考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南陽(yáng)師范學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南陽(yáng)師范學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologistMarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists’suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditionedmicetoavoidsaccharinbysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.

1.Laudenslager’sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity____.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto____.

3.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder’sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat____.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder’sexperimentwasthat____.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wasstrengthened

B.wasnotaffected

C.wasaltered

D.wasweakened

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

B.turnofftheelectricity

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

D.becomeabnormallysuspicious

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theydislikeditstaste

B.itaffectedtheirimmunesystems

C.itledtostomachpains

D.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin

B.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothem

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioning

B.canbesuppressedbydruginjections

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocks

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Laudenslager’sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity____.勞登斯拉格的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，那些能切斷電源的老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)____。

A.wasstrengthenedA.得到了加強(qiáng)

B.wasnotaffectedB.沒有受到影響

C.wasalteredC.發(fā)生了改變

D.wasweakenedD.被削弱了

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到第一段倒數(shù)第二句“勞登斯拉格發(fā)現(xiàn)，無(wú)助的老鼠的免疫反應(yīng)低于正常水平，而那些可以切斷電源的老鼠則沒有?！币虼诉xB。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、C、D選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto____.根據(jù)文章，無(wú)助的經(jīng)歷導(dǎo)致老鼠____。

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuliA.試圖控制不愉快的刺激

B.turnofftheelectricityB.關(guān)掉電源

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituationsC.在可控的情況下被動(dòng)地行動(dòng)

D.becomeabnormallysuspiciousD.變得異常多疑

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到第二段“如果這些動(dòng)物面對(duì)它們無(wú)法控制的情況，它們?cè)诿鎸?duì)它們可以控制的經(jīng)歷時(shí)，會(huì)表現(xiàn)得被動(dòng)。（theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol）”因此選C。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“試圖控制不愉快的刺激”，文中提到“杜克大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的心理學(xué)家杰伊?韋斯已經(jīng)證明，能夠控制不愉快刺激的動(dòng)物不會(huì)出現(xiàn)睡眠障礙，也不會(huì)出現(xiàn)典型的應(yīng)激大鼠大腦化學(xué)變化。但是，如果動(dòng)物面對(duì)他們無(wú)法控制的情況，它們以后在面對(duì)它們可以控制的經(jīng)歷時(shí)會(huì)表現(xiàn)被動(dòng)。”由此可知，一旦動(dòng)物遇到過(guò)它們控制不了的事情和局面，以后即使面對(duì)它們能夠控制的事情，它們依然會(huì)很被動(dòng)。該選項(xiàng)與原文意思相反，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“關(guān)掉電源”，文中第一段提到“無(wú)助的老鼠的免疫反應(yīng)低于正常水平，而那些可以切斷電源的老鼠則沒有。他認(rèn)為，他所證明的是，缺乏對(duì)事件的控制是削弱免疫系統(tǒng)的原因，而不是經(jīng)歷本身?！庇纱丝芍P(guān)掉電源這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明的是無(wú)助的老鼠的免疫反應(yīng)低于正常水平，并沒有說(shuō)無(wú)助的經(jīng)歷會(huì)讓老鼠關(guān)掉電源，該選項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推斷；

D選項(xiàng)“變得異常多疑”，文中沒提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無(wú)中生有。

3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

ThereasonwhythemiceinAder’sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat____.在阿德的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，老鼠不吃糖精的原因是____。

A.theydislikeditstasteA.它們不喜歡糖精的味道

B.itaffectedtheirimmunesystemsB.它會(huì)影響它們的免疫系統(tǒng)

C.itledtostomachpainsC.它會(huì)導(dǎo)致胃痛

D.theyassociateditwithstomachachesD.它們把糖精與胃痛聯(lián)系在一起

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到最后一段“通過(guò)同時(shí)給老鼠喂食甜味劑，并給它們注射一種藥物，這種藥物會(huì)抑制老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致它們胃部不適。老鼠將糖精與胃痛聯(lián)系起來(lái)（Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains），很快就學(xué)會(huì)了避開這種甜味劑?！庇纱丝赏茢?，因?yàn)榘⒌略谖估鲜筇蔷珪r(shí)，給它們注射了導(dǎo)致腸胃不適的藥物，因此老鼠把二者聯(lián)系起來(lái)，回避糖精。因此選D。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“它們不喜歡糖精的味道”，由推斷可知老鼠把糖精和腸胃不適聯(lián)系在一起，因此對(duì)糖精感到厭惡，該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置；

B選項(xiàng)“它會(huì)影響它們的免疫系統(tǒng)”，文中提到“通過(guò)同時(shí)給老鼠喂食甜味劑，并給它們注射一種藥物，這種藥物會(huì)抑制老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致它們胃部不適?！庇纱丝芍?，是這種藥物會(huì)影響老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)而不是糖精，該選項(xiàng)屬于張冠李戴；

C選項(xiàng)“它會(huì)導(dǎo)致胃痛”，文中提到“通過(guò)同時(shí)給老鼠喂食甜味劑，并給它們注射一種藥物，這種藥物會(huì)抑制老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致它們胃部不適。”由此可知是這種藥物導(dǎo)致胃痛而不是糖精本身，該選項(xiàng)屬于張冠李戴。

4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder’sexperimentwasthat____.這篇文章告訴我們，在阿德的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，老鼠死亡的最有可能的原因是____。

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharinA.它們的心理已經(jīng)被糖精削弱了

B.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothemB.這種甜味劑對(duì)他們是有毒的

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemindC.它們的免疫系統(tǒng)被思想改變了

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioningD.它們?cè)谠缙诘臈l件反射中攝入了太多的甜味劑

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干信息可定位到文章最后一段“他只能推測(cè)，他已經(jīng)成功地使老鼠適應(yīng)環(huán)境，僅用糖精就足以削弱它們的免疫系統(tǒng)，殺死它們。”在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，老鼠已經(jīng)將胃痛與糖精聯(lián)系起來(lái)，因此再次接觸糖精時(shí)，老鼠的心理變化破壞了它們的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致它們死亡。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“它們的心理已經(jīng)被糖精削弱了”，文中推斷可知老鼠的心理確實(shí)被糖精削弱，但是它們死亡的根本原因是免疫系統(tǒng)的變化，該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置；

B選項(xiàng)“這種甜味劑對(duì)他們是有毒的”，文中提到“通過(guò)同時(shí)給老鼠喂食甜味劑，并給它們注射一種藥物，這種藥物會(huì)抑制老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)致它們胃部不適。使它們能夠避免糖精”可知糖精本身是無(wú)毒的，是這種注射的藥物會(huì)使它們腸胃不適，該選項(xiàng)屬于張冠李戴；

D選項(xiàng)“它們?cè)谠缙诘臈l件反射中攝入了太多的甜味劑”，是因?yàn)樵缙诘臈l件反射導(dǎo)致它們的免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)生變化，導(dǎo)致死亡，該選項(xiàng)屬于本末倒置。

5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals____.從文章中可以得出結(jié)論，動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)____。

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioningA.可以被條件作用削弱

B.canbesuppressedbydruginjectionsB.可以被藥物注射抑制

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharinC.可能會(huì)受到頻繁劑量的糖精的影響

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocksD.可以被電擊改變

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】文章用老鼠與糖精的例子，老鼠對(duì)糖精形成條件反射，從而導(dǎo)致免疫系統(tǒng)被削弱。由此可推斷，動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)可以被條件作用削弱。因此選A。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“可以被藥物注射抑制”，文中提到對(duì)老鼠進(jìn)行藥物注射，但這只是其中的一個(gè)條件，并不能推出動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)只會(huì)被藥物抑制，該選項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全；

C選項(xiàng)“可能會(huì)受到頻繁劑量的糖精的影響”，文中用糖精做例子，但這只是其中的一個(gè)條件，該選項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全；

D選項(xiàng)“可以被電擊改變”，文中雖然提到對(duì)老鼠進(jìn)行電擊，但是并不能由此推出動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)被改變，該選項(xiàng)屬于過(guò)度推斷。

2.填空題

Mikeleft（

）sayinggoodbye.Doyouthinkhewasupset?

【答案】Without

【解析】語(yǔ)義題。句意:邁克道別就走了。你認(rèn)為他是不是生氣了？邁克可能是因?yàn)樯鷼?，于是沒有道別就離開了，填without。

3.單選題

Researchfindingsshowwespendabouttwohoursdreamingeverynight,nomatterwhatwe（

）duringtheday.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.shouldhavedone

B.mayhavedone

C.wouldhavedone

D.musthavedone

【答案】B

【解析】句意:研究表明，無(wú)論白天做了什么，我們每晚睡覺時(shí)都會(huì)有兩個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間在做夢(mèng)。

語(yǔ)法題?？疾榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞+havedone。shouldhavedone表示“本該發(fā)生而實(shí)際上未發(fā)生”；mayhavedone表示“對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的一種推測(cè)”；wouldhavedone表示“本來(lái)會(huì)做某事，但實(shí)際沒有做成”；musthavedone表示“對(duì)過(guò)去事情的肯定推測(cè)”。故選B。

4.單選題

Mostcharismatic（有魅力的）leadersmakeextensiveuseofanecdotes（趣聞?shì)W事）.Message-sendinganecdotesrelatetosuchsubjectsasacompanypresidentgoingoutofhiswaytohelpanindividualcustomer,oralower-rankingemployeewhodefiedhigherauthorityinordertomeetherjobresponsibilities.Inthelatterinstance,areceptionistatIBMdeniedadmissiontothecompanychairman,TomWatson,becausehewasnotwearingasecuritybadge.Insteadoffiringtheyoungwoman,Watsonpraisedherdevotiontoduty.

Severalyearsago,theFordMotorCompanyannouncedfar-reachingchangesthatwouldaffecthowcarsweremanufacturedandhowemployeeswouldworktogether.AseniorFordexecutivewaschosentodelivertheclosingremarkstoagroupof300Fordmanagersgatheredtolearnaboutthechanges.

Towardthecloseofthespeech,theexecutivetoldastoryaboutWillieB.,agorillawholivedfortwenty-sevenyearsinisolationinadrearyAtlantazoo.Hesaidthathehadraisedmoneyforastate-of-the-artgorillahabitat.WillieB.,forthefirsttimeinhislife,wouldnowliveinagorilla-friendly,close-to-natureenvironment.Yetsomehow,WillieB.wasslowtoadapttohisnewenvironment.

Ittookthegorillaseveraldaystofullyexplorehisnewhabitat.AphotographercaughtthemomentwhenWillieB.testedthegrasswithatoe.TheFordexecutivehangsaframedphotographofthisincidentinhisoffice.“It'sthere,”hesaid,“toremindmethatnomatterhowattractivethenewsurroundingsmightappear,ittakestimeandcouragetoleavethecomfortablesecurityofaplace—evenanuglycramped（狹窄的）space---thatyouknowwell.”

Atthemomentthemeetingended,meetingparticipantscameovertothespeakertoexpresshowmuchthespeechhadtouchedthem.Thestoryaboutthegorillabroughttearstotheeyesofmany.Ofsignificancetotheorganization,manyprobablylefttheconferencewithanunderstandingofhowdifficultthecoiningchangesweregoingtobeforemployees.

Becominganeffectivestorytellerrequirespractice.However,theskilliswellworthdevelopingbecauseofitscontributiontoaperson’smagnetismandleadershipability.Createausefulanecdotefileofyourown.Collectanecdotesaboutthingsyouobservepersonally,thoseyouhearfromothers,andthoseyoureadinbooks,magazines,andnewsletters.Anecdotescanalsobefoundinbooksandnewslettersaboutspeechmaking.Attempttoscreenoutthoseanecdotesthatarewidelyusedbecausestaleanecdotesboreaudiences.

1.WhydidTomWatsonpraisethefemaleemployeeinthesecondexamplecitedinthefirstparagraph?

2.ThelifeofWillieB.usedtobe（

）.

3.ThestoryofWillieB.showsthat

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

5.WecansafelyconcludefromthepassagethattheFordseniorexecutive（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Becauseshealwaysreceivesthecompanychairmanwarmly.

B.Becauseshedefied,lower-rankingemployees.

C.Becauseshewasaresponsibleemployee.

D.Becausesheneverforgetstowearasecuritybadge.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.interesting

B.morecomfortable

C.closetonature

D.isolated

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.ittakestimeandcouragetofaceandadapttoanewenvironment

B.animalsarequitereluctanttochangetheirhabitats

C.WillieB.likestotestgrasswithonetoe

D.peoplearealwaysreadytomeetthedifficultiesresultingfromchanges

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Manyacharismaticleadertendstomakethemostofanecdotesandstories.

B.Itisalwaysagoodideatocollectanecdotesthatarewidelyused.

C.Personalmagnetismisbuiltupbyreadingbooks,magazinesandnewsletters.

D.Tobecomeaneffectivestory-telleronehasonlytocreateausefulanecdotefile.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.wasaneffectiveleaderwhoalwaystoldstoriestohisemployees

B.wasapersonwhooftencitedwidely-usedanecdotestoinfluenceothers

C.wasabletohelpmeetingparticipantsunderstandthecomingchangesbetter

D.alwaysusedanecdotestohelpemployeesunderstandcompanypolicies

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段第二句指出:...alower-rankingemployeewhodefiedhigherauthorityinordertomeetherjobresponsibilities(一個(gè)低職位員工違抗高級(jí)別領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，是為了履行其工作職貴),由此可知答案選C“因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)有責(zé)任心的員工”。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:...agorillawholivedfortwenty-sevenyearsinisolationinadrearyAtlantazoo(在亞特蘭大一個(gè)被隔離且沉悶的動(dòng)物園內(nèi)生活27年的大猩猩),可知D項(xiàng)“隔離的”正確。

3.判斷推理題。第四段:nomatterhowattractivethenewsurroundingsmightappear,ittakestimeandcouragetoleavethecomfortablesecurityofaplace(無(wú)論新環(huán)境多么有吸引力，都得花時(shí)間，且需要勇氣離開舒適安全的地方)。由此可知選A項(xiàng)“面對(duì)與適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境是花時(shí)間且需要勇氣的”。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Mostcharismaticleadersmakeextensiveuseofanecdotes(大部分有魅力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都懂得充分利用軼事)推斷A項(xiàng)“許多有魅力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)會(huì)充分利用各類奇聞?shì)W事與故事”正確。根據(jù)文章最后一句話Attempttoscreenoutthoseanecdotesthatarewidelyusedbecausestaleanecdotesboreaudiences(盡量排除那些被廣泛引用的軼事，因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)讓聽眾感到乏味)推斷B“收集被廣泛運(yùn)用的軼事是一個(gè)很不錯(cuò)的主意”與原文不符。根據(jù)文章最后一段的theskilliswellworthdevelopingbecauseofitscontributiontoaperson’smagnetismandleadershipability(這項(xiàng)技能是非常值得學(xué)習(xí)的，因?yàn)樗軒椭蛟靷€(gè)人魅力和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能)推斷C項(xiàng)“通過(guò)閱讀書籍、雜志和時(shí)事新聞，可以打造個(gè)人魅力”與原文不符。文章并沒有說(shuō)要想成為一個(gè)高效的講故事者，只需制作一個(gè)有用的奇聞?shì)W事記錄冊(cè)。故D項(xiàng)沒有根據(jù)。因此選A。

5.判斷推理題。第二段指出:manyprobablylefttheconferencewithanunderstandingofhowdifficultthecomingchangesweregoingtobeforemployees(在離會(huì)時(shí)很多人可能都了解了接下來(lái)的改變對(duì)員工來(lái)說(shuō)意味著多大的困難),因此C項(xiàng)“能夠幫助與會(huì)人員更好理解即將到來(lái)的變化”正確。而A項(xiàng)“是個(gè)高效率的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，且習(xí)慣于向員工講故事”和B項(xiàng)“是個(gè)經(jīng)常喜歡引經(jīng)據(jù)典影響他人的人”在原文中并沒有體現(xiàn)。D項(xiàng)“習(xí)慣于引經(jīng)據(jù)典幫助員工理解公司政策的人”,文章中也找不到根據(jù)。

5.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Themostvaluablediamondsarelarge,individualcrystalsofpurecrystallintcarbon.Lessperfectforms,knownas“boars”and“carbonado”areclustersoftinycrystals.Untildiamondsarecutandpolished,theydonotsparklelikethoseyouseeonaring—theyjustlooklikesmall,blue-greystones.

InarathercrudeformthecuttingandpolishingofpreciousstoneswasanartknowntotheAncientEgyptians,andinthemiddleAgesitbecamewidespreadinnorth-westEurope.However,arevolutionarychangeinthemethodsofcuttingandpolishingwasmadein1476whenLudwigVanBerquenofBrugesinBelgiuminventedtheuseofaswiftlyrevolvingwheelwithitsedgefacedwithfinediamondpowder.Thename“boast”isgiventothisfinepowderaswellasthenaturalcrystallinematerialalreadymentioned.Itisalsogimptobadlyflawedorbrokendiamondcrystals,uselessasjewelsthatarebrokenintopowderforgrindingpurposes,theso-called“industrial”diamonds.

Diamonditselfistheonlymaterialhardenoughtocutandpolishdiamonds—thoughrecently,high-intensitylightbeamscalledlasershavebeendevelopedwhichcanboreholesinthem.Itmaybenecessarytosplitorcleavethelargestonesbeforetheyarecutandpolished.

Everydiamondhasanaturallineofcleavage,alongwhichitmaybesplitbyasharpblowwithacuttingedge.Afullycut“brilliant”diamondhas58facets,orfaces,regularlyarranged.Forcuttingorfaceting,thestonesarefixedintocopperholdersandheldagainstawheel,edgedwithamixtureofOilandfinediamonddust,whichisrevolvedatabout2,500revolutionsaminute.AmsterdamandAntwerp,inHollandandBelgiumrespectively,havebeenthecentreofthediamondcuttingandpolishingindustryforoversevencenturies.

Thejewelvalueofbrilliantdiamondsdependsgreatlyontheircolors,or“water”asitiscalled.Theusualcoolersofdiamondsarewhite,yellow,brown,greenorblue.Surroundingrocksandtakeontheircolor,thusblack,redandevenbrightpinkdiamondshaveoccasionallybeenfound.

Thetradeindiamondsisnotonlyinthevaluablegemstonesbutalsointheindustrialdiamondsmentionedabove.Zaireproduces70%ofsuchstones.Theyarefixedintotherockdrillsusedinminingandcivilengineering,alsoforedgingbandsawsforcuttingstone.Diamond-facedtoolsareusedforcuttinganddrillingglassandfineporcelainandfordentists’drills.Theyareusedasbearingsinwatchesandotherfinelybalancedinstruments.Perhapsyouownsomediamondswithoutknowingit—inyourwristwatch!

1.“Carbonado”isthenamegivento（）.

2.Theartofcuttingandpolishingpreciousstonesremainedcrudeuntil（）.

3.Duringfaceting,diamondsareheldincopperholders（）.

4.Thevalueorderofwaterindiamond（）.

5.Industrialdiamondsareused（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.onlytheverybestdiamonds

B.lumpsofpurecarbon

C.Spanishdiamonds

D.diamondsmadeupofmanysmallcrystals

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thefourteenthcentury

B.thefifteenthcentury

C.thesixteenthcentury

D.theseventeenthcentury

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.tofacilitateaccuratecutting

B.tomakethemshinemorebrilliantly

C.sothattheycanrevolvemoreeasily

D.asasteelholdermightdamagethediamond

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.ismoreimportantthantheircolor

B.rangesfromblue-whiteupwards

C.rangesfrombluewhitedownwards

D.hasneverbeenreliablyestablished

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.forawiderangeofpurposes

B.mainlyfordentists’drills

C.fordecorationinringsandwatches

D.principallyinmass-producedjewellery

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。“黑金剛石”是用來(lái)稱呼什么的？選項(xiàng)A“僅僅是最好的鉆石”；選項(xiàng)B“純碳團(tuán)”；選項(xiàng)C“西班牙鉆石”；選項(xiàng)D“由小水晶組成的鉆石”，根據(jù)第一段中“Lessperfectforms,knownas‘boars’and‘carbonado’areclustersoftinycrystals.”不那么完美的形式，被稱為“野豬”或者“黑金剛鉆”，是一簇小水晶組成的，所以“黑金剛鉆”指的是小水晶組成的鉆石，故正確答案為選項(xiàng)D。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。切割和打磨寶石的工藝保持著粗糙直到，選項(xiàng)A“十四世紀(jì)”；選項(xiàng)B“十五世紀(jì)”；選項(xiàng)C“十六世紀(jì)”；選項(xiàng)D“十七世紀(jì)”，第二段首先說(shuō)了粗糙的切割和打磨鉆石的工藝開始于古埃及，然后“However,arevolutionarychangeinthemethodsofcuttingandpolishingwasmadein1476when...然而切割和打磨鉆石的工藝在1476年發(fā)生了革命性的變化”，所以直到15世紀(jì)這種粗糙的工藝才被革新，故正確答案為選項(xiàng)B。

第3題:推理判斷題。在切磨刻面的時(shí)候，鉆石用銅架固定，選項(xiàng)A“使切割更精確”；選項(xiàng)B“讓它們發(fā)出更璀璨的光”；選項(xiàng)C“為了讓它們更容易旋轉(zhuǎn)”；選項(xiàng)D“因?yàn)殍F架會(huì)損壞鉆石”，選項(xiàng)B和D表達(dá)的內(nèi)容文章沒有提到，且也沒有任何表述暗示，故可以排除；根據(jù)文章第四段中“fixedintocopperholders固定在銅架上”中fixed一詞可知將鉆石固定在銅架上是為了讓其固定，選項(xiàng)C中revolve一詞明顯與此目的不符，所以可以排除；故正確答案為選項(xiàng)A，為了讓其更好的被打磨，從而提高打磨與切割的精確度。

第4題:推理判斷題。鉆石的“水度”價(jià)值排序，選項(xiàng)A“比他們的顏色更重要”；選項(xiàng)B“由藍(lán)到白遞增”；選項(xiàng)C“由藍(lán)到白遞減”；選項(xiàng)D“沒有被確定地建立”，文章倒數(shù)第二段中在講述鉆石的顏色的時(shí)候并沒有對(duì)其價(jià)值做出比較與說(shuō)明，所以可以排除選項(xiàng)B和C；根據(jù)“dependsgreatlyontheircolor,or‘water’asitiscalled…很大程度上取決于它們的顏色，或者所謂的‘水度’”，可以知道顏色和水度其實(shí)是表示的同一種東西，所以它們之間不存在比較，所以選項(xiàng)A錯(cuò)誤；故正確答案為選項(xiàng)D，并沒有明確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)鑒定這種價(jià)值排序。

第5題:推理判斷題。工業(yè)鉆石被用來(lái)，選項(xiàng)A“在很多用途上”；選項(xiàng)B“主要作為牙醫(yī)的鉆子”；選項(xiàng)C“作為戒指和手表的裝飾物”；選項(xiàng)D“主要在大量生產(chǎn)的寶石上”，根據(jù)最后一段中的內(nèi)容“它們被鑲在礦業(yè)和土木工程所用的鑿石器上，也被用在用來(lái)切石頭的鋸子邊緣上。鉆石做成的工具被用來(lái)切割或者打孔玻璃，細(xì)瓷器，或者用作牙醫(yī)的鉆子。它們被用做手表或者精密儀器的軸承?！边@些內(nèi)容講述的是鉆石的工業(yè)用途，根據(jù)此段內(nèi)容我們可以推斷鉆石的工業(yè)用途有很多，選項(xiàng)B、C和D表達(dá)的內(nèi)容明顯太過(guò)局限，故正確答案為選項(xiàng)A。

6.單選題

“Onnoaccount（）tofeedtheanimals,”thewarningcanbeseenonthesignboardinfrontofeverycage.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.allowvisitors

B.visitorsareallowed

C.arevisitorsallowed

D.areallowedvisitors

【答案】C

【解析】考査倒裝。當(dāng)否定詞位于句首時(shí)，句子要部分倒裝，即將be動(dòng)詞提前。根據(jù)句意這里指參觀者不被允許，所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

7.單選題

Manyofthescientistsandengineersarejudged（）howgreattheirachievementsare.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inspiteof

B.inwaysof

C.infavorof

D.intermsof

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。inspiteof盡管；infavorof有利于，支持；intermsof依據(jù)，按照，在…方面。許多科學(xué)家和工程師從他們所取得的成就來(lái)被評(píng)價(jià)，只有D項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.單選題

Therearesuperstitionsattachedtonumbers;eventhoseancientGreeksbelievedthatallnumbersandtheirmultipleshadsomemysticalsignificance.

Thosenumbersbetween1and13wereinparticulartohaveapowerfulinfluenceovertheaffairsofmen.

Forexample,itiscommonlysaidthatluck,goodorbad,comesinthrees;ifanaccidenthappens,twomoreofthesamekindmaybeexpectedsoonafterwards.Thearrivalofaletterwillbefollowedbytwootherswithinacertainperiod.

Anotherbeliefinvolvingthenumberthreehasitthatitisunluckytolightthreecigarettesfromtheonematch.Ifthishappens,thebadluckthatgoeswiththedeedfallsuponthepersonwhosecigarettewasthelasttobelit.Theill-omenlinkedtothelightingofthreethingsfromonematchorcandlegoesbacktoatleastthe17thcenturyandprobablyearlier.Itwasbelievedthatthreecandlesalightatthesametimewouldbesuretobringbadluck;one,two,orfour,werepermissible,butneverjustthree.

Sevenwasanothersignificantnumber,usuallyregardedasabringerofgoodluck.Theancientastrologersbelievedthattheuniversewasgovernedbysevenplanets;studentsofShakespearewillrecallthatthelifeofmanwasdividedintosevenages.Sevenhorseshoesnailedtoahousewillprotectitfromallevil.

Nineisusuallythoughtofasaluckynumberbecauseitistheproductofthreetimesthree.ItwasmuchusedbytheAngloSaxonsintheircharmsforhealing.

Anotherbeliefwasthatgreatchangesoccurredevery7thand9thofaman'slife.Consequently,theageof63(theproductofnineandseven)wasthoughtlobeaveryperiloustimeforhim.Ifhesurvivedhis63rdyearhemighthopetolivetoaripeoldage.

Thirteen,aswewellknow,isregardedwithgreataweandfear.

Thecommonbeliefisthatthisderivesfromthefactthattherewere13peopleatChrist’sLastSupper.Thisbeingtheeveofhisbetrayal,itisnotdifficulttounderstandthesignificancegiventothenumberbytheearlyChristians.

Inmoremodemtimes13isanespeciallyunluckynumberofadinnerparty,forexample.Hotelswillavoidnumberingafloorthe13th;theprogressionisfrom12to14,andnoroomisgiventhenumber13.Manyhomeownerswilluse121/2insteadof13astheirhousenumber.

Yetoddlyenough,tobebornonthe13thofthemonthisnotregardedwithanyfearatall,whichjustshowshowirrationalweareinoursuperstitiousbeliefs.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinggroupsofnumberswillcertainlybringgoodlucktopeople?

2.Theillluckassociatedwith13issupposedtohaveitsoriginin.

3.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardspeople’ssuperstitiousbeliefs?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.3and7.

B.3and9.

C.7and9.

D.3and13.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.legend

B.religion

C.popularbelief

D.certaincustoms

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Heismildlycritical.

B.Heisstronglycritical.

C.Heisinfavorofthem.

D.Hisattitudeisnotclear.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第五段中的Sevenwasanothersignificantnumber,usuallyregardedasabringerofgoodluck.（七是另一個(gè)重要的數(shù)字，通常被認(rèn)為是好運(yùn)的使者）和第六段中的Nineisusuallythoughtofasaluckynumber（九通常被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)幸運(yùn)的數(shù)字）可知數(shù)字七與九代表好運(yùn)，因此選C。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章倒數(shù)第三段中的Thecommonbeliefisthatthisderivesfromthefactthattherewere13peopleatChrist’sLastSupper.（人們普遍認(rèn)為這個(gè)數(shù)字起源于耶穌最后的晚餐中有13人的事實(shí)）可知13這個(gè)數(shù)字來(lái)源于宗教，因此選B。

3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由文章最后一段中的Yetoddlyenough,tobebornonthe13thofthemonthisnotregardedwithanyfearatall,whichjustshowshowirrationalweareinoursuperstitiousbeliefs.（但奇怪的是，出生在13號(hào)的人一點(diǎn)也不害怕，這恰恰說(shuō)明我們迷信的觀念是多么的不理智）可知作者對(duì)迷信帶有點(diǎn)批判的態(tài)度，因此選A。

9.單選題

EuropeisfollowingtheDutchleadandtakingthegreenmovementtothemanufacturersofwhitegoodsandelectronics.AspateoflegislationemergingfromBrusselsaimsultimatelytoholdmanufacturersresponsibleforthefateoftheirproductsalongafterthey’veleftstoreshelvesorcarshowrooms.They’rebeingtoldtheymustensurethatasmuchas85percentoftheirproductsberecycledorreused,andtheremainderdisposedofinenvironmentallysoundways.

Somethingsurelyneedstobedone.Inrecentdecadesconsumershavegrownusedtoanever-speedierturnoverofhardware.Acomputerbuiltinthe1960slasted10yearsonaverage;nowtheyarescrappedinjustfour.Inthepastmorethan90percentofthisdetritushadbeenburiedinlandfills.Europe'sjunkheapofelectronicgoodsnowweighs6milliontonsandwilldoublein12years.Allthiswasteistakinganobvioustollontheplanet.

EvenatthisearlystageinEurope'srecyclingexperiment,thoughthenewlawshavealreadycausedunintendedproblems.SomeEuropeancountrieshavebeencaughtwhollyunprepared.Becauseofthenewregulations,wastesitesandincinerators（焚化爐）throughoutEuropearebeinginundatedwithhardware.Recyclingfacilitiesnowcomingonlinefaceabacklogofsixmonths.Anotherproblem:replacingbadbutessentialmaterials.TheEUwillsoonbantheuseofthelead,ahazardoussubstancethat’sbeenusedfordecadestosoldercircuitboards.Electronicscompaniesarestrugglingtofindalternatives.“Thiscouldbeamuchbiggerchallengeforusthanthewaste-disposalregulation,”saysMichelleONeill,aHewlett-PackardlobbyistinBrussels.

Businessleadersalsowarnofexcessivecosts.“Societyandthepoliticianshaveanotherobjectivehere;tomovecostsontoindustry,”saysViktorSundberg,EuropeanaffairsdirectorofSwedi