科技英語論文寫作(一)課件

1、科技英語論文寫作 由于文化的差異和英語語言本身的特點，英語科技論文寫作雖然在目的性上與用其它語言形式的科技論文寫作是相同的，但是還有其自己的語言特征、文體要求和格式變化?？萍颊撐捏w例因?qū)W科不同、研究項目、過程和結(jié)果不同，科技論文可以有多種寫作方法和體例結(jié)構(gòu)。從20世紀20年代開始，科技工作者從大量的論文中，總結(jié)出了其表達方式的共同規(guī)律，逐步形成了一種較為嚴密而又符合邏輯的慣用格式；從此，雖然各種論文所涉及的內(nèi)容各不相同，論證的方法各有差異，實驗的方法與手段相差很大，但是論文由哪些部分組成已有規(guī)范可循；其常見的構(gòu)成格式有：標題、署名、作者單位(通常在第一頁底端的黑線下還要簡要介紹作者的姓名、年齡

2、、職稱、學(xué)位等內(nèi)容）、摘要、關(guān)鍵詞、引言、正文，結(jié)論、致謝、腳注、參考文獻和附錄等。標題標題的作用：讓讀者了解論文的研究領(lǐng)域，本文區(qū)別于其他研究的特征；協(xié)助檢索一個令人滿意的標題，既不要過于概括，以至流于空泛，一般化；也不宜過于繁瑣，使人得不出鮮明印象，難于記憶和引證。標題要避免使用籠統(tǒng)、空泛、冗長、模棱兩可、夸張、華而不實以及與同類論文題目雷同的字眼。 標題_書寫格式(1)1. 開頭第一個字母大寫，專有名詞大寫，其余全部小寫。Overview of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in slurry reactorsAn experimental study on gra

3、vity blending silo with an inner downcomerSteam reforming of hydrocarbon fuels標題_書寫格式(3)全部字母大寫RUNAWAY PHENOMENON FOR PARALLEL REACTIONS IN FIXED BED CATALYTIC REACTORSSTYDY ON THE ATTRITION OF IRON CATALYST IN SLURRY F-T SYNTHESISPHASE EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN FLUOROTHENE AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS標題_書寫格式(4)第1、

4、2種形式最常用，普遍用于各種刊物和文摘雜志一般主張采用第1種形式，可讀性較強第3種形式一般用于計算機檢索系統(tǒng)，比較難讀標題_注意事項(1)1. 標題不宜太長，也不宜太短標題太長易顯繁瑣，不易引起讀者興趣，太短則易流于籠統(tǒng)、空泛甚至模糊。一般不超過20個詞，控制在12個詞左右為宜。英美科技期刊要求題目不超過12個詞或100個字符（包括間隔在內(nèi)）。標題_注意事項(2)Solubility Studies (太籠統(tǒng)）Solubility of Fluorothene （模糊）A Study of the Phase Equilibria Between Fluorothene and Some So

5、lvents Such as Dibuty/Phthalate And Chlorotrifluoroethylene at Elevated Temperature (冗長、繁瑣）Phase Equilibria Between Fluorothene and Organic Solvents （簡明、具體）標題_注意事項(3)如果一個短標題不足以概括文章的內(nèi)容，可考慮增加副標題，兩者之間用冒號分開。如果是系列文章，可采用多報形式。e.g.Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia synthesis catalyst: Determina

6、tion of shape factorStudy on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia synthesis catalyst: Experimental measurement of fix-bed heat-transfer parameters 標題_注意事項(5)3. 標題必須包括主要的關(guān)鍵詞。標題的主要目的有二：一是吸引可能的讀者，二是協(xié)助檢索。因此一定要包含一些關(guān)鍵詞，標題應(yīng)該盡可能多的提供計算機題目檢索所需要的信息。4. 選用文章內(nèi)容所允許的、盡可能準確的術(shù)語。例如:使用“a vanadium-iron alloy”,而不是“a ma

7、gnetic alloy”。 標題_注意事項(6)5. 標題中開頭的冠詞可以省去(The) application of microprocessors on processing of chemical heat-treatment6. 標題中所有的術(shù)語都應(yīng)該拼寫，而不要用俗語、符號、公式、略語以及縮寫詞，在可能的情況下，能夠用詞匯，就不要用帶有上標、下標或其他符號的表達式。不要引用公司的名稱、特定的商標，或者化學(xué)品、藥物、材料及儀器的品牌。標題_注意事項(8)正式發(fā)表的論文中，編輯會在標題右上方打一個*，然后在本頁的腳注（footnote）中注明論文收到時間及修改后寄達時間。我國雜志中還包

8、括聯(lián)系人、第一作者簡介，某某基金資助等等信息。 Manuscript received Mar. 11, 2002; revised Nov. 22, 2002 To whom correspondence should be address. Corresponding author. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China署名作者姓名作者的姓名要用全稱（full name）外國人的姓名分三部分： 教名Christian name, first name, given name, forename 中間名mi

9、ddle name 姓surname, family name, last name中國人的姓名應(yīng)根據(jù)中國人的習(xí)慣，按漢語的順序以漢語拼音寫出Transfer Characteristics in Mechanically Stirred Airlift Loop Reactors with or Without Static MixersL Xiaoping, Wang Yanru署名在多名作者時，名字以逗號分開，最后兩位作者的名字以and相連。Li Gang, Liu Ming, Zhang Yiqi and Wang Xinyi若名字是三個字，后兩個可以用縮寫形式給出。作者單位論文作者的

10、工作單位（institution） 作者的工作單位一般直接標在作者的姓名下。如果作者分屬不同的單位，應(yīng)注明:Cao Yiwei1, Chai Xiaodan1, Desce M.B.2 and Lehn J. M.21 Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China, 1100002 Chimie des Interactions molecularies, College de France, Paris, France1.食品塑料包裝材料污染物遷移的研究進展 2.蘆丁與牛血清白蛋白的相互作用研究3.生物質(zhì)型

11、煤的燃燒與固硫特性研究4.300噸/年對羥基苯甲酸丁酯生產(chǎn)車間工藝設(shè)計5.煤礦乏風(fēng)的預(yù)熱催化氧化試驗研究1.Progress on contaminants migration from food plastic packing materials2.StudyonthebindinginteractionbetweenrutinandBSAStudyonCombustionCharacteristicsandSulfurRetentionofBio-briquette4.The plant process design of 300 tons/year butyl P-hydroxybenz

12、oate production5.ExperimentalStudyofCoalMineVentilationAirMethanePreheatCatalyticOxidation摘要摘要的英文術(shù)語及概念摘要的英文術(shù)語原來有兩個詞匯，一個是abstract，一個是summary。“過去時”：summary一次文獻的文摘（作者自寫的提要），專門介紹論文的實質(zhì)性內(nèi)容。abstract二次文摘（他人為文獻編寫的濃縮格式），介紹論文的大致內(nèi)容。摘要Abstract 中文有二種說法: 文摘獨立存在，單獨出版，如SCI、EI、CA等 摘要與原文在一起共同點：從原文中抽出主題內(nèi)容，以簡練的文字寫寫成，只是準

13、確、扼要地表述原文內(nèi)容，不加以解釋或評論。以下統(tǒng)稱為摘要摘要_類型按對原文的壓縮程度，摘要一般分為三類：指示性或說明性摘要（indicative or descriptive abstract）資料性或報道性摘要（informative abstract）報道指示性摘要（informative- indicative abstract）按摘要內(nèi)容，大致分為三類：論著摘要綜述摘要專利摘要摘要_應(yīng)具備的要素簡明扼要（conciseness）:去除文獻中的次要材料或輔助細節(jié)?？陀^公正（objectivity）:摘要中不應(yīng)有原文中沒有的信息資料。全面完整（completeness）:要包括主題思想，主

14、要資料，結(jié)論或建議。摘要_指示性摘要指示性摘要（indicative or descriptive abstract），也稱說明性摘要，只向讀者指出文獻的主要內(nèi)容是什么，主要概括論文的涉及范圍、研究方向和研究目的，以便讀者決定是否有必要閱讀全文。因此，說明性摘要的篇幅較短，一般詞數(shù)在50詞以內(nèi)。這類摘要主是泛泛敘述，不涉及實質(zhì)問題，所以一般在科研論文中不予使用，只刊登在文獻索引這類期刊中，也可用于討論性文章、綜述性文章、圖書或某些會議論文集。摘要_指示性摘要This paper presents an analysis of principles of magnetic refrigerati

15、on with application to air conditioning. A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented. Conclusion concerning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.Cooling water requirements in the petroleum refining, oil shale retorting, co

16、al liquefaction, and coal gasification industries are described.摘要_資料性摘要資料性摘要（informative abstract）是原文內(nèi)容要點的總結(jié)，盡量多而完整地報道原文獻中的具體內(nèi)容，涉及論文的主題范圍、研究對象（裝置、流程、工藝、材料等）及原理、所使用的研究手段和方法、主要研究結(jié)果和結(jié)論、以及建議等方面的內(nèi)容，并列出主要數(shù)據(jù)、公式、圖表。反映論文的基本面貌，一般情況下能夠代替閱讀論文全文。這類摘要適用于研究或試驗報告、研究論文及專題論文。此類文摘篇幅稍長，一般為100250詞，多者可達500詞1000詞。摘要_資料性摘

17、要Selective oxidation kinetics of n-butane to maleic anhydride in air were studied over a commercial, fixed-bed vanadium-phosphor oxide catalyst. The temperature range was 573-653 K with butane concentrations up to 3 mol % in the feed, which is within flammability limits but below ignition temperatur

18、es.The rate data were modeled using power low kinetics with product inhibition and included total oxidation and decomposition reactions. Kinetic parameters were estimated using a multiresponse, nonlinear regression algorithm showing intercorrelation effects. The kinetics were combined with independe

19、nt measurements of catalyst diffusivity and reactor heat transfer using a one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model. Model predictions and observed temperatures and concentrations from non-isothermal pilot plants compared up to 115 days on stream. Agreement was acceptable with inlet butane concent

20、rations up to 2.7 mol %. For example, runaway was predicted at a temperature 3 K higher than observed. Effectiveness factors around the hot spot were estimated at o.6 with catalyst surface temperature 2-3 K higher than average gas temperature.摘要_報道指示性摘要對文獻中的基本內(nèi)容作較為詳盡的報道性介紹，對其它部分則作指示性的表述。以最短的篇幅傳遞最大信息

21、量。摘要_報道指示性摘要Baffle effects on the performance of a catalytic fluidized bed reactor were examined experimentally. The circulating fluidized bed reactor or riser was 102 mm in diameter and 6.32 m in height. Reaction was the catalytic decomposition of ozone using FCC particles with a mean diameter of 8

22、9 um, impregnated with ferric oxide as catalyst. Four ring-type baffles, mounted horizontally around the riser wall, were used in this study. Ozone concentrations were measured in both axial and radial directions under various operating conditions in a riser with baffles, the ozone concentration in

23、the radial direction was more uniform and the ozone conversion was higher than that in a riser without baffles except at the lowest gas velocity used. A mathematical model developed accounted for the gas-phase ozone conversion under various operating conditions. The gas-solid contact efficiency in t

24、he riser was discussed in light of the model. 摘要_論著摘要論著摘要包括期刊論文、會議論文、技術(shù)報告、學(xué)位論文、專著等的摘要，內(nèi)容通常有四個方面： 研究的目的和范圍 研究的方法 研究的結(jié)果 作者對研究的主要結(jié)論摘要_論著摘要A major difficulty affecting the control of product quality in industrial polymerization reactors is the lack of suitable on-line polymer property measurements. In t

25、his article a scheme is developed to predict melt index and density in a fluidized-bed ethylene copolymerization reactor. Theoretically-based models are derived to predict quality variables from the available on-line temperature and gas composition measurements. Adjustable parameters in these models

26、 are updated on-line using infrequent laboratory measurements and a recursive parameter estimation technique. The application of this methodology is illustrated using operating data from an industrial reactor. It is shown that both melt index and density can be successfully predicted. Knowledge of p

27、roduct property derivations from desired targets is required so that manufacturers can take corrective actions to reduce the quantity of off-grade material made and produce a consistent product. 摘要_綜述摘要綜述通常有專題評述、政策評述和書評等。例如，專題評述是綜合有代表性的材料，對某一專題的方向、特點、效果、研究手段和有關(guān)方法的優(yōu)缺點等予以綜合比較，提出作者的看法。摘要_專利摘要專利摘要是專利說明書

28、的提要，是專利文獻的重要檢索工具。介紹技術(shù)發(fā)明的要點與專利持有人的專利權(quán)范圍。專利摘要屬于專利文獻之一。專利摘要不僅具有科技摘要的一般語言特點，而且具有法律文件的語言特點。例如多用長句，許多專利摘要僅有一、二句，常用wherein, whereby, therein, thereof等詞語連接。摘要_專利摘要A continuous process of producing sodium carbonate peroxide for use in laundry compositions by introducing separate streams of 50-70% hydrogen pe

29、roxide and saturated sodium carbonate solution into a crystallization zone at a pH of 11.5 at about 30 for about 8 hours. The reactants are added in essentially 3.2 molar proportions. Before use, sodium carbonate is freed of iron and heavy metal contaminants by treatment with magnesium oxide. The re

30、action is carried out at in the presence of magnesium silicate stabilizer. After separating the product by centrifugation, the mother liquor is concentrated by removal of water by evaporation under vacuum. Fresh charge materials are added to maintain a steady state system.摘要_結(jié)構(gòu)形式（緊扣題旨）緊扣題旨圍繞標題，深化要旨，

31、每一句話都重復(fù)標題中的一、二個關(guān)鍵詞。Corrosion of copper by soft water with different content of humic substances and various temperaturesAn investigation on corrosion of copper in soft water has shown that the corrosion rate increases with increasing amount of humic substances and with increased additions of CO2. In

32、 hot water, the corrosion rate increases with increasing temperature to a maximum. In water without humic substances, the corrosion maximum is at about 50 and seem to shift towards higher temperatures in water with humic substances. The decreases in corrosion rate at higher temperature may be due to

33、 the formation of copper oxide on the metal surface.摘要_結(jié)構(gòu)形式（橫向展開）橫向展開從橫向不同角度來闡明主題，多層次、多線索的敘述 Heat recovery from gas and liquid in different temperature ranges(1) There are many ways of saving energy in industrial process. (2) Mentioning several of industry as examples, the author shows how utilizati

34、on of energy in industrial processes can be improved by heat recovery and the use of waste heat. (3) Cost aspects and profitability are outlined. (4) Measures designed to utilize the heat content of vapours as produced in the processing of foodstuffs are described. (5) The author further outlines an

35、d evaluated possibilities for process improvements and production increase in a light alloy melting furnace.摘要_結(jié)構(gòu)形式（總起分述）總起分述文摘的前一、二句說明論題的背景、條件、作用、意義等，接下來分門別類，呈平行的層次敘述。Study of extraction techniques for heavy metals in the evaluation of aquatic sedimentsThe principle of assessing the usefulness of c

36、hemical extraction techniques are discussed. A suitable general procedure is as follows, on the assumption that the geology of aquatic sediments in polluted and less polluted areas is similar. (1) Extract total heavy metals from sediment samples in polluted area by a method recommended by the Enviro

37、nment Agency, Japan. (2) Extract soluble heavy metals from sediment samples of step 1 with a proposed technique. (3) Calculate the 50% non-excess probability from the difference of analytical results of step 1 and 2. (4) Extract total heavy metals from sediment samples in a less polluted area by the

38、 method of step 1. Calculate the range of distribution of heavy metal concentrations.摘要_結(jié)構(gòu)形式（上下勾連）上下勾連與論文段落相似，句子之間邏輯關(guān)系緊密。Use of blast furnace gas at temperature below 0(1) In terms of quality, blast furnace top gas is classified as lean gas. (2) Lean gases have a low heating value and are of low grade owing to the high nitrogen content. (3)Their unstable ignition characteristics deteriorate if during winter the gas drops to temperatures below zero during conveyance. (4) In view of these negative factors, the comb