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住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-西安建筑科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I(帶答案詳解)(圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.不定項(xiàng)選擇題
TheAmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbooks,DoingOurOwnThing,TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLike,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960s’counter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.
Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,WhyWeShouldLike,Care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.
Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onepaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.
1.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish().
2.Theword“talking”(paragraph1)denotes().
3.TowhichofthefollowingstatementsisMcWhortermostlikelytoagree?
4.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s().
5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as().
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms
B.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment
C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture
D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.modesty
B.personality
C.liveliness
D.informality
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.
B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.
C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.
D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.interestintheirlanguage
B.appreciationoftheirefforts
C.admirationfortheirmemory
D.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.“temporary”isto“permanent”
B.“radical”isto“conservative”
C.“functional”isto“artistic”
D.“humble”isto“noble”
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:D
第3題:A
第4題:B
第5題:C
【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由本文最后一段的最后一句話“Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone”(也許這是一種遺憾,但也許是不可避免的)可知,在語言發(fā)展過程中,正式英語的衰落是非常正常的,這段介紹了正式英語的衰落,最后一句話是對這個衰落過程的總結(jié)。A選項(xiàng)“在激進(jìn)的教育改革中是不可避免的”沒有原文依據(jù)、C選項(xiàng)“引發(fā)了反主流文化的爭議”、D選項(xiàng)“在20世紀(jì)60年代改變了公眾的態(tài)度”均說法錯誤,20世紀(jì)60年代反文化運(yùn)動的勝利是正式英語衰落的原因。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
第2題:語義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“talking”定位到第一段第四句話“Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,‘doingourownthing’,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic”(但是,“做我們自己的事”這種對真實(shí)和個人的狂熱已經(jīng)宣告了正式演講、寫作、詩歌和音樂的死亡)再聯(lián)系本段最后一句話“InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft”(在英語口語和書面語中,說勝于演講,自發(fā)性勝于技巧)可以推測talking對應(yīng)的是非正式的意思。A選項(xiàng)“謙遜”、B選項(xiàng)“個性”、C選項(xiàng)“活力”均為干擾項(xiàng),與語義不符。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
第3題:判斷推理題。由題干定位到第二段最后一句話“Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper”(他并不像許多人那樣,認(rèn)為我們不能再正確地思考,因?yàn)槲覀冋f話不恰當(dāng))可知McWhorter認(rèn)為邏輯思維不一定與我們說話的方式有關(guān)。B選項(xiàng)“黑人英語可能比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語更有表現(xiàn)力”說法錯誤,文中提到黑人這樣的非官方語言具有強(qiáng)大的表現(xiàn)力,但沒有與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語作比較;C選項(xiàng)“各種非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人類語言也同樣有趣”;D選項(xiàng)“在所有的變體中,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語最能傳達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想”均為干擾項(xiàng),沒有原文依據(jù)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
第4題:判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“l(fā)oveofmemorizingpoetry”定位到最后一段第二句話“Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful”(麥克沃特先生承認(rèn)正式語言并不是絕對必要的,也沒有提出激進(jìn)的教育改革——他實(shí)際上是在為那些美好而不是有用的東西的喪失而悲傷)可知是表示了對他們努力的欣賞,所以才會對這些事物的喪失感到悲傷。A選項(xiàng)“對他們語言的興趣”說法過于表面,且文中沒有詳細(xì)描述;C選項(xiàng)“對他們記憶的欽佩”沒有原文依據(jù);D選項(xiàng)“蔑視他們的守舊”說法錯誤,沒有體現(xiàn)出蔑視的感情。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
第5題:判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“paperplates”和“china”定位到最后一段第二、三句話“Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish‘onepaperplatesinsteadofchina’.”(麥克沃特先生承認(rèn)正式語言并不是絕對必要的,也沒有提出激進(jìn)的教育改革——他實(shí)際上是在為那些美好而不是有用的東西的喪失而悲傷。我們現(xiàn)在用我們的英語是“一個紙盤子,而不是瓷器”)可知紙盤子是功能型的,而瓷器是藝術(shù)型的,所以是功能與藝術(shù)之間的比較。A選項(xiàng)“暫時的和永久的”;B選項(xiàng)“激進(jìn)的和保守的”;D選項(xiàng)“謙虛的與高尚的”為干擾項(xiàng),不符合語義。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
2.翻譯題
Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseontheAnswerSheet.
Wecannotacceptthegrowingthreatposedbyclimatechange,whichcouldforeverdamagetheworldthatwepassontoourchildren,sowingconflictandfamine,destroyingcoastlinesandemptyingcities.Andthat’swhyallnationsmustnowaccepttheirshareofresponsibilityfortransformingthewaythatweuseenergy.
Wecan’tacceptaworldinwhichmorepeoplearedeniedopportunityanddignitythatallpeopleyearnfor:theabilitytogetaneducationandmakeadecentliving,thesecuritythatyouwon’thavetoliveinfearofdiseaseorviolencewithouthopeforthefuture.
Iknowthesechallengescanbemet,solongasit’srecognizedthattheywillnotbemetbyonepersonoronenationalone.Thisawardisnotsimplyabouttheeffortsofmyadministration;it’saboutthecourageouseffortsofpeoplearoundtheworld.
【答案】我們不能接受氣候變化造成的日益嚴(yán)重的威脅,那可能會永久性地?fù)p害我們傳給子孫后代的這個世界。我們不能播下沖突和饑荒的種子,摧毀海岸線,使城市蕭條。這就是為什么我們所有國家現(xiàn)在必須承擔(dān)各自的責(zé)任,改變我們使用能源的方式。
我們不能接受一個更多人被剝奪機(jī)會和尊嚴(yán)的世界,這種人人渴望的機(jī)會和尊嚴(yán)就是:能夠接受教育,能夠過上體面的生活,有安全感,即你不必在疾病或者暴力恐怖的擔(dān)憂中沒有希望地生活。
我知道這些挑戰(zhàn)是可以應(yīng)對的,只要人們認(rèn)識到這些挑戰(zhàn)不會由一個人或一個國家單獨(dú)應(yīng)對。這個獎項(xiàng)不僅僅是我政府的努力,而是全世界人民的勇敢努力。
3.單選題
Chinesefarmersaremostlylivingasimpleandthriftylifeasitistoday.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.miserable
B.economical
C.luxurious
D.sensible
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。thrifty“節(jié)儉的;節(jié)約的”;A選項(xiàng)miserable“悲慘的;痛苦的”;B選項(xiàng)economical“經(jīng)濟(jì)的;節(jié)儉的”;C選項(xiàng)luxurious“奢侈的;豐富的;放縱的”;D選項(xiàng)sensible“明智的;合乎情理的;意識到的”。句意:中國農(nóng)民大多像今天這樣過著簡單節(jié)儉的生活。根據(jù)句中“simple簡單的”可知thrifty在這里的意思為“節(jié)儉的”,因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
4.單選題
Thepreservedfoodshouldretainpalatableappearance,flavor,andtexture,aswellasitsoriginalnutritionalvalue.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.tasty
B.stylish
C.delicate
D.notable
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。palatable“美味的,可口的;愉快的”;A選項(xiàng)tasty“美味的;高雅的;有趣的”;B選項(xiàng)stylish“時髦的;現(xiàn)代風(fēng)格的;瀟灑的”;C選項(xiàng)delicate“微妙的;精美的;柔和的;易碎的”;D選項(xiàng)notable“值得注意的,顯著的;著名的”。句意:腌制食品應(yīng)保持其可口的外觀、風(fēng)味和質(zhì)地,以及原有的營養(yǎng)價值。題干提到“preservedfood腌制的食物”和“flavor,andtexture味道和質(zhì)地”,可推知palatable在這里“有美味的”的意思,因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
5.不定項(xiàng)選擇題
Muchoftheworld’selectronicwasteisbeingshippedtoChinaforrecyclingandthecottageindustrythathassprunguptheretorecoverusablematerialsfromcomputers,cellphones,televisionsandothergoodsmaybecreatingsignificanthealthandenvironmentalhazards.ScientistsfromChinaandtheUnitedStateshaveidentifiednumeroustoxicelementsintheemissionsfromane-wasterecyclingworkshopinsouthernChina,whichuseslow-techmethodstoseparatereusableelectroniccomponentsfromthecircuitboards.Itisnotanisolatedcase,thescientistspointout:suchmethodsareusedalloverChina.
ResultsoftheirstudyhavebeenpublishedintheJournalAtmosphericEnvironment.
“Themostimmediateproblemisthehealthoftheworkersandthepeoplewholiveinthecity,”saidBerndR.T.Simoneit,aretiredprofessoratOregonStateUniverseandoneoftheauthorsofthestudy.“Butthismayalsobecontributingtoglobalcontamination.Forexample,previousstudieshavefoundcarcinogens(致癌物)inwind-carrieddustfromAsia.”
Simoneitisawidelypublishedscientistwhohasbeeninvolvedinnumerousstudiesidentifyingchemical“signatures”foremissions,includingcoalsmoke,biomassburning,petroleum-basedfuelsandeventheburningofmunicipalrefuse.Byusingmassspectrometers(質(zhì)譜儀)andothersophisticatedinstrumentation,theresearcherscanpinpointthecontributionsofspecificemissionstotheatmosphere.
TheirworkinChinawasconductedinShantouCity,atownof150,000peoplelocatedinsouthernChina’sGuangdongProvince.Theycollectedsamplesduringfourworkingdays,whenworkerswereremovingtheelectroniccomponentsbyheatingthecircuitboardsovergrillsonstovesburningcoalbriquettes(煤塊).
Theworkshophad24stovesalongthreewalls,andanestimatedfivetonsofcircuitboardsstackedalongthefourthwallforprocessing.Workerswouldusethegrillstomeltthesolder,andthenremovereusableportionsofthecircuitry.
TheresearchteamincludedfiveChinesescientistsandSimoneit,whohasdualappointmentsinOSU’sCollegeofOceanicandAtmosphericSciencesandtheDepartmentofChemistry.Theresearchersfoundthatthroughthis“roastingprocess”,numerousorganicchemicals,heavymetals,flameretardantandpersistentorganicpollutantswereemittedintotheairviathesmoke.Thechemicalsignaturecreatedbythisprocessofroastingortoastingcircuitboards“isunmistakable.”
“Thenextstepistoseetowhatextentthisisharmingtheenvironmentandcreatingahealthhazardforboththeworkers,andpeoplelivinginthepathoftheemissions—eitherthroughinhalation,orexposuretotheskin,”Simoneitsaid.“Someofthesechemicalcompoundsmaybecarcinogens;othersmaybejustasharmfulbecametheycanactas‘environmentaldisruptors’,andmayaffectbodyprocessesfromreproductiontoendocrine(內(nèi)分泌的,激素的)function.”
TheChineseauthorsofthestudyareaffiliatedwiththeChineseAcademyofSciencesandincludeleadauthorXinliuiBi,withZhenZhenWang,XinmingWang,GuoyingShengandJiamoFu.
SimoneitalsoisworkingwithscientistsinIndiatoidentifychemicalsignaturesfromtheburningofwireandothermaterials,whichisdonetorecyclecopperandotherminerals.AndheisworkinginSaudiArabiaonadifferentproblem—helpingdevelop“greenchemistry”methodsforrecyclingthatcountry’smassiveurbanwastetocreatemethane.
1.Thepassagemainlytellsusthat().
2.Thethirdparagraphindicates().
3.Themeaningoftheunderlinedwordinparagraph7isclosestto().
4.Wecaninferfromthelastsentence().
5.WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Chinarecyclesthelargestamountofthee-wasteintheworld
B.notonlyAsiabutalsootherplacesintheworldareinfluencedbythedevelopmentofsuchindustryinanegativeway
C.theburningofthee-wasteisbadforpeople’shealth
D.theburningofthee-wasteisbadfortheenvironment
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.thatsuchworkshopscanonlydogreatharmtothelocalpeople
B.thatsuchworkshopscandogreatharmtoboththelocalpeopleandpeopleinotherplaces
C.thatsuchworkshopscanimmediatelyinfluencepeople’slives
D.thatpeopleinAsiacanbeinfectedwithcancer
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.plain
B.likely
C.undoubted
D.surely
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.thatscientistshavebeenworkingveryhardtosolvetheprobleminSaudiArabia
B.thatthescientisthelpstheproductionofmethaneinSaudiArabia
C.thattheprobleminSaudiArabiaisdifferentfromthatoftheothercountries
D.thattheseeminglyuselesswastecanbeturnedintousefulenergy
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.TheworkshopinShantoucityispoorlyequippedforrecyclingthee-waste.
B.The“roastingprocess”mayproducealargeamountofharmfulpollutants.
C.Chinahasbeensounderdevelopedthatpeopleusesolow-techmethodstodealwithe-wastes.
D.Peoplemaygetharmedeitherbybreathingthepollutedairorbyexposingtheirskintoit.
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:B
第3題:C
第4題:C
第5題:C
【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。由本題題干可定位到第三段,由教授和研究者的話“Themostimmediateproblemisthehealthoftheworkersandthepeoplewholiveinthecity”,“Butthismayalsobecontributingtoglobalcontamination”(最緊迫的問題是工人和城市居民的健康,但這也可能是造成全球污染的原因之一)可知不僅僅是亞洲,全球很多地區(qū)都受到了負(fù)面影響。A選項(xiàng)“中國是世界上回收電子垃圾最多的國家”在文中沒有依據(jù);C選項(xiàng)“燃燒電子垃圾對人們的健康有害”、D選項(xiàng)“燃燒電子垃圾對環(huán)境有害”說法是正確的,但不是文章的大意,不能概括燃燒電子垃圾的全部負(fù)面影響。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
第2題:判斷推理題。由本題題干可定位到第三段“Themostimmediateproblemisthehealthoftheworkersandthepeoplewholiveinthecity”,“Butthismayalsobecontributingtoglobalcontamination”(最緊迫的問題是工人和城市居民的健康,但這也可能是造成全球污染的原因之一)可知不僅僅是對當(dāng)?shù)氐木用裼杏绊?,甚至對全球其他地方也造成了不好的影響,所以這種產(chǎn)業(yè)對當(dāng)?shù)睾推渌胤降娜硕加泻艽蟮奈:Α選項(xiàng)“這種產(chǎn)業(yè)只會對當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣裨斐蓸O大的傷害”說法錯誤,還對全球其他地方的人也造成了傷害;C選項(xiàng)“這種產(chǎn)業(yè)可以立即影響人們的生活”說法錯誤,“立即”過于絕對;D選項(xiàng)“亞洲人可能會感染癌癥”與第三段的內(nèi)容無關(guān)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
第3題:語義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“unmistakable”定位到第七段最后一句話“Thechemicalsignaturecreatedbythisprocessofroastingortoastingcircuitboards‘isunmistakable’”(這種烘烤或烘烤電路板的過程所產(chǎn)生的化學(xué)特征是不會弄錯的)可知劃線單詞表示的是肯定的意思。unmistakable“明顯的;不會弄錯的”;A選項(xiàng)plain“簡單的;樸素的”;B選項(xiàng)likely“很可能的;合適的;有希望的”,代表可能性,但不十分確定;C選項(xiàng)undoubted“無疑的;確信的”;D選項(xiàng)surely“當(dāng)然;無疑;堅(jiān)定地;穩(wěn)當(dāng)?shù)亍睘楦痹~,劃線處為形容詞,所以排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
第4題:判斷推理題。由題干定位本文最后一句話“AndheisworkinginSaudiArabiaonadifferentproblem—helpingdevelop‘greenchemistry’methodsforrecyclingthatcountry’smassiveurbanwastetocreatemethane”(他還在沙特阿拉伯從事另一個問題的研究——開發(fā)“綠色化學(xué)”方法,回收該國大量城市垃圾產(chǎn)生甲烷)可知,另一個問題即表示沙特阿拉伯的問題是與其他地區(qū)的問題不同的;A選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家們一直在努力解決沙特阿拉伯的這個問題”,科學(xué)家在從事研究,但沒有提到一直致力于解決沙特阿拉伯的問題;B選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家?guī)椭程匕⒗a(chǎn)甲烷”說法錯誤,是幫助回收,而不是生產(chǎn);D選項(xiàng)“看似無用的廢物可以轉(zhuǎn)化為有用的能源”在原文沒有依據(jù),只是在研究,還沒有成功。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
第5題:判斷推理題。A選項(xiàng)“汕頭市的這家工廠設(shè)備簡陋,無法回收電子垃圾”,由本文第五、六段可知,在汕頭的處理工作極其耗時和繁雜;B選項(xiàng)“‘焙燒過程’可能產(chǎn)生大量有害污染物”、D選項(xiàng)“人們可能會因?yàn)楹粑廴镜目諝饣虮┞对谖廴镜目諝庵卸艿絺Α本f法正確。C選項(xiàng)“中國一直是如此不發(fā)達(dá),以至于人們使用如此低技術(shù)含量的方法來處理電子垃圾”說法錯誤,文中只提到了汕頭,而且“一直”這個說法過于絕對。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
6.單選題
Thecoalitionpartieshaveaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderusingmorefundstohelpsupporttheailingmarket.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.rapidlyexpanding
B.steadilyimproving
C.makingchanges
D.havingdifficulties
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。橫線單詞ailing意為“生病的,身體不舒服的;病態(tài)的;處境困難的”;A選項(xiàng)“rapidlyexpanding”意為“迅速擴(kuò)大的”;B選項(xiàng)“steadilyimproving”意為“穩(wěn)定提高的”;C選項(xiàng)“makingchanges”意為“交換;更改”;D選項(xiàng)“havingdifficulties”意為“有困難的”。句意:聯(lián)合政黨已要求政府考慮動用更多資金,幫助支撐低迷的市場。由題干可知,thegovernmenttoconsiderusingmorefundstohelpsupportthemarket(政府考慮動用更多資金幫助支撐市場),可以推測出市場的情況不好,出現(xiàn)了困難。由此可知,ailing在此處最可能是“處境困難的”的意思。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。
7.單選題
Inadivorce,themotherusuallyisgranted()ofherchildren.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.support
B.retention
C.perseverance
D.custody
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)support“支持;供養(yǎng);支持者”;B選項(xiàng)retention“保留;扣留,滯留”;C選項(xiàng)perseverance“堅(jiān)持不懈;不屈不撓”;D選項(xiàng)custody“保管;監(jiān)護(hù);拘留;撫養(yǎng)權(quán)”。句意:在離婚中,母親通常獲得子女的撫養(yǎng)權(quán)。由關(guān)鍵詞“divorce離婚”可知“撫養(yǎng)權(quán)”符合語境,因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
8.單選題
Abovethetreesarethehills,()magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.where
B.ofwhose
C.whose
D.which
【答案】C
【解析】語法題——whose引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句。whose是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式,在從句中作定語。whose通常指人,也可指動物或無生命的事物。主句為“Abovethetreesarethehills”,從句的主語應(yīng)為“山的綺麗景色”,原句為theriverfaithfullyreflectsthehill’smagnificenceonthesurface。句意:在樹林的高處是山,其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
9.不定項(xiàng)選擇題
AtimelystudyinthejournalHumanFactorssuggestswhytextingwhiledrivingisriskierthantalkingonacellphoneorwithanotherpassenger.Ergonomics(人類工程學(xué))researchersattheUniversityofUtahfoundthattextersinadrivingsimulatorhadmorecrashes,respondedmoreslowlytobrakelightsoncarsinfrontofthem,andshowedmoreimpairmentinforwardandlateralcontrolthandiddriverswhotalkedonacellphonewhiledrivingordrovewithouttexting.ResearchersFrankDrewsandcolleaguesfoundevidencethatattentionpatternsdifferfordriverswhotextversusthosewhoconverseonacellphone.Inthelattercase,theresearcherssay,“driversapparentlyattempttodivideattentionbetweenaphoneconversationanddriving,adjustingtheprocessingpriorityofthetwoactivitiesdependingontaskdemands.”Buttextingrequiresdriverstoswitchtheirattentionfromonetasktotheother.Whensuchattention-switchingoccursasdriverscompose,read,orreceiveatext,theiroverallreactiontimesaresubstantiallyslowerthanwhenthey’reengagedinaphoneconversation.Thetypeoftextingactivityalsoappearstomakeadifference;inthisstudy,readingmessagesaffectedbrakingtimesmorethandidcomposingthem.
Thehazardsoftextingwhiledrivingcontinuetoreceivebroadnationalandinternationalattentionasaccidentratesattributedtothispracticeincrease.Asaresult,agrowingnumberofU.S.citiesandstates,aswellasCanadianprovinces,bantextingwhileoperatingavehicle.Drewsetal,notedthataccordingtoCTIA,morethan1trilliontextmessagesweresentin2008intheUnitedStatesalone.Tofindwhyandhowmuchdriversareimpairedduringtexting,theresearchersengaged20menand20womenbetweentheagesof19and23inbothasingletask(straightdriving)andadualtask(drivingandtexting)inahigh-fidelitysimulator.Theparticipants,experiencedtexterswithanaverageof4.75yearsofdrivingexperience,receivedandsentmessageswhiletheresearchersobservedtheirbrakeonsettime,followingdistance,lanemaintenance,andcollisions.
Thecrashriskattributabletotextingissubstantial.Onepossibleexplanationisthatdriverswhotexttendtodecreasetheirminimumfollowingdistanceandalsoexperiencedelayedreactiontime.Forexample,intheDrewsetal.study,drivers’medianreactiontimeincreasedby30%whentheyweretextingand9%whentheytalkedonthephone,comparedwiththeirperformanceinadriving-onlycondition.
Notwithstandingthesafetyriskoftextingwhiledriving,previousresearchbyDrewsandcolleaguesattheUniversityofUtah―nottomentioncrashdataandwidespreadlegislation―makesclearthatusingaphonewhiledrivingisdangerous.
1.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?
2.Atexterwhiledrivingintendsto().
3.Whytextingwhiledrivingismoredangerousthanconversingonacell-phone?
4.Theunderlinedphraseinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto().
5.Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggest?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Comparedwithtalkingonacell-phone,itismoredangeroustotalkwithanotherpassenger.
B.Whiledriving,textingisriskierthantalkingonacell-phone.
C.Moreaccidentshappenedduetotextingwhiledriving.
D.Whiledriving,peopletendtoreactmoreslowlywhentheyaretexting.
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.beabletopayenoughattentiontocarscomingfrombothsidesofhis/hercar
B.keepproperdistancewiththecarinfrontofhis/hers
C.besteadyindrivingalongtheproperlane
D.belessconsciousofthebrakelightsoncarinfrontofhim/hers
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.Becausetextingmaytendtoslowdownthedriver’sreaction.
B.Becausereadingmessagesaffectedbrakingtime.
C.Becauseattention-switchingfortextingisriskierthanisattention-dividingforconversing.
D.Becausecomposingamessagewhiledrivingmaybemorerisky.
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.torepairtheroad
B.keepingtheroadingoodcondition
C.tosticktotheroad
D.drivingsteadilyalongthesamedrivinglane
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.Manycarscrashedduetotheuseofacell-phonewhiledriving.
B.Relativelawsshouldbemade.
C.Textingisasdangerousasistalkingonacell-phone.
D.Textingmayleadtosafetyproblems.
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:D
第3題:C
第4題:D
第5題:D
【解析】第1題:判斷推理題。由題干定位到第一段的第一句話“…whytextingwhiledrivingisriskierthantalkingonacellphoneorwithanotherpassenger”(為什么開車時發(fā)短信比打電話或與其他乘客通話更危險)可知,本文是將發(fā)短信與其他兩者之間進(jìn)行相比,而不是將“與用手機(jī)交談相比,與其他乘客交談更危險”這兩者之間相比,所以A選項(xiàng)符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“開車時發(fā)短信比打電話更危險”、C選項(xiàng)“更多的事故是由開車時發(fā)短信造成的”、D選項(xiàng)“開車時,人們在發(fā)短信時反應(yīng)往往更慢”三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容文中都有提及,所以說法是正確的。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。
第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到第一段的第二句話“…UniversityofUtahfoundthattextersinadrivingsimulatorhadmorecrashes,respondedmoreslowlytobrakelightsoncarsinfrontofthem,andshowedmoreimpairmentinforwardandlateralcontrolthandiddriverswhotalkedonacellphonewhiledrivingordrovewithouttexting”(猶他大學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn),與邊開車邊打電話或開車時不發(fā)短信的司機(jī)相比,在駕駛模擬器中發(fā)短信的人發(fā)生的車禍更多,對前面汽車的剎車燈反應(yīng)更慢,在前進(jìn)和橫向控制方面表現(xiàn)出更大的障礙)可知他們不太在意他/她前面車上的剎車燈。A選項(xiàng)“能夠?qū)乃?她的車的兩邊來的車給予足夠的注意”、B選項(xiàng)“與他/她前面的車保持適當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x”、C選項(xiàng)“在正確的車道上開車要穩(wěn)”三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容沒有原文依據(jù)。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到第一段的第三、四句話“ResearchersFrankDrewsandcolleaguesfoundevidencethatattentionpatternsdifferfordriverswhotextversusthosewhoconverseonacellphone.Inthelattercase,theresearcherssay,‘driversapparentlyattempttodivideattentionbetweenaphoneconversationanddriving,adjustingtheprocessingpriorityofthetwoactivitiesdependingontaskdemands.’”(研究人員FrankDrew及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)短信的司機(jī)和打電話的司機(jī)注意力模式不同。研究人員說,在后一種情況下,“司機(jī)顯然試圖將注意力分散在打電話和開車之間,根據(jù)任務(wù)需求調(diào)整這兩種活動的處理優(yōu)先級”)可知因?yàn)樵诎l(fā)短信時轉(zhuǎn)移注意力比在交談時分散注意力風(fēng)險更大。A選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)榘l(fā)短信可能會減慢司機(jī)的反應(yīng)速度”、B選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樽x取信息會影響制動時間”、D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)檫呴_車邊寫信息可能更危險”三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容說法也都是開車時發(fā)短信的危害,但是不夠全面。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
第4題:語義推測題。由題干定位到第二段最后一句話“Theparticipants,experiencedtexterswithanaverageof4.75yearsofdrivingexperience,receivedandsentmessageswhiletheresearchersobservedtheirbrakeonsettime,followingdistance,lanemaintenance,andcollisions”(參與者是有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的短信用戶,平均有4.75年的駕駛經(jīng)驗(yàn),他們接收和發(fā)送信息,同時研究人員觀察他們的剎車開始時間、跟車距離、沿路行使和碰撞情況)可知lanemaintenance為不變地沿著同樣的駕駛道路駕駛。A選項(xiàng)“修護(hù)道路”、B選項(xiàng)“保持道路狀況良好”、C選項(xiàng)“不偏離道路”語義錯誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
第5題:判斷推理題。由題干定位到最后一段“Notwithstandingthesafetyriskoftextingwhiledriving,previousresearchbyDrewsandcolleaguesattheUniversityofUtah―nottomentioncrashdataandwidespreadlegislation―makesclearthatusingaphonewhiledrivingisdangerous”(盡管開車時發(fā)短信存在安全風(fēng)險,但德魯和他在猶他大學(xué)的同事之前的研究——更不用說撞車數(shù)據(jù)和廣泛的立法——明確表明開車時使用手機(jī)是危險的)可知駕駛時發(fā)短信會導(dǎo)致安全問題。A選項(xiàng)“許多汽車因開車時使用手機(jī)而發(fā)生撞車事故”、B選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該制定相關(guān)的法律”沒有原文依據(jù);C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)短信和打電話一樣危險”錯誤,這兩者之間本文沒有明確表述。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
10.單選題
Icouldn’tworkoutwhyanyonewouldinventsomethingsoboring.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.drawup
B.bringabout
C.putforward
D.figureout
【答案】D
【解析】考查詞組辨析。workout“算出;實(shí)現(xiàn);制定出;消耗完;理解;鍛煉”;A選項(xiàng)drawup“起草;使靠近”;B選項(xiàng)bringabout“引起;帶來”;C選項(xiàng)putforward“提出;拿出”;D選項(xiàng)figureout“解決;想出;理解;斷定”。句意:我搞不懂為什么會有人發(fā)明這么無聊的東西。根據(jù)句中“whyanyonewouldinventsomethingsoboring為何有人發(fā)明如此無聊的一些東西”可知workout在這里的意思應(yīng)為“理解”,因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
11.單選題
Whendustsintheskyareatlevelswherelittleairisinmotion,theydonot_______formanyyears.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.dismiss
B.disguise
C.disgrace
D.disperse
【答案】D
【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“dismiss”意為“解散;解雇;開除;讓……離開;不予理會”;B選項(xiàng)“disguise”意為“掩飾;假裝;隱瞞”;C選項(xiàng)“disgrace”意為“使……失寵;給……丟臉;使……蒙受恥辱”;D選項(xiàng)“disperse”意為“分散;使散開;傳播”。句意:當(dāng)天空中的塵埃處于沒有空氣流動的高度時,它們要很多年才會消散。由題干可知,dustsintheskyareatlevelswherelittleairisinmotion(天空中的塵埃處于沒有空氣流動的高度),沒有空氣流動塵埃自然也不能飄動,所以要等很多年塵埃才能消散。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。
12.單選題
Becauseofadverseweatherconditions,thetravelersstoppedtocamp.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.local
B.unfamiliar
C.good
D.unfavorable
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。adverse“不利的;相反的;敵對的”;A選項(xiàng)“l(fā)ocal當(dāng)?shù)氐?;局部的;地方性的”;B選項(xiàng)unfamiliar“不熟悉的;不常見的”;C選項(xiàng)good“好的;優(yōu)良的;愉快的”;D選項(xiàng)unfavorable“不利的;令人不快的;不順利的”。句意:由于天氣條件惡劣,旅行者們停下來露營。根據(jù)句中“thetravelersstoppedtocamp這些旅客停下了去扎營”可知adverse在這里的意思為“不利的”,因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
13.單選題
Johnsaysthathispresentjobdoesnotprovidehimwithenough()forhisorganizingability.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.scope
B.space
C.capacity
D.range
【答案】B
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)scope“范圍;余地;視野”;B選項(xiàng)space“空間;太空”;C選項(xiàng)capacity“能力;容量;資格”;D選項(xiàng)range“范圍;幅度;山脈”。句意:約翰稱他現(xiàn)在的工作沒有為自己的組織能力提供足夠的發(fā)展空間。根據(jù)句中“organizingability組織能力”可知“空間”符合語境,因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
14.單選題
Thesetwofirmsaresobigandpowerfulthattheymonopolizebetweenthemtheproductionandsaleofcigarettesinthiscountry.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.govern
B.influence
C.supervise
D.dominate
【答案】D
【解析】考查副詞辨析。橫線單詞monopolize意為“壟斷;獨(dú)占;擁有……的專賣權(quán)”;A選項(xiàng)“govern”意為“管理;支配;統(tǒng)治;控制”;B選項(xiàng)“influence”意為“影響;改變;支配”;C選項(xiàng)“supervise”意為“監(jiān)督;管理;指導(dǎo);主管”;D選項(xiàng)“dominate”意為“控制;支配;占優(yōu)勢;在……中占主要地位”。句意:這兩家公司勢力巨大,壟斷了這個國家香煙的生產(chǎn)和銷售。由題干可知,Thesetwofirmsaresobigandpowerful(兩家公司勢力巨大)所以可推測出這兩家公司在這個國家的香煙生產(chǎn)和銷售中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。由此可知,monopolize在此處最可能是“壟斷”的意思,四個選項(xiàng)中dominate具有“在……中占主要地位”的意思,與此相近。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。
15.單選題
Nowadays,ourgovernmentadvocatescredittowhateverwedoorwhoeverwecontactwith.Onceyou_______yourwords,youwillloseyoursocialstatusandpersonalreputation.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.keepupwith
B.giveawayfrom
C.gobackon
D.losesightof
【答案】C
【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)“keepupwith”意為“趕得上;和……保持聯(lián)系”;B選項(xiàng)“giveawayfrom”沒有這個詞組;C選項(xiàng)“gobackon”意為“違背;背棄”;D選項(xiàng)“l(fā)osesightof”意為“忽略;不再看見”。句意:現(xiàn)在,我們的政府提倡無論我們做什么或與任何人交往都要講信用。一旦你食言,你就會失去你的社會地位和個人聲譽(yù)。由題干可知,loseyoursocialstatusandpersonalreputation(失去你的社會地位和個人聲譽(yù)),說明我們沒有做到言而有信,違背了自己說的話,別人就不再信任我們。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。
16.單選題
Whatyouhavedoneis()thedoctor’sorders.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.attachedto
B.resistantto
C.responsibleto
D.contraryto
【答案】D
【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)beattachedto“喜愛;附屬于;B選項(xiàng)beresistantto“抵抗……的;對……有反抗作用的”;C選項(xiàng)beresponsibleto“對……負(fù)責(zé)”;D選項(xiàng)becontraryto“相反;與……相反”。句意:你所做的事情違反了醫(yī)生的囑咐。根據(jù)句中“thedoctor’sorders醫(yī)生的囑咐”可知“違反”符合語境,因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
17.單選題
Theseverityofadjustmentproblemsexperiencedinasecondculturedependsontheindividual’sabilitytoadapttonewsituations.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.excitement
B.intensity
C.solutions
D.importance
【答案】B
【解析】考查名詞辨析。severity“嚴(yán)重性;嚴(yán)格;猛烈”;A選項(xiàng)excitement“興奮;刺激;令人新奇的事物”;B選項(xiàng)intensity“強(qiáng)度;強(qiáng)烈;緊張”;C選項(xiàng)solutions“解決方案;應(yīng)對措施;溶液劑”;D選項(xiàng)importance“價值;重要;重大”。句意:在第二種文化中經(jīng)歷的適應(yīng)問題的嚴(yán)重程度取決于個人適應(yīng)新情況的能力。題干指出“adjustmentproblemsexperiencedinasecondculture在第二種文化中所經(jīng)歷的適應(yīng)問題”,可推知severity在這里是“嚴(yán)重性”的意思,因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
18.單選題
Ididn’tlistentoMomandIwasnotsurprisedatthelookof()onherface.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.indifference
B.compliment
C.negligence
D.reproach
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)indifference“漠不關(guān)心;不重視;中立”;B選項(xiàng)compliment“恭維;稱贊;問候”;C選項(xiàng)negligence“疏忽;忽視”;D選項(xiàng)reproach“責(zé)備;責(zé)罵”。句意:我沒有聽媽媽的話,看到她臉上責(zé)備的表情,我并不感到驚訝。題干中說到“Ididn’tlistentoMom我沒有聽媽媽的話”,而“責(zé)備”符合語境,因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
19.單選題
ThereareafewsmallthingsthatIdon’tlikeaboutmyjob,but()it’sveryenjoyable.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.allatonce
B.onceandforall
C.somuchas
D.byandlarge
【答案】D
【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)allatonce“突然”;B選項(xiàng)onceandforall“一勞永逸地;徹底地;最后一次”;C選項(xiàng)somuchas“甚至于;連……都不”;D選項(xiàng)byandlarge“大體上,總的來說”。句意:雖然工作上的一些小事情讓我討厭,但是總的來說它是非常令人愉快的。由題干中的“afewsmallthings一些小事情”和表示轉(zhuǎn)折的“but”可知“byandlarge總的來說”符合語境,因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
20.單選題
Asapsychotherapistwithmanypatientsintheir20’s,Ican_______thefactthatnotonlydomostofthemnothaveanyhealthinsurance,buttheyalsodonotexpectitasaconditionoflivinginthiscountry.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.attestto
B.contributeto
C.modify
D.interdict
【答案】A
【解析】考查動詞和詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)“attestto”意為“證明;證實(shí)”;B選項(xiàng)“contributeto”意為“有助于;捐獻(xiàn);促成;投稿”;C選項(xiàng)“modify”意為“修改;更改”;D選項(xiàng)“interdict”意為“阻斷,封鎖;禁止”。句意:作為一名有很多20多歲患者的心理治療師,我可以證明一個事實(shí),他們中的大多數(shù)人不僅沒有任何健康保險,而且他們也不希望這是這個國家的一種生活條件。由題干可知,橫線后是thefact(一個事實(shí)),說明這位心理治療師想證明這個事實(shí),他的患者中有很多沒有健康保險,并且對此不滿。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。
21.單選題
Taxincreaseswereintroducedonawiderangeofgoodsandservicestohelpalleviatetheprojectedbudget.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.relieve
B.receive
C.deceive
D.conceive
【答案】A
【解析】考查動詞辨析。alleviate“減輕,緩解”;A選項(xiàng)relieve“解除,緩解;使不單調(diào)乏味”;B選項(xiàng)receive“收到;接待;接納”;C選項(xiàng)deceive“欺騙;行騙”;D選項(xiàng)conceive“懷孕;構(gòu)思”。句意:對大量商品和服務(wù)增稅,以幫助減輕預(yù)算。題
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