六級(jí)強(qiáng)化階段講義

1、六級(jí)強(qiáng)化階段講義閱讀部主講：周瀾（新浪微博：高聯(lián)周瀾【2011 12 CET6 Section B PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingWhatstheonewordofadviceawellmeaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecentcollegegraduate?ChinaIndia!Howabout When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $50 billion,

2、 it set off a newroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3billioninthemonth,aresubtractedinthecalculationof gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.But theres anothe

3、r way of looking at the trade data. Over the past two years, the figures on imports and exports seem not to signal a doubledip recession a renewed decline in the broad level of economic activity in the United States but an economic expansion.The rising volume of trademore goods and services shuttlin

4、g in and out of the United Statesis good news for many and logistics (物流) have all been reporting better than expected results. The rising numbers signify growing vitality in foreign markets when we import more stuff, it puts more cash in the hands of people around the world, and U.S. exports are ri

5、sing because more foreigners have the ability to buy the things we produce and market. The rising tide of trade is also good news for people who work in tradesensitive businesses, especially those that produce commodities for which global demand sets the price agricultural goods, mining, metals, oil

6、.And while exports always seem to lag, U.S. companies are becoming more involved in the global economy with passingmonth.GeneralMotorssellsasmanycarsinChinaasinAmericaeachmonth.Whilethatmaynotdomuchforimports, it does help GMs balance sheet and hence makes the jobs of U.S.based executives more stabl

7、e.One great challenge for the U.S. economy is slack domestic consumer demand. Americans are paying down debt, saving more,andspendingmorecarefully.Thatstobeexpected,givenwhatwevebeenthrough.Buttheresabiggerchallenge.Can U.S.based businesses, large and small, figure out how to get a piece of growing

8、global demand? Unless you want to pick up andmovetoIndia, orBrazil, orChina,thebest waytodothatisthroughtrade.Itmayseem obvious, butitsnolonger enough simply to do business with our friends and neighbors here at home.Companies and individuals who dont have a strategy to export more, or to get more i

9、nvolved in foreign markets, or to play a role in global trade, are shutting themselves out of the lions share of economic opportunity in our world.HowdopessimistsinterprettheU.S.tradedeficitinItreflectsAmericanspreferenceforimportedItsignifiesachangeinAmericaneconomicItistheresultofAmericasgrowingfo

10、cusondomesticItcouldleadtoslowergrowthofthenationalWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthetradedataofthepasttwoItindicatesthateconomicactivitiesintheU.S.haveItshowsthatU.S.economyisslippingfurtherintoItsignalsdecreasingdomesticdemandforgoodsandItreflectsthefluctuationsintheinternationalWhoparticularlybenefitfr

11、omtherisingvolumeofPeoplewhohaveexpertiseininternationalConsumerswhofavorimportedgoodsandProducersofagriculturalgoodsandrawRetailersdealinginforeigngoodsandWhatisoneofthechallengesfacingtheAmericanCompetitionfromC)SlacktradePeoplesreluctancetoD)DecreasingWhatistheauthorsadvicetoU.S.companiesandToimp

12、ortmorecheapgoodsfromdevelopingTomovetheircompaniestowherelaborisToincreasetheirmarketshareTobealerttofluctuationsinforeignPassageQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingA recurring criticism of the UKs university sector is its perceived weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and servi

13、ces.Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system.However,wedohavet

14、ochallengetheunthinkingcomplaintthatthesectordoesnotdoenoughintakingideastomarket. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the UK now leads on many indicators

15、of commercialization activity.Whenviewedatthenationallevel,thepolicyinterventionsofthepastdecadehavehelpedtransformtheperformanceof UKuniversities.EvidencesuggeststheUKspositionismuchstrongerthanintherecentpastandisstillshowingimprovement. But national data masksthevery large variation in theperform

16、ance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders.This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the UK and is mirrored across other economies. In the UK, research c

17、oncentrated: less than 25% of universities receive 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also institutionsproducingthegreatestshareofPhDgraduates,sciencecitations,patentsandlicenseincome.Theeffectofpolicies generating longterm resource concentration has also created a distinctive

18、set of universities which are researchled and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialisation work creates differences between universities.Thecoreobjectiveforuniversitieswhichareresearchledmustbetomaximisetheimpactoftheirresearchefforts.These universitie

19、s should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise in order to build greater confidence in the sector.Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next generation of researc

20、h commercialisation spilling out of our universities. There are three dozen universities in the UK which are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialisation work.If there was a greater coordination of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous investment in th

21、e scale and functions of our graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a key role in positioning the UK for the next growth cycle.2 WhatdoestheauthorthinkofUKuniversitiesintermsofTheyfailtoconvertknowledgeintoTheydonotregarditastheirTheystillhaveaplaceamongtheworldTheyhavelosttheirleadi

22、ngpositioninmanyWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthenationaldataonUKuniversitiesperformanceinItmasksthefatalweaknessesofgovernmentItdoesnotrankUKuniversitiesinascientificItdoesnotreflectthedifferencesamongItindicatestheirineffectiveuseofgovernmentWecaninferfromParagraph5thatpolicyinterventions(Line1,Para.4)

23、referstogovernmentaidtononresearchorientedcompulsorycooperationbetweenuniversitiesandfairdistributionoffundingforuniversitiesandresearchconcentrationofresourcesinalimitednumberofWhatdoestheauthorsuggestresearchleduniversitiesPublicisetheirresearchtowininternationalFullyutilisetheirresearchtobenefita

24、llsectorsofGenerouslysharetheirfacilitieswiththoseshortofSpreadtheirinfluenceamongtopresearchHowcantheuniversitysectorplayakeyroleintheUKseconomicByestablishingmoreregionaltechnologytransferByaskingthegovernmenttoinvestintechnologytransferBypromotingtechnologytransferandgraduateschoolByincreasingthe

25、efficiencyoftechnologytransfer【2009 6 CET6 Section B PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingFor hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龜) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and m

26、arine biologists to track them, or volunteerstohandcarrythehatchlings幼龜downtothewatersedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawl towards a motel parking lot instead. A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on Atlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaid

27、tothem,youdthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottoBut Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much

28、 as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North A

29、tlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to “endangered”meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help.Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway? It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles

30、 for the weeks they spend on land (as egglaying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean. “The threat is from commercial fishing,” says Griffin. Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and long line fishers (which can de

31、ploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles.Of course, like every other environmental issue today, this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtle

32、s lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs (恐龍) will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descend

33、ants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.2 Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthathumanactivitieshavechangedthewayturtlesefforts have been made to protect turtles from dying out Cgovernment bureaucracy has contributed to turtles extinction Dmarinebiologistsarelookingforthesec

34、retofturtlesreproductionWhatdoestheauthormeanby“Natureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness”(Line1,Para.NatureisquitefairregardingthesurvivalofTurtlesarebynatureindifferenttohumanThecourseofnaturewillnotbechangedbyhumanTheturtlepopulationhasdecreasedinspiteofhumanWhatconstitutesamajorthreattothesurv

35、ivalofturtlesaccordingtoElizabethTheir inadequate food supply.BUnregulatedcommercialfishing. CTheir lower reproductively ability.DContamination of sea waterHowdoesglobalwarmingaffectthesurvivalofItthreatensthesandybeachesonwhichtheylayThechangingclimatemakesitdifficultfortheireggstoTherisingsealevel

36、smakeitharderfortheirhatchlingstoIttakesthemlongertoadapttothehighbeachThelastsentenceofthepassageismeanttopersuadehumanbeingstoshowmoreaffectionforstressthateventhemostuglyspeciesshouldbecallforeffectivemeasurestoensureseaturtleswarnourdescendantsabouttheextinctionofPassageTwoQuestions57to61arebase

37、donthefollowingThere are few more sobering online activities than entering data into collegetuition calculators and gasping as the Web spitsbackasixfiguresum.Buteconomistssayfamiliesabouttogointodebttofundfouryearsofpartying,aswellasstudying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is

38、 an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the “l(fā)abormarket premium to skill”or the amount graduates earned thats greater than what highschool graduate earneddecreased for much of the 20th century, but come back with a vengeance

39、(報(bào)復(fù)性地) since the 1980s. In 2005, The typical fulltime yearround U.S. worker with a fouryear college degree earned $50,900, 62% more than the $31,500 earned by a worker with only a highschool diploma.Theresnoquestionthatgoingtocollegeisasmarteconomicchoice.Butalookatthestrangevariationsintuitionrevea

40、ls that the choice about which college to attend doesnt come down merely to dollars and cents. Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $49,260 in 200708) yield a 40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an outofstate student ($35,542)? Probably no

41、t. Does being an outofstate student at the University of Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an instate student ($17,380) there? Not likely.No, in this consumerist age, most buyers arent evaluating college as an investment, but rather as a consumer product like a car or clo

42、thes or a house. And with such purchases, price is only one of many crucial factors to consider.As with automobiles, consumers in todays college marketplace have vast choices, and people search for the one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets. This accounts fo

43、r the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences (such as attending a private liberalarts college or going to an outofstate public school that has a great marinebiology program). And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of money on very different cars, co

44、llege students (or, more accurately, their parents) often show a willingness to pay essentially the same priceforvastlydifferentproducts.Sowhichisit?Iscollegeaninvestmentproductlikeastockoraconsumerproductlikeacar? In keeping with the automotive worlds hottest consumer trend, maybe its best to chara

45、cterize it as a hybrid (混合動(dòng)力汽車); an expensive consumer product that, over time, will pay rich dividends.2 WhatstheopinionofeconomistsaboutgoingtoHugeamountsofmoneyisbeingwastedoncampusItdoesntpaytorunintodebttoreceiveacollegeCollegeeducationisrewardinginspiteofthestartlingGoingtocollegedoesntnecessa

46、rilybringtheexpectedThetwoHarvardeconomistsnoteintheirstudythat,formuchofthe20thcentury,enrollmentkeptdecreasinginvirtuallyallAmericancollegesanduniversities Bthe labor market preferred highschool to college graduatescompetitionforuniversityadmissionswasfarmorefiercethanthegapbetweentheearningsofcol

47、legeandhighschoolgraduatesStudentswhoattendaninstatecollegeoruniversitycansave more on tuitionBreceive a better education Ctake more liberalarts coursesDavoidtravelinglongdistancesInthisconsumeristage,mostparentsregardcollegeeducationasawiseplaceapremiumontheprestigeofthethinkitcrucialtosendtheirchi

48、ldrentoconsidercollegeeducationaconsumerWhatisthechiefconsiderationwhenstudentschooseacollegeTheiremploymentprospectsaftersatisfyingexperiencewithintheirCItsfacilitiesandlearningDItsrankingamongsimilar【2013 12 CET6 SectionPassageAmong the governments most interesting reports is one that estimates wh

49、at parents spend on their children. Not surprisingly, the costs are steep. For a middleclass, husbandandwife family (average pretax income in 2009: $76,250), spending per child is about $12,000 a year. With inflation the familys spending on a child will total $286,050 by age 17.Thedrystatisticsought

50、toinformtheongoingdeficitdebate,becauseabudgetisnotjustacatalogofprogramsandtaxes. It reflects a societys priorities and values. Our society does not despite rhetoric (說辭) to the contraryput much value on raising children. Present budget policies tax parents heavily to support the elderly. Meanwhile

51、, tax breaks for children are modest. If deficit reduction aggravates these biases, more Americans may choose not to have children or to have fewer children. Down that path lies economic decline.Societies that cannot replace their populations discourage investment and innovation. They have stagnant

52、(蕭條的) or shrinking markets for goods and services. With older populations, they resist change. To stabilize its populationdiscounting immigrationwomen must have an average of two children. Thats a fertility rate of 2.0.Many countries with struggling economies are well below that.Though having a chil

53、d is a deeply personal decision, its shaped by culture, religion, economics, and government policy. “No one has a good answer” as to why fertility varies among countries, says sociologist Andrew Cherlin of The Johns Hopkins University. Eroding religious belief in Europe may partly explain lowered bi

54、rthrates. In Japan young women may be rebelling against their mothers isolated lives of child rearing. General optimism and pessimism count. Hopefulness fueled Americas baby boom. After the Soviet Unionscollapse, saysCherlin, “anxiety for the future” depressed birthrates in Russia and Eastern In poo

55、r societies, people have children to improve their economic wellbeing by increasing the number of family workers and providing supports for parents in their old age. In wealthy societies, the logic often reverses. Government now supports the elderly, diminishing the need for children. By some studie

56、s, the safety nets for retirees have reduced fertility rates by 0.5 childrenintheUnitedStatesandalmost1.0inWesternEurope,reportseconomistRobertSteininthejournalNationalAffairs. Similarly,somecouplesdonthavechildrenbecausetheydontwanttosacrificetheirownlifestylestothelimeandexpenseof a family.Young A

57、mericans already face a bleak labor market that cannot instill (注入) confidence about having children. Piling on higher taxes wont help, “If higher taxes make it more expensive to raise children,” says Nicholas Eberstadt of the AmericanEnterpriseInstitute,“peoplewillthinktwiceabouthavinganotherchild.

58、”Thatseemslikecommonsense,despitethemultiple influences on becoming parents.注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2WhatdowelearnfromthegovernmentInflationincreasesfamiliesB)RaisingchildrenisgettingC)BudgetreductioninaroundtheD)AveragefamilyexpenditureisWhatissaidtobetheconsequenceofashrinkingWeakenednationalC)EconomicIncrea

59、sedD)SocialWhataccountedforAmericasbabyOptimismfortheC)ReligiousImprovedlivingD)EconomicWhydopeopleinwealthycountriesprefertohavefewerTheywanttofurtherimprovetheireconomicTheycannotaffordthetimeandexpensesofrearingTheyareconcernedaboutthefutureofthecomingTheydontrelyontheirchildrentosupporttheminold

60、WhatistheauthorspurposeinwritingtheToinstillconfidenceintheyoungaboutraisingB)ToadvisecouplestothinktwicebeforehavingC)ToencouragetheyoungtotakecareoftheD)ToappealfortaxreductionforraisingPassageSpace exploration has always been the province of dreamers: The human imagination readily soars where hum