/2H2SO4(aq) = l/2Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) ; AH= - 57.3kJ/mol有機方程式甲烷CH3COONa + NaQH CaQ Na2CQ3 +CH4 TACH 4 + 20 2點燃CO2 +2H2OCH4 + Cl2 -CH3C1 + HQCH 3 Cl + Cl 2CH 2 Cl 2 + HdCH2C12 +Cl2CHa3 +HQcua 3 + ci2 -cci4 + hqCH4 高溫 C + 2H2乙烯CH3 -CH2 OH 濃硫酸

51、 如2 =ch2 T+h2o170 CCH2 =CH2 +Br2 CH2Br -CH2BrCH2 =CH2 +H2 催化劑 CH3 -ch3ACH 2 = CH 2 + HQ CH 3 CH 2C1CH2 CH2+3Q22CQ2+2H2QCH. CH.+H.Q CH3-CHq - OHnCH2=CH2 *牛 CHCH2n -烯炷3word完美格式.專業(yè).專注.nCH2 = CH2定條件 CH-CH2n -CH2=CH-CH=CH2+Br-BrCH2=CH-CH-CH2匕匕匕|k BrCH2=CH-CH=CH2+Br-BrCH2-：CH=CH-CH2 ,BrBrnCH? =CH_CH =如2定條

52、件CH-CH =CH -CH2n 一nCH2CH 7-CH =C-CInCH2CH 7-CH =C-CI|I2nCH3乙煥CaC2+2H2OCa (0H)2 +HC =CH T2CH 三 CH +5Q24CQ2+2H2QCH =CH +Br2 CH =pi Br BrBrCH =CH+Br2 CH-piBr BrCH 三 CH + H2 催化劑 CH2 =CH2ACH2 =CH2 +H2 催:劑 CH3 -ch3CH = CH + HC1 催化劑 CH2 = CHC1苯芳香炷Oj+Br2|OpBr+HBro+H0-N02ofN02+H20+ H0 -SQ3H + H0 -SQ3H 70C80C

53、 SO3H+H2。,J+3H2word完美格式.專業(yè).專注.MH2SO4 Q2N-0TNQ2 + 3HqQY no2o +3H0SO3HTho3soYso3hso3h八3 +3H2O石油和石油產(chǎn)品概述C16H34 C8H18 + C8H16CgH18 C4H10 + C4H8C4H10ch4+cC4H10ch4+c3h6C4H10 C2H4 + C2H6炷的衍生物鹵代炷CH3CH2Br + H2Q NaQH CH3CH2OH + HBrACH3CH2Br + NaOH H2 CH3CH2OH + NaBrCH3CH2Br + NaOHCH2 =CH2 T+NaBr+H20ACH2 =CHQ +H2定條件 如3如2。nCH2 = CHQ 一定條件 Of-TCHa -乙醇2Na + 2C2H5OH 2C2H5ONa +H2 fMg + 2C2H5OH (C2H5O)2Mg + H2 T2A1 + 6CqH5OH t 2(CqH5O)3A1 + 3Hq T2Cu +O22CuOCuO + C2H5OH