考研考博-英語(yǔ)-包頭鐵道職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-包頭鐵道職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Indeed,almosteveryscientistnowfindsitimpossibletoreadalltheworksrelevanttohissubject,（）extensivelyoutsideofit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.muchmoretoread

B.muchlesstoread

C.stillmorereading

D.muchlessreading

【答案】B

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。因題干中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞find的真正賓語(yǔ)為toread...，所以選項(xiàng)中也應(yīng)有不定式。因此可排除含有動(dòng)名詞reading的C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)中的muchmore意為“更加，何況”，與題干語(yǔ)意相矛盾。B項(xiàng)muchless意為“更不用說(shuō)，更何況”，符合題意。

2.單選題

Thevastmajorityofpeopleinanygivenculturewill（

）totheestablishedstandardsofthatculture.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.conform

B.confirm

C.confine

D.confront

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。conform意為“遵守，遵從，服從”；confirm意為“確認(rèn)，批準(zhǔn)”；confine意為“限制”；confront意為“面對(duì)”。

句意：在任何一個(gè)文化環(huán)境中的絕大多數(shù)人都會(huì)遵守那種文化的既定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

3.翻譯題

Everyonewishestobuildupacharismaticandcharmingpersonality,butitisbynomeansaneasyjob.Firstofall,heoughttoknowoneofthegreatesttruthsthatlifeisdifficult,foroncehetrulyunderstandsandacceptsthetruth,thenlifeisnolongerdifficult.Why?Onceheacceptsthefactthatlifeisdifficult,henolongermoansabout,complainsofandfearshisproblems,burdensanddifficultiesinlife.Secondly,heoughttopaysufficientheedtoself-discipline,forself-disciplineisthebasicsetoftoolstosolvelife'sproblems,whichincludesastrongsenseofresponsibility,dedicationtoreality,opennesstochallenge,balancing,etc.Thirdly,heoughttocherishlove.Heknowsthatself-loveandloveofothersgohandinhand.Heiswillingtogobeyondtheconfinesofself-lovetoembraceloveofothers.Fourthly,heoughttounderstandthattheessenceoflifeischange.Sohedoesnottryhisutmosttoavoidchangeorstaycomfortablewiththesameness.Fifthly,heoughttoattachmuchvaluetohonour.Thewinningofhonourwillrevealaman'svirtueandworth.Towinhonour,hewillimproveandperfecthimselfandscoreremarkableachievements.

【答案】每個(gè)人都希望建立有魅力、迷人的人格，但這不是一件容易的事。首先，他需要明白一個(gè)偉大的真理：生活是困難的。因?yàn)橐坏┧嬲斫獠⑶医邮苓@個(gè)真理，就會(huì)意識(shí)到生活不再困難。為什么？一旦他接受了生活困難這一事實(shí)，對(duì)于生活中的問(wèn)題、負(fù)擔(dān)和困難，他都不再發(fā)牢騷和抱怨，也不再害怕。其次，他應(yīng)該充分重視自我修養(yǎng)，因?yàn)樽晕倚摒B(yǎng)是解決生活問(wèn)題的基本工具，包括強(qiáng)烈的責(zé)任感、致力于現(xiàn)實(shí)、敢于挑戰(zhàn)、平衡制約等。第三，他要有愛(ài)。他需要知道自愛(ài)和愛(ài)別人是密不可分的，愿意超越自愛(ài)的局限去接納他人的愛(ài)。第四，他要懂得生命的本質(zhì)是變化。所以他不會(huì)盡全力去避免改變，也不會(huì)舒適的待在一成不變的環(huán)境里。第五，他應(yīng)該重視榮譽(yù)。獲得榮譽(yù)能體現(xiàn)一個(gè)人的美德和價(jià)值。為了贏得榮譽(yù)，他將會(huì)提高和完善自己，獲得顯著成就。

4.填空題

HowMarketersTargetKids

[A]Kidsrepresentanimportantdemographictomarketersbecausetheyhavetheirownpurchasingpower,theyinfluencetheirparents'buyingdecisionsandtheyaretheadultconsumersofthefuture.Industryspendingonadvertisingtochildrenhasexplodedinthepastdecade,increasingfromamere$100millionin1990tomorethan$2billionin2000.

[B]Parentstodayarewillingtobuymorefortheirkidsbecausetrendssuchassmallerfamilysize,dualincomesandpostponingchildrenuntillaterinlifemeanthatfamilieshavemoredisposableincome.Aswell,guiltcanplayaroleinspendingdecisionsastime-stressedparentssubstitutematerialgoodsfortimespentwiththeirkids.Herearesomeofthestrategiesmarketersemploytotargetkids:

PesterPower

[C]Today’skidshavemoreautonomyanddecision-makingpowerwithinthefamilythaninpreviousgenerations,soitfollowsthatkidsarevocalaboutwhattheywanttheirparentstobuy."Pesterpower"referstochildren’sabilitytonagtheirparentsintopurchasingitemstheymaynototherwisebuy.Marketingtochildrenisallaboutcreatingpesterpower,becauseadvertisersknowwhatapowerfulforceitcanbe.

[D]Accordingtothe2001marketingindustrybookKidfluence,pesteringornaggingcanbedividedintotwocategories—“persistence”and"importance".Persistencenagging（apleathatisrepeatedoverandoveragain）isnotaseffectiveasthemoresophisticate“importancenagging".Thislattermethodappealstoparents'desiretoprovidethebestfortheirchildren,andplaysonanyguilttheymayhaveaboutnothavingenoughtimefortheirkids.

TheMarriageofpsychologyandMarketing

[E]Toeffectivelymarkettochildren,advertisersneedtoknowwhatmakeskidstick.Withthehelpofwell-paidresearchersandpsychologists,advertisersnowhaveaccesstoin-depthknowledgeaboutchildren’sdevelopmental,emotionalandsocialneedsatdifferentages.Usingresearchthatanalyzeschildren’sbehavior,fantasylives,artwork,eventheirdreams,companiesareabletocraftsophisticatedmarketingstrategiestoreachyoungpeople.

[F]Theissueofusingchildpsychologiststohelpmarketerstargetkidsgainedwidespreadpublicattentionin1999,whenagroupofU.S.mentalhealthprofessionalsissuedapubliclettertotheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation（APA.urgingthemtodeclarethepracticeunethical.TheAPAiscurrentlystudyingtheissue.

BuildingBrandNameLoyalty.

[G]CanadianauthorNaomiKleintracksthebirthof"brand"marketinginher2000bookNoLogo.AccordingtoKlein,themid-1980ssawthebirthofanewkindofcorporation—Nike,CalvinKlein,TommyHilfiger,tonameafew—whichchangedtheirprimarycorporatefocusfromproducingproductstocreatinganimagefortheirbrandname.Bymovingtheirmanufacturingoperationstocountrieswithcheaplabor,theyfreedupmoneytocreatetheirpowerfulmarketingmessages.Ithasbeenatremendouslyprofitableformula,andhasledtothecreationofsomeofthemostwealthyandpowerfulmulti-nationalcorporationstheworldhasseen.

[H]Marketersplanttheseedsofbrandrecognitioninveryyoungchildren,inthehopesthattheseedswillgrowintolifetimerelationships.AccordingtotheCenterforaNewAmericanDream,babiesasyoungassixmonthsofagecanformmentalimagesofcorporatelogosandmascots.Brandloyaltiescanbeestablishedasearlyasagetwo,andbythetimechildrenheadofftoschoolmostcanrecognizehundredsofbrandlogos.Whilefastfoodtoyandclothingcompanieshavebeencultivatingbrandrecognitioninchildrenforyears,adult-orientedbusinessessuchasbanksandautomakersarenowgettinginontheact.

BuzzorStreetMarketing

[T]Thechallengeformarketersistocutthroughtheintenseadvertisingclutter（雜亂）inyoungpeople'slives.Manycompaniesareusing"buzzmarketing"anewtwistonthetried-and-true"wordofmouth"method.TheideaistofindthecoolestkidsinacommunityandhavethemuseorwearyourproductinordertocreateabuzzarounditBuzzor"streetmarketing’’，asit'salsocalled,canhelpacompanytosuccessfullyconnectwiththeelusive（難找的）teenmarketbyusingtrendsetterstogivethemproducts"cool"status.

[J]Buzzmarketingisparticularlywell-suitedtotheInternet,whereyoung"Netpromoters"usechatroomsandblogstospreadthewordaboutmusic,clothesandotherproductsamongunsuspectingusers.

CommercializationinEducation

[K]Schoolusedtobeaplacewherechildrenwereprotectedfromtheadvertisingandconsumermessagesthatpermeatedtheirworld—butnotanymore.Budgetshortfallsareforcingschoolboardstoallowcorporationsaccesstostudentsinexchangeforbadlyneededcash,computersandeducationalmaterials.

[L]Corporationsrealizethepoweroftheschoolenvironmentforpromotingtheirnameandproducts.Aschoolsettingdeliversacaptiveyouthaudienceandimpliestheendorsementofteachersandtheeducationalsystem.Marketersareeagerlyexploitingthismediuminanumberofways,including:1）sponsorededucationalmaterials;2）supplyingschoolswithtechnologyinexchangeforhighcompanyvisibility;3）advertising,postedinclassrooms,schoolbuses,oncomputersinexchangeforfunds;4）contestsandincentiveprograms:forexample,thePizzaHutreadingincentivesprograminwhichchildrenreceivecertificatesforfreepizzaiftheyachieveamonthlyreadinggoal;5）sponsoringschoolevents.

TheInternet

[M]TheInternetisanextremelydesirablemediumformarketerswantingtotargetchildren.It’spartofyouthculture.ThisgenerationofyoungpeopleisgrowingupwiththeInternetasadailyandroutinepartoftheirlives.Kidsareoftenonlinealone,withoutparentalsupervision.Unlikebroadcastingmedia,whichhavecodesregardingadvertisingtokids,theInternetisunregulated.Sophisticatedtechnologiesmakeiteasytocollectinformationfromyoungpeopleformarketingresearch,andtotargetindividualchildrenwithpersonalizedadvertising.

MarketingAdultEntertainmenttoKids

[N]Childrenareoftenawareofandwanttoseeentertainmentmeantforolderaudiencesbecauseitisactivelymarketedtothem.Inareportreleasedin2000,theU.S.FederalTradeCommission（FTC.revealedhowthemovie,musicandvideogamesindustriesroutinelymarketviolententertainmenttoyoungchildren.

[O]TheFTCstudied44filmsrated“Restricted”，anddiscoveredthat80percentweretargetedtochildrenunder17.MarketingplansincludedTVcommercialsrunduringhourswhenyoungviewersweremostlikelytobewatching.TheFTCreportalsohighlightedthefactthattoysbasedoncharactersfrommatureentertainmentareoftenmarketedtoyoungchildren.Matureandteenratedvideogamesareadvertisedinyouthmagazines:andtoysbasedon“Restricted”moviesandM-ratedvideogamesaremarketedtochildrenasyoungasfour.

1.Guiltcanaffectparents’spendingdecisionsbecausetheydon’thaveenoughtimefortheirkids.

2.TheCenterforaNewAmericanDreampointedoutthatbrandloyaltiescouldbeformedasearlyasagetwo.

3.Schoolboardsallowcorporationstoaccesstostudentsbecausetheyneedmoneyandeducationalmaterialsbadly.

4.TheFTCreporthighlightedthefactthattoysbasedoncharactersfrommatureentertainmentareoftenmarketedtoyoungchildren.

5.Forthisgenerationofyoungpeople,theInternetisadailyandroutinepartoftheirlives.

6.AccordingtoKidfluence,“persistencenagging"islesseffectivethanthemoresophisticated“importancenagging”.

7.AccordingtoareportreleasedbytheU.SFederalTradeCommission,themovie,musicandvideogamesindustriesusuallymarketviolententertainmenttoyoungchildren.

8.Buzzmarketingiswell-suitedtotheInternetbecausetheinteractiveenvironmentcanspreadmessageseffectively.

9.AgroupofU.S.mentalhealthprofessionalsthinkthatitisunethicaltousechildpsychologiststohelpmarketerstargetkids.

10.AccordingtothePizzaHutreadingincentivesprogram,childrenwillreceivecertificatesforfleepizzaiftheyachieveamonthlyreadinggoal.

【答案】1.B

2.H

3.K

4.O

5.M

6.D

7.N

8.J

9.F

10.L

【解析】1.題干句意：內(nèi)疚會(huì)影響父母的消費(fèi)決定，因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有足夠的時(shí)間照顧孩子。題干中的guilt以及decision定位到B段，并且題干是對(duì)“guiltcanplayaroleinspendingdecisionsastime-stressedparentssubstitutematerialgoodsfortimespentwiththeirkids.當(dāng)時(shí)間緊張的父母用物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品來(lái)替代和孩子在一起的時(shí)間時(shí)，負(fù)罪感會(huì)在消費(fèi)決定中扮演一個(gè)角色。”的同義改寫(xiě)。

2.由題干關(guān)鍵詞theCenterforaNewAmericanDream,brandloyalties和agetwo。定位到［H］段。該段第三句Brandloyaltiescanbeestablishedasearlyasagetwo.andbythetimechildrenheadofftoschoolmostcanrecognizehundredsofbrandlogos.品牌忠誠(chéng)可以在兩歲的時(shí)候就建立起來(lái)。到孩子們上學(xué)的時(shí)候，大多數(shù)人都能認(rèn)出幾百個(gè)商標(biāo)。與題干意思一致。

3.關(guān)鍵詞schoolboards出現(xiàn)在［K］段。該段第二句Budgetshortfallsareforcingschoolboardstoallowcorporationsaccesstostudentsinexchangeforbadlyneededcash,computersandeducationalmaterials.預(yù)算短缺迫使學(xué)校董事會(huì)允許企業(yè)接觸學(xué)生，以換取急需的現(xiàn)金、電腦和教育材料。與題干意思一致。

4.關(guān)鍵詞FTCreport和highlightedthefactthattoysbasedon出現(xiàn)在[O]段。該段第三句TheFTCreportalsohighlightedthefactthattoysbasedoncharactersfrommatureentertainmentareoftenmarketedtoyoungchildren.聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)的報(bào)告還強(qiáng)調(diào)了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即以成人娛樂(lè)作品中的人物為原型的玩具通常是面向兒童銷(xiāo)售的。與題干意思一致。

5.關(guān)鍵詞hisgenerationofyoungpeople和Internet，相關(guān)內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在［M］段，該段第三句ThisgenerationofyoungpeopleisgrowingupwiththeInternetasadailyandroutinepartoftheirlives.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)伴隨著這一代年輕人長(zhǎng)大，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是他們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹囊徊糠?。與題干意思一致。

6.題干的關(guān)鍵詞persistencenagging，effective和importancenagging出現(xiàn)在［D］段，pesteringornaggingcanbedividedintotwocategories—“persistence”and"importance".Persistencenagging(apleathatisrepeatedoverandoveragain)isnotaseffectiveasthemoresophisticate“importancenagging".糾纏或嘮叨可以分為兩類(lèi)——“堅(jiān)持”和“重要性”。堅(jiān)持不懈的嘮叨(一遍又一遍重復(fù)的請(qǐng)求)不如更老練的“重要性的嘮叨”有效。與題干意思一致。

7.題干信息出現(xiàn)在[N]段第二句“Inareportreleasedin2000,theU.S.FederalTradeCommission(FTC.revealedhowthemovie,musicandvideogamesindustriesroutinelymarketviolententertainmenttoyoungchildren.在2000年發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告中，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)(FTC)披露了電影、音樂(lè)和電子游戲行業(yè)是如何向兒童推銷(xiāo)暴力娛樂(lè)產(chǎn)品的?！迸c題干信息一致。

8.題干信息出現(xiàn)在[J]段Buzzmarketingisparticularlywell-suitedtotheInternet,whereyoung"Netpromoters"usechatroomsandblogstospreadthewordaboutmusic,clothesandotherproductsamongunsuspectingusers.口碑營(yíng)銷(xiāo)特別適合于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，年輕的“網(wǎng)絡(luò)推手”利用聊天室和博客向毫無(wú)戒心的用戶(hù)傳播有關(guān)音樂(lè)、服裝和其他產(chǎn)品的信息。與題干信息一致。

9.題干信息出現(xiàn)在F段Theissueofusingchildpsychologiststohelpmarketerstargetkidsgainedwidespreadpublicattentionin1999,whenagroupofU.S.mentalhealthprofessionalsissuedapubliclettertotheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA.urgingthemtodeclarethepracticeunethical.1999年，一群美國(guó)心理健康專(zhuān)家給美國(guó)心理協(xié)會(huì)(APA)寫(xiě)了一封公開(kāi)信，敦促他們宣布這種行為是不道德的。與題干信息一致。

10.題干信息出現(xiàn)在L段：contestsandincentiveprograms:forexample,thePizzaHutreadingincentivesprograminwhichchildrenreceivecertificatesforfreepizzaiftheyachieveamonthlyreadinggoal;競(jìng)賽和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)計(jì)劃:例如必勝客閱讀獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)計(jì)劃，如果孩子達(dá)到每月閱讀目標(biāo)，就可以獲得免費(fèi)披薩的證書(shū)。

5.單選題

（）yourinquires,weregrettoinformyouthatwecannothelpyouinthismatter.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Inrelationto

B.Inrequestto

C.Inresponseto

D.Inanswerto

【答案】C

【解析】句意:對(duì)于你的詢(xún)問(wèn)，我們遺憾地告訴你我們?cè)谶@件事情上幫不了你。

考查短語(yǔ)辨析。inrelationto關(guān)于，涉及；inrequestto無(wú)此搭配；inresponseto響應(yīng)，回答，對(duì)有反應(yīng)（比較正式的表達(dá)方式）；inanswerto回答，應(yīng)……要求（不正式的口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式）。因此C符合句意。

6.單選題

Johnsuggested____anythingaboutituntiltheyfoundoutmorefacts.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.nottosay

B.sayingnot

C.tosaynot

D.notsaying

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞用法。suggest后面只能接動(dòng)名詞v-ing，動(dòng)名詞的否定形式是在其前加not；其后不可以接todo/be不定式。因此，D為正確答案。本句句意：“約翰建議，在他們找到更多的事實(shí)前，什么也不要說(shuō)?！?/p>

7.單選題

Onceaducklinghasidentifiedaparent,theinstinctivebondbecomesapowerful（

）foradditionallearningsince,by（

）theparent;theducklingcanacquirefurtherinformationthatisnotgeneticallytransmitted.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.impulsesurpassing

B.referent...recognizing

C.inspiration...emulating

D.channel...mimicking

【答案】D

【解析】名詞和動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)的impulse“推動(dòng)，沖動(dòng)，刺激”；surpass“優(yōu)于或超過(guò)某人、某物”；B選項(xiàng)的referent“指示物”；recognize“認(rèn)出，識(shí)別，承認(rèn)”；C選項(xiàng)的inspiration“靈感，鼓舞或激勵(lì)人的人或事物，好主意”；emulate“與…競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，模仿，仿效”；D選項(xiàng)的channel“通道，頻道，海峽”；mimicking“模仿，仿效”根據(jù)句意‘一旦某只小鴨辨認(rèn)出其父母，這種帶有本能性質(zhì)的紐帶便變成一條極有用的進(jìn)行額外學(xué)習(xí)的渠道，因?yàn)橥ㄟ^(guò)模仿其父母，小鴨能進(jìn)一步獲取那些單靠基因遺傳所無(wú)法傳輸給它的信息’可知應(yīng)選D項(xiàng)。

8.單選題

Inthe1930s,whenmillionsofcomicbookswere______theyoungwithfightingandkilling,nobodyseemedtonoticethattheviolenceofcarsinthestreetswasmorehysterical.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inundating

B.imitating

C.immolating

D.insulating

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)inundating“泛濫；使充滿(mǎn)”；B選項(xiàng)imitating“模仿”；C選項(xiàng)immolating“獻(xiàn)祭；犧牲”；D選項(xiàng)insulating“隔離”。句意：在20世紀(jì)30年代，數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的漫畫(huà)書(shū)______年輕人的戰(zhàn)斗和殺戮，似乎沒(méi)有人注意到，街道上的汽車(chē)暴力比這更歇斯底里。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，這里是漫畫(huà)書(shū)里有很多年輕人的暴力因素，所以inundating“泛濫；使充滿(mǎn)”符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Philosophyinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturywasbasedmoreonbiologyandhistorythanonmathematicsandphysics.Revolutionarythoughtdriftedawayfrommetaphysicsandepistemologyandshiftedmoretowardsideologiesinscience,politics,andsociology.PragmatismbecamethemostvigorousschoolofthoughtinAmericanphilosophyduringthistime,anditcontinuedtheempiricisttraditionofgroundingknowledgeonexperienceandstressingtheinductiveproceduresofexperimentalscience.ThethreemostimportantpragmatistsofthisperiodweretheAmericanphilosophersCharlesPeirce(1839-1914),consideredtobethefirstoftheAmericanpragmatists,WilliamJames(1842-1910),thefirstgreatAmericanpsychologist,andJohnDewey(1859~1952),whofurtherdevelopedthepragmaticprinciplesofPeirceandJamesintoacomprehensivesystemofthoughtthathecalled'"experimentalnaturalism",or"instrumentalism".

Pragmatismwasgenerallycriticaloftraditionalwesternphilosophy,especiallythenotionthatthereareabsolutetruthsandabsolutevalues.Incontrast,JosiahRoyce(1855-1916),wasaleadingAmericanexponentofidealismatthistime,whobelievedinanabsolutetruthandheldthathumanthought,andtheexternalworldwereunifieD.Pragmatismcalledforideasandtheoriestobetestedinpractice,assessingwhethertheyproduceddesirableorundesirableresults.AlthoughpragmatismwaspopularforatimeinEurope,mostagreethatitepitomizedtheAmericanfaithinknow-howandpracticality,andtheequallyAmericandistrustofabstracttheoriesandideologies.Pragmatismisbestunderstoodinitshistoricalandculturalcontext.Itaroseduringaperiodofrapidscientificadvancement,industrialization,andmaterialprogress;atimewhenthetheoryofevolutionsuggestedtomanythinkersthathumanityandsocietyareinaperpetualstateofprogress.Thisperiodalsosawadeclineintraditionalreligiousbeliefsandvalues.Asaresult,itbecamenecessarytorethinkfundamentalideasaboutvalues,religion,science,community,andindividuality.Pragmatistsregardedalltheoriesandinstitutionsastentativehypothesesandsolutions.Accordingtotheircritics,thepragmatist'srefusaltoaffirmanyabsolutescarriednegativeimplicationsforsociety,challengingthefoundationsofsociety'sinstitutions.

1.Whatisthispassageprimarilyabout?

2.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

3.Accordingtothepassage,pragmatismwasmorepopularinAmericathanEurope,because（）.

4.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theevolutionofphilosophyinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.

B.ThethreemostimportantAmericanpragmatistsofthelate19thcentury.

C.Thedifferencesbetweenpragmatismandtraditionalwesternphilosophy.

D.Americanpragmatism.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Idealismwasanimportantpartofthepragmaticapproach.

B."Pragmatism"wasalsoknownas"traditionalwesternphilosophy".

C.Pragmatismcontinuedtheempiricisttradition.

D.Pragmatismisbestunderstoodindependentlyofitshistoricalandculturalcontext.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Americanshadgreateracceptanceofthetheoryofevolution

B.itepitomizedtheAmericanfaithinknow-howandpracticality

C.Europehadamoretraditionalsocietybasedonamuchlongerhistory

D.industrializationandmaterialprogresswasoccurringatafasterpaceinAmericaatthattime

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.revolutionarythoughtshiftedmoretowardsideologiesinscience,politicsandsociology

B.pragmatistsregardedalltheoriesandinstitutionsastentativehypothesesandsolutions

C.JosiahRoycewasnotapragmatist

D.pragmatismwasbasedonthetheoryofevolution

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.JosiahRoyceconsideredCharlesPeircetobechallengingthefoundationsofsociety'sinstitutions.

B.CharlesPeirceconsideredJosiahRoycetobetooinfluencedbythetheoryofevolution.

C.JohnDeweywouldnothavedevelopedhissystemofthoughtcalled"experimentalnaturalism"or"instrumentalism"withoutthepioneeringworkofCharlesPeirceandWilliamJames.

D.JosiahRoycewasarevolutionarythinker.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。閱讀全文可知，文章第一段介紹了實(shí)用主義的代表人物和思想，第二段介紹了實(shí)用主義的思想理念和側(cè)重點(diǎn)。綜合可知，D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段中“PragmatismbecamethemostvigorousschoolofthoughtinAmericanphilosophyduringthistime,anditcontinuedtheempiricisttraditionofgroundingknowledgeonexperienceandstressingtheinductiveproceduresofexperimentalscience.”，中文翻譯為：在這一時(shí)期，實(shí)用主義成為美國(guó)哲學(xué)中最具活力的學(xué)派，它延續(xù)了以經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)、強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的歸納過(guò)程的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義傳統(tǒng)。因此，C項(xiàng)正確，譯為“實(shí)用主義延續(xù)了經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義傳統(tǒng)”。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段中“AlthoughpragmatismwaspopularforatimeinEurope,mostagreethatitepitomizedtheAmericanfaithinknow-howandpracticality,andtheequallyAmericandistrustofabstracttheoriesandideologies.”中文翻譯為：雖然實(shí)用主義在歐洲曾一度流行，但大多數(shù)人都認(rèn)為它是美國(guó)人對(duì)訣竅和實(shí)用性的信仰的概括，也是美國(guó)人對(duì)抽象理論和意識(shí)形態(tài)不信任的概括?？梢酝茰y(cè)出B選項(xiàng)“它體現(xiàn)了美國(guó)對(duì)訣竅和實(shí)用性的信仰”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由選項(xiàng)D可以定位到文章第一段中“itcontinuedtheempiricisttraditionofgroundingknowledgeonexperienceandstressingtheinductiveproceduresofexperimentalscience.”中文翻譯為：它延續(xù)了以經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)、強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的歸納過(guò)程的經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義傳統(tǒng)?？梢缘弥狣選項(xiàng)“實(shí)用主義是以進(jìn)化論為基礎(chǔ)的”表述錯(cuò)誤。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)選項(xiàng)C可以定位到原文第一段中“JohnDewey(1859—1952),whofurtherdevelopedthepragmaticprinciplesofPeirceandJamesintoacomprehensivesystemofthoughtthathecalled'"experimentalnaturalism",or”instrumentalism.”，中文翻譯為：約翰?杜烕（1859年—1952年），他把皮爾斯和詹姆斯的實(shí)用主義原則進(jìn)一步發(fā)展成一個(gè)他稱(chēng)之為“實(shí)驗(yàn)自然主義”或“工具主義”的綜合思想體系?？梢酝茰y(cè)出C選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有查爾斯?皮爾策和烕廉?詹姆斯的開(kāi)創(chuàng)性著作的情況下，約翰?杜威不可能形成他所謂的“實(shí)驗(yàn)性自然主義”或“工具主義”的系統(tǒng)。”正確。

10.單選題

Areundergraduategradesimportant?Everyoneknowsthathighmarksearnedatdifferentschoolsorunderdifferentinstructorscanindicateverydifferentlevelsofachievement.Oneprofessormaybeahardgrader,whileanotherisverygenerousoronewhotakesthewholebusinessasabitofjoke.Someschoolshavenighstandards,whereasothersaregroupsofintellectualpeople.Andatalluniversities,thereisaconstanttendencytowardsgradeinflation（thegrantingofevermorehighmarks）.Thatisfoughtvigorouslyatsomeinstitutionsandallowedtogouncheckedforlongperiodsatothers.

Anotherpointraisedagainstgradesishowpoorlytheypredicthowmuchgraduateswillbeearning15or20yearsaftergettingtheirdegrees.Asmanystudieshaveshown,thereisonlyaverypoorcorrelationbetweenundergraduate’sgradesandsubsequentwealth.Peoplewhogetgoodmarkstendtogointotheprofessions,notallofwhicharehighlyremunerative（有利的）.Thecorrelationbetweenundergraduategradesandsuccessinbusiness,themostcommonroadtowealth,isvirtuallynothing.Manymediocre（平庸）studentsbecomesuccessfulbusinessman,whilesomebrilliantandcapablegraduates（creativeyoungsters,notstudentswithspecialskillsinpassingexams）takeuprelativelylow-payingbutinterestingorsatisfyingcareers.Thegeneralpopulation,examiningthisquestionthroughastatisticallens,seesonethingveryclearlythatgoodgradesdon’ttranslateinanydirectwayintobigbucks,andforbetterorforworse,thegauge（標(biāo)尺）of“success”forcountlessAmericansistheacquisitionofwealth.

TheresultisacertainmodestyaboutgoodgradesinAmericaamongthosewhogetthem.Astudent’sparentsmaybragabouthismarks,butseldomwillthestudenthimselfriskbeingbrandeda“grade-grubber”bydrawingtoomuchattentiontohisacademicsuccess.Highmarksarenotsomethingtobeadvertisedtotheworldexceptonresumes,andanybodywhoboastsaboutthemislikelytobeviewedwithcontempt,notleastbyintelligentpeople.

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutundergraduategrades?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatistherelationshipbetweengradesandbusinessperformance?

3.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheAmericanattitudetowardsgoodgrades?

4.Thephrase“grade-grubber”,underlinedinparagraph3probablymeans（

）.

5.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthispassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Differentgradesinschoolsindicatedifferentlevelsofachievement.

B.Professorsaregivingincreasinglyhighmarks.

C.Professorssometimesgivegradeswithoutcheckingstudent’swork.

D.Professorsarelikelytogivehighgradesiftheyarehumorous.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Goodgradesnormallyleadtobusinesssuccess.

B.Thereisadirectlinkbetweengradesandbusinesssuccess.

C.Goodgradesdon'tnecessarilymeanbusinesssuccess.

D.Poorgradesoftenmeanbusinesssuccess.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thestudentswithgoodgradeswillsharehishappinesswitheverybodyheknows.

B.Goodgradesaresomethingattachedtogreatimportance.

C.Notmuchimportanceisattachedtogoodgrades.

D.Studentswillriskeverythingtogetgoodgrades.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.astudentwholiketotakerisks

B.astudentwhoisexcellentinacademicstudy

C.astudentwhoisobsessedbygettinggoodgrades

D.astudentwhobragsabouthisgoodgrades

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.AreGradesSoImportant?

B.HowtoGetGoodGrades.

C.DifferentAttitudestowardsGrades.

D.GradesandBusinessSuccess

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢(xún)問(wèn)‘關(guān)于本科成績(jī)，下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的?’。根據(jù)文章第一段中第三句“Oneprofessormaybeahardgrader,whileanotherisverygenerousoronewhotakesthewholebusinessasabitofjoke.一位教授可能是一個(gè)嚴(yán)格的評(píng)分者，而另一位教授可能是一個(gè)非?？犊娜耍蛘呤且粋€(gè)把整件事當(dāng)作玩笑的人。”確定C選項(xiàng)‘教授有時(shí)不檢查學(xué)生的作業(yè)就給他們打分?！_。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢(xún)問(wèn)‘根據(jù)這篇文章，成績(jī)和企業(yè)績(jī)效之間的關(guān)系是什么?’。根據(jù)文章第二段中第四句“Thecorrelationbetweenundergraduategradesandsuccessinbusiness,themostcommonroadtowealth,isvirtuallynothing.大學(xué)本科成績(jī)與商業(yè)成功(最常見(jiàn)的致富之路)之間的相關(guān)性幾乎為零。”確定C選項(xiàng)‘好的成績(jī)并不一定意味著商業(yè)上的成功?！_。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢(xún)問(wèn)‘下列哪一項(xiàng)最能描述美國(guó)人對(duì)待好成績(jī)的態(tài)度?’。根據(jù)文章最后一段中第一句“Theresultisacertainmode