考研考博-英語-山西林業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山西林業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.單選題

Thedamagetomycarwas（）intheaccident,butIhavealingeringfeareventoday.

問題1選項

A.insufficient

B.ambiguous

C.negligible

D.ignorance

【答案】C

【解析】句意:事故中，我的車損傷并不嚴重，但我至今仍然心有余悸。

考查形容詞辨析。insufficient不足的，不夠的；ambiguous含糊的，不確定的；negligible無足輕重的，微不足道的；ignorance無知，愚昧。But表轉(zhuǎn)折,后面句意為:我至今仍然心有余悸。因此可知C符合句意。

2.單選題

Einstein’stheoryofrelativityseemed______whenitwasfirstintroduced.

問題1選項

A.impressive

B.unaccountable

C.inconsistent

D.incredible

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項impressive“感人的；令人欽佩的；給人以深刻印象的”；B選項unaccountable“無責任的；莫名其妙的；不可理解的”；C選項inconsistent“不一致的；前后矛盾的”；D選項incredible“不能相信的，難以置信的；極好的，極大的”。句意：愛因斯坦的相對論剛被提出時似乎令人難以置信。因此D選項正確。

3.單選題

Iampreparedtomakesome（）onminordetails,butIcannotcompromiseonfundamentals.

問題1選項

A.confession

B.concession

C.concord

D.consent

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。confession“懺悔；告解”；concession“讓步；特許（權(quán)）”；concord“和諧；和睦；一致”；consent“準許；同意”。句意：在一些細節(jié)上我準備做出一些______，但是在原則上我不會妥協(xié)。根據(jù)句意可知選項B符合題意。

4.單選題

Whatissospecialaboutintuitivetalent?ExtensiveresearchonbrainskillsindicatesthatthosewhoscoreashighlyintuitivelyonsuchtestinstrumentsastheMyers-BriggsTypeIndicatortendtobethemostinnovativeinstrategicplanninganddecisionmaking.Theytendtobemoreinsightfulandbetteratfindingnewwaysofdoingthings.Inbusiness,theyarethepeoplewhocansensewhetheranewproductideawill“fly”inthemarketplace.Theyarethepeoplewhowillgenerateingeniousnewsolutionstooldproblemsthatmayhavefesteredforyears.Thesearetheexecutivesthatallorganizationswouldlovetofind.

But,surprisingly,organizationsoftenthwart,block,ordriveoutthistalent—theverytalenttheyrequirefortheirfuturesurvival!Attheveryleast,mostorganizationslackwell-establishedhuman-capitalprogramsdesignedtosearchforandconsciouslyusetheiremployees’intuitivetalentinthestrategicplanningprocess.Asaresult,thistalentiseithernotused,suppressed,orlostaltogether.

Typically,highlyintuitivemanagersworkinanorganizationalclimatethatistheoppositeofthatwhichwouldenablethemtoflourishandtoreadilyusetheirskillsforstrategicdecisionmaking.Thisclimatecanbecharacterizedasfollows:Newideasarenotreadilyencouraged.Highermanagerschooseotherswhothinkmuchastheydoforsupportstaff.Unconventionalapproachestoproblemsolvingencounterenormousresistance.Beforelong,theintuitiveexecutivebeginstoemotionallywithdraw,slowlybutsurelyreducinghisorherinputandoftenleavingtheorganizationaltogether.

Toachievehigherproductivityinthestrategicplanninganddecisionmakingprocess,clearlywhatisneededisanorganizationalclimateinwhichintuitivebrainskillsandstylescanflourishandbeintegratedwithmoretraditionalmanagementtechniques.Theorganization’sleadershipmusthaveaspecialsensitivitytothevalueofintuitiveinputinstrategicdecisionmakingandunderstandhowtocreateanenvironmentinwhichtheuseofintuitionwillgrow,integratingitintothemainstreamoftheorganization’sstrategicplanningprocess.

1.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTdescribeintuitivetalents?

2.Highlyintuitivemanagerstypicallyworkinaclimatethat（）.

3.Anexecutivemightleavetheorganizationbecause（）.

4.Anorganization’sleadershipshoulddoallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

問題1選項

A.Theyareinnovativeinstrategicplanning.

B.Theyaregoodatfindingnewapproachestooldproblems.

C.Theyaretheexecutivesthatallorganizationswouldlovetofind.

D.Theyarefullyutilized.

問題2選項

A.enablesthemtoflourish

B.discouragesnewideas

C.achieveshigherproductivity

D.bothAandC

問題3選項

A.heishurt

B.heisfired

C.hisintuitivetalentisnotused

D.heearnstoolittle

問題4選項

A.separatingintuitivestylesfromtraditionalmanagementtechniques

B.learninghowtousecreativethinking

C.learninghowtouseproblemsolvingskills

D.noneoftheabove

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】第1題:1.【選項釋義】

1.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTdescribeintuitivetalents?1.下列哪項不能描述直覺天賦人才？

A.Theyareinnovativeinstrategicplanning.A.他們在戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃上是創(chuàng)新的。

B.Theyaregoodatfindingnewapproachestooldproblems.B.他們善于找到解決老問題的新方法。

C.Theyaretheexecutivesthatallorganizationswouldlovetofind.C.他們是所有組織都想要找到的管理者。

D.Theyarefullyutilized.D.他們被充分利用了。

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞intuitivetalents可以定位至第一段，該段對此有描述“那些在邁爾斯布里格斯性格分類法等測試工具上直覺得分很高的人，往往在戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和決策方面最具創(chuàng)新性（bethemostinnovativeinstrategicplanninganddecision-making）……他們是那些能夠想出巧妙的新辦法來解決可能已經(jīng)積存多年的老問題的人（generateingeniousnewsolutionstooldproblems）。這些是所有組織都想要找到的高管（theexecutivesthatallorganizationswouldlovetofind）?！睆闹锌芍?，只有D項“他們被充分利用了”沒有被提及，但符合題目要求；所以該題選擇D項正確。

【干擾項排除】A項“他們在戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃上是創(chuàng)新的”、B項“他們善于找到解決老問題的新方法”和C項“他們是所有組織都想要找到的管理者”根據(jù)解題思路可知，都是對直覺天賦人才的描述，符合原文，屬于反向干擾。

第2題:2.【選項釋義】

2.Highlyintuitivemanagerstypicallyworkinaclimatethat______.2.高度直覺型的管理者通常在一個______的環(huán)境中工作。

A.enablesthemtoflourishA.能讓他們蓬勃發(fā)展

B.discouragesnewideasB.不鼓勵新想法

C.achieveshigherproductivityC.生產(chǎn)率更高

D.bothAandCD.A項和C項

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至原文第三段，第一句提到“高度直覺型的管理者所處的組織環(huán)境與能夠讓他們蓬勃發(fā)展并能隨時利用他們的技能進行戰(zhàn)略決策的環(huán)境背道而馳”，接著就描述了這種環(huán)境是什么樣的，即“新思想不容易被鼓勵。高層管理者選擇那些和他們想法一致的人作為支持人員。非傳統(tǒng)的解決問題的方法遇到了巨大的阻力?！?，綜合理解可知，B項“不鼓勵新想法”符合題干。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A項“能讓他們蓬勃發(fā)展”根據(jù)解題思路可知，與原文相反，屬于反向干擾；

C項“生產(chǎn)率更高”沒有提到，屬于無中生有；

D項“A項和C項”根據(jù)解題思路可知，該項不正確，屬于反向干擾。

第3題:3.【選項釋義】

3.Anexecutivemightleavetheorganizationbecause______.3.高管可能會因為______離開公司。

A.heishurtA.受傷

B.heisfiredB.解雇

C.hisintuitivetalentisnotusedC.他的直覺天賦沒有被利用

D.heearnstoolittleD.他掙得太少

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第三段三四五句“高層管理者會選擇那些跟他們想法一致的人作為支持人員，非傳統(tǒng)的解決問題的方法遇到了巨大的阻力。高度直覺型的管理人員不久后開始在情感上退縮，慢慢地肯定會減少投入，直到完全離開組織?！边@一內(nèi)容可以推斷，管理人員離開機構(gòu)的原因是自己的直覺天賦不被重用。選項C符合原文。

【干擾項排除】A項“受傷”、B項“解雇”和D項“他掙得太少”在原文都未提及，屬于無中生有。

第4題:4.【選項釋義】

4.Anorganization’sleadershipshoulddoallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.4.一個組織的領(lǐng)導層應該做以下所有的事情，除了______。

A.separatingintuitivestylesfromtraditionalmanagementtechniquesA.區(qū)分直觀風格和傳統(tǒng)管理辦法

B.learninghowtousecreativethinkingB.學習如何運用創(chuàng)造性思維

C.learninghowtouseproblem-solvingskillsC.學習如何使用解決問題的技巧

D.noneoftheaboveD.以上都不是

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第四段第一句“為了在戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和決策過程中實現(xiàn)更高的生產(chǎn)力，顯然需要這樣一種組織環(huán)境：直覺和憑直覺辦事的方法能夠盛行，而且應該同更傳統(tǒng)的管理辦法結(jié)合起來（intuitivebrainskillsandstylescanflourishandbeintegratedwithmoretraditionalmanagementtechniques）”，理解可知，A項“區(qū)分直觀風格和傳統(tǒng)管理辦法”中的separating與原文中的integrated相反，不是一個組織的領(lǐng)導層應該做的事情。因此，該題選擇A項。

【干擾項排除】

B項“學習如何運用創(chuàng)造性思維”和C項“學習如何使用解決問題的技巧”根據(jù)第四段最后一句“組織的領(lǐng)導層……理解如何創(chuàng)造一個環(huán)境，使直覺的使用得以發(fā)展，并將其融入組織戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃過程的主流”，結(jié)合第一段對直覺天賦的描述：在戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和決策方面最具創(chuàng)新性、想出解決問題的新辦法等，所以這兩項符合一個組織的領(lǐng)導層應該做的事情，屬于反向干擾；

D項“以上都不是”根據(jù)解題思路可知，該項屬于反向干擾。

5.單選題

Somefeltthattheywerehurryingintoanepochofunprecedentedenlightenment,inwhichbettereducationandbeneficialtechnologywould（

）wealthandleisureforall.

問題1選項

A.ensure

B.maintain

C.certify

D.console

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。ensure“保證，確保，使安全”；maintain“維持”；certify“證明，保證”；console“安慰，慰藉”。句意：一些人認為他們正匆忙進入一個空前教化的時代，在這里更好的教育、更有利的科技可以確保人們健康和有足夠的休閑時間。選項A符合題意。

6.單選題

TheUniversityinTransformation,editedbyAustralianfuturismSohaiiInayatullahandJenniferGidley,presentssome20highlyvariedoutlooksontomorrow'suniversitiesbywritersrepresentingbothWesternandnon一Westernperspectives.Theiressaysraiseabroadrangeofissues,questioningnearlyeverykeyassumptionwehaveabouthighereducationtoday.

ThemostwidelydiscussedalternativetothetraditionalcampusistheInternetUniversity--avoluntarycommunitytoscholars/teachersphysicallyscatteredthroughoutacountryoraroundtheworldbutalllinkedincyberspace.Acomputerizeduniversitycouldhavemanyadvantages,suchaseasyscheduling,efficientdeliveryoflecturestothousandsorevenmillionsofstudentsatonce,andreadyaccessforstudentseverywheretotheresourcesofalltheworld’sgreatlibraries.

YettheInternetUniversityposesdangers,too.Forexample,alineoffranchisedcourseware,producedbyafewsuperstarteachers,marketedunderthebrandnameofafamousinstitution,andheavilyadvertised,mighteventuallycometodominatetheglobaleducationmarked,warnssociologyprofessorPeterManicasoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoa.Besidesenforcingarigidlystandardizedcurriculum,sucha“collegeeducationinabox”couldunderselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthemoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork,noteAustraliancommunicationsprofessorsDavidRooneyandGregHearn.

Ontheotherhand,whileglobalconnectivityseemshighlylikelytoplaysomesignificantroleinfuturehighereducation,thatdoesnotmeangreateruniformityincoursecontent-orotherdangers—willnecessarilyfollow.Counter-movementsarealsoatwork.

Manyinacademia,includingscholarscontributingtothisvolume,arequestioningthefundamentalmissionofuniversityeducation.Whatifforinstance,insteadofreceivingprimarilytechnicaltrainingandbuildingtheirindividualcareers,universitystudentsandprofessorscouldfocustheirlearningandresearcheffortsonexistingproblemsintheirlocalcommunitiesandtheworld?FeministscholarIvanaMilojevicdarestodreamwhatauniversitymightbecome“ifwebelievedthatchild-careworkersandteachersinearlychildhoodeducationshouldbeoneofthehighest(ratherthanlowest)paidprofessionals?”

Co-editorJenniferGidleyshowshowtomorrow'suniversityfaculty,insteadofgivinglecturesandconductingindependentresearch,maytakeonthreenewroles.Somewouldactasbrokers,assemblingcustomizeddegree-creditprogrammesforindividualstudentsbymixingandmatchingthebestcourseofferingsavailablefrominstitutionsallaroundtheworld.Asecondgroup,mentors,wouldfunctionmuchliketoday'sfacultyadvisers,butarelikelytobeworkingwithmanymorestudentsoutsidetheirownacademicspecialty.Thiswouldrequirethemtoconstantlybelearningfromtheirstudentsaswellasinstructingthem.

Athirdnewroleforfaculty,andinGidley'sviewthemostchallengingandrewardingofall,wouldbeasmeaning-makers:charismaticsagesandpractitionersleadinggroupsofstudents/colleaguesincollaborativeeffortstofindspiritualaswellasrationalandtechnologicalsolutionstospecificreal-worldproblems.

Moreover,thereseemstitlereasontosupposethatanyoneformofuniversitymustnecessarilydriveoutallotheroptions.Studentsmaybe"enrolled"incoursesofferedatvirtualcampusesontheInternet,between-orevenduring-sessionsatareal-worldproblem-focusedinstitution.

Asco-editorSohailInayatullahpointsoutinhisintroduction,nofutureisinevitable,andtheveryactofimaginingandthinkingthroughalternativepossibilitiescandirectlyaffecthowthoughtfully,creativelyandurgentlyevenadominanttechnologyisadaptedandapplied.Eveninacademia,thefuturebelongstothosewhocareenoughtoworktheirvisionsintopractical,sustainablerealities.

1.WhenthebookreviewerdiscussestheInternetUniversity,（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTseenasapotentialoftheInternetUniversity?

3.Accordingtothereview,whatisthefundamentalmissionoftraditionaluniversityeducation?

4.Judgingfromthethreenewrolesenvisionedfortomorrow’suniversityfaculty,universityteachers

（

）.

5.Whichcategoryofwritingdoesthereviewbelongto?

問題1選項

A.heisinfavourofit

B.hisviewisbalanced

C.heisslightlycriticalofit

D.heisstronglycriticalofit

問題2選項

A.Internet-basedcoursesmaybelesscostlythantraditionalones.

B.Teachersintraditionalinstitutionsmaylosetheirjobs.

C.Internet-basedcoursewaremaylackvarietyincoursecontent.

D.TheInternetUniversitymayproduceteacherswithalotofpublicity.

問題3選項

A.Knowledgelearningandcareerbuilding.

B.Learninghowtosolveexistingsocialproblems.

C.Researchingintosolutionstocurrentworldproblems.

D.Combiningresearcheffortsofteachersandstudentsinlearning

問題4選項

A.arerequiredtoconductmoreindependentresearch.

B.arerequiredtooffermorecoursestotheirstudents

C.aresupposedtoassumemoredemandingduties

D.aresupposedtosupervisemorestudentsintheirspecialty

問題5選項

A.Narration

B.Description

C.Persuasion

D.Exposition

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)原文可知，第二段講到了網(wǎng)絡大學的優(yōu)勢，第三段提到，網(wǎng)絡大學也帶來了危險，由此可知，他們的態(tài)度是客觀的不偏不倚的，所以選項B正確。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“Besidesenforcingarigidlystandardizedcurriculum,sucha“collegeeducationinabox”couldunderselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthemoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork.除了實施嚴格的標準化課程，這種‘盒子里的大學教育’可能會以低于許多傳統(tǒng)實體院校的價格出售資料，有效地迫使它們停業(yè)，并導致數(shù)千名職業(yè)學者失業(yè)?！边x項A“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)課程可能比傳統(tǒng)課程更便宜”符合原文；選項B“傳統(tǒng)學校的教師可能會失業(yè)”正確；選項C“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)課件在課程內(nèi)容上可能缺乏多樣性”與原文“實施標準化課程”相符，只有選項D在文中沒有提及，所以本題選D。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容“學術(shù)界的許多人，包括撰寫本卷的學者，都在質(zhì)疑大學教育的根本使命。例如，如果大學生和教授可以把他們的學習和研究工作集中在當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)和世界上存在的問題上，而不是接受主要的技術(shù)培訓和建立自己的職業(yè)生涯，那會怎么樣?”由此可知，傳統(tǒng)大學教育的根本使命是：接受主要的技術(shù)培訓和建立自己的職業(yè)生涯。也就是學習知識和職業(yè)建設。選項A符合原文。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第四段的內(nèi)容“JenniferGidley向我們展示了未來的大學教師們將如何扮演三個新角色，而不再是講課和進行獨立研究?！庇纱丝膳懦x項A；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二句“Asecondgroup,mentors,wouldfunctionmuchliketoday'sfacultyadvisers,butarelikelytobeworkingwithmanymorestudentsoutsidetheirownacademicspecialty.第二個，導師將會像今天的教師顧問一樣，但是可能會與更多自己專業(yè)外的學生合作?！庇纱丝膳懦x項D；選項B在文中沒有提及；所以只有選項C“需要承擔更艱巨的任務”是正確的。

5.判斷推理題。本題問的是這篇文章的寫作類型，Narration記敘文；Description描述；Persuasion說服；Exposition說明文。選項A和D屬于寫作類型，選項B和C屬于寫作手法，所以首先排除選項B和C。再根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容可知，本文主要講的是SohaiiInayatullah和JenniferGidley共同編撰的《轉(zhuǎn)型中的大學》這本書中所提到的內(nèi)容，屬于說明文。所以選項D正確。

7.單選題

Thisyoungman,（）withacravingformaterialisticgratification,caresaboutnothingbutmoney.

問題1選項

A.obsessed

B.negotiated

C.compromised

D.provided

【答案】A

【解析】動詞辨析題。obsessedwith沉迷于；negotiatedwith與…協(xié)商；compromisedwith向（某人）妥協(xié)；providedwith給…提供。句意：這個年輕人貪圖物質(zhì)上的滿足，只關(guān)心錢。選項A符合句意。

8.單選題

Manypeopleare（

）toinsectbites,andsomeevenhavetogotohospital.

問題1選項

A.insensitive

B.allergic

C.sensible

D.infected

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞辨析。句意:很多人對蚊蟲叮咬（

），有些甚至不得不去醫(yī)院治療。

Insensitive感覺遲鈍的;allergic過敏的,例如beallergicto對某事或某物過敏;sensible理智的;infected被感染的。故選B。

9.單選題

Whenapersondies,hisdebtsmustbepaidbeforehis（）canbedistributed.

問題1選項

A.paradoxes

B.legacies

C.platitudes

D.analogies

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項“似是而非的論點，自相矛盾的話”；B選項“遺產(chǎn)”；C選項“陳詞濫調(diào)”；D選項“類似，類推”，句意：當一個人死后，他的債務必須在（）分配之前弄清。這句要表示的是“要把遺產(chǎn)分配清楚”，因此B選項符合題意。

10.單選題

USAisoneofthePowersintheworld,butit'sa(n)（）thatinsucharichcountrythereshouldbesomanypoorpeople.

問題1選項

A.paradox

B.prejudice

C.dilemma

D.conflict

【答案】A

【解析】paradox悖論,自相矛盾的人或事；prejudice偏見；dilemma困境；conflict沖突,矛盾。句意：美國是世界大國之一,但在如此富裕的國家卻有如此多的窮人,這是一個悖論。

11.單選題

FastReading

Newspapers

Newspapersaretheoriginalformofbroadbandcommunication,adistinctionnotalwaysrecognizedintheageoftheInternet.Longbeforewehadcomputers,televisions,radios,telephonesandtelegraphs,newspaperswerethecheapestandmostefficientwaytoreachmassaudienceswithnews,commentaryandadvertising.Newspapers,fromtheirbeginningsashand-printed“broadsheets”,havebeenatruerandom-accessmedium-readerscanmoveeasilyandquicklythroughthedifferentsectionsofanewspaper,returningtothemdaysorevenweekslater.Andbecauseanewspaper’s“software”consistsofacommonlanguage,itpossessesauniversalandtimelessquality.

WhatDidtheGrowthofTVNewsMeantoNewspapers?

Withthegrowthoftelevisionnewsinthe1960s,newspapersconfrontedtheirfirstformidablecompetitor.Today,ABCNewsclaimsthatmoreAmericansgettheirnewsfromABCthanfromanyothersource—andit’sprobablytrue.TheUnitedStates’1,600dailynewspaperscontinuetoservemillionsofreaders,butnewspapersarenolongerthecountry’sdominantmassmedium.Howtosurviveandevenflourishinaculturemoreattunedto（吻合）electronicmediathantoprinter’sinkisthemostseriousissuefacingthenewspaperindustryasitentersthe21stcentury.

ItissafetosaythatnewspapersarenotabouttofollowtheMorsetelegraphintooblivion.Newspapersareaportableconvenientmedium.Noonelugsacomputermonitortothebreakfasttabletogetthemorningnews.And,newspapersareprovingsurprisinglyadeptatreinventingthemselvesfortoday’sreadersbyemphasizinggooddesign,colorphotographyanddetailedstoriesthatreportandinterpretcurrentevents.

WhatExactlyIsNewsandHowDoesItWork?

Curiously,forapublicationcalledanewspaper,noonehasevercoinedastandarddefinitionofnews.Butforthemostpart,newsusuallyfallsunderonebroadclassification-theabnormal.Itishumanfolly,mechanicalfailuresandnaturaldisastersthatoften“makethenews”.Reportersareanewspaper’sfront-lineeyesandears.Reportersglean（收集）informationfrommanysources,somepublic,suchaspolicerecords,andothersprivate,suchasagovernmentinformant.Occasionally,areporterwillgotojailratherthanrevealthenameofaconfidentialsourceforanewsstory.Americannewspapersproudlyconsiderthemselvesthefourthbranchofgovernment—thewatchdogbranch—thatexposeslegislative,executiveandjudicialmisbehavior.

Somereportersareassignedtobeats,oranareaofcoverage,suchasthecourts,cityhall,education,business,medicineandsoforth.Othersarecalledgeneralassignmentreporters,whichmeanstheyareoncallforavarietyofstoriessuchasaccidents,civiceventsandhuman-intereststories.Inthemovies,reportershaveexciting,frenzied（狂熱的）anddangerousjobsastheyliveafamouspronouncementofthenewspaperbusiness:“Comforttheafflictedandafflictthecomfortable.”Althoughafewmembersofthemediahavebeenkilledasaresultofinvestigationsintowrongdoing,newspaperworkforthegreatmajorityofreportersisroutine.

Allreportersareultimatelyresponsibletoaneditor.Dependingonitssize,anewspapermayhavenumerouseditors,beginningwithanexecutiveeditorresponsibleforthenewsdivision.Immediatelybelowtheexecutiveeditoristhemanagingeditor,thepersonwhooverseestheday-to-dayworkofthenewsdivision.Othereditors―sports,photo,state,national,featuresandobituary（訃告）,forexample—mayalsoreporttothemanagingeditor.

However,thebestknownandinsomewaysthemostcrucialeditoristhecityormetroeditor.Thisistheeditorthatreportersworkfordirectly.Thecityormetroeditorassignsstones,enforcesdeadlinesandisthefirsttoseereporters’rawcopyonthecompositionsystemorcomputernetwork.Theseeditorsarecalledgatekeepers,becausetheycontrolmuchofwhatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaper.Oftenworkingunderthestressofbreakingnews,theirdecisionstranslatedirectlyintothecontentofthenewspaper.

Oncethecityormetroeditorhasfinishededitingareporter’srawcopy,thestorymovesfromthecompositionsystemviathecomputernetworktoanotherpartofthenewsdivision,thecopydesk.Here,copyeditorscheckforspellingandothererrorsofusage.Theymayalsolookfor“holes”inthestorythatwouldconfusereadersorleavetheirquestionsunanswered.Thecopydeskchiefroutesfinishedstoriestoothereditorswhofitlocalandwireservicestories,headlines（writtenbytheeditor—notthereporter!）anddigitalphotographsontopages.Newspapersareincreasinglydoingthiswork,calledpagination（分頁）,withpersonalcomputersusingsoftwareavailableatanyofficesupplystore.MicrosoftWindows,WordandQuarkExpressarethreeprogramsthat,thoughnotdesignedfornewspaperproduction,areeasilyadaptedforit.

WhatAretheEditorialPagesAllAbout?

Anewspaperpublishesitsviewsoncurrentevents-bothlocalandnational-onitseditorialpages.Thisiswhereeditorials,unsignedcommentarythatreflectsthecollectivepositionofthenewspaper’seditorialboard,appear.Editorialsarenotnews,butratherreasonedopinionbasedonfacts.Forexample,editorialsmaycriticizetheperformanceofpublicofficialssuchasthemayor,thepolicechief,orthelocalschoolboard;conversely,editorialsmaypraiseothersfortheirciviccontributions.Whateverthetopic,newspapershopetheireditorialswillraisethelevelofcommunitydiscourse.

Twowaysthisoccursarefamiliartoanynewspaperreader―letterstotheeditorandop-edarticles（acontractionofopposite-editorialpage）.Lettersarealwaysamongthebest-readsectionofanynewspaper,forthisiswherereadersexpresstheiropinions.Op-edarticlesusuallyrun850to1,000words.Newspapersmakespaceforletterstotheeditorandop-edarticlesfreelyavailableaspartoftheircontributiontocivicdialogue.

Theeditorialpagesareunderthedirectionofaneditoroutsidethenewsdivision.Newspaperpeoplecallthis“separationofchurchandstate”,meaningthereisalinebetweennewsandopinionthatmustnotbecrossed.Todosostripsanewspaperofitsmostvaluableasset-credibility.Forthatreason,editorialpageeditorsatsomelargenewspapersreporttothepublisher,whoisthechiefexecutiveofficerofthecompany,andnottotheexecutiveeditor.Othernewspapersmayhavetheireditorialpageeditorreportingtotheexecutiveeditor.Whatevertheorganizationalmodel,though,neitherdepartmentcantelltheotherwhattopublishinthenewspaper.

HowAreNewspapersDistributed?

Responsibilityforgettingthenewspaperfromthepresstothereaderfallstothedistributiondivision.Largenewspaperspublishtwo,threeorevenfoureditions,allofwhichmustbereadytoleavethenewspaperplantatacertaintime.Thefirstedition,sometimescalledthebulldogedition（晨版）,goestotheouterlimitsofthenewspaper’scirculationarea.

Thismaybeseveralcountiesorevenanentirestate.Latereditionscontainprogressivelyfreshernewsandgotosmallerareas.Thefinaledition,whichgoestopressaftermidnight,containsthelatestnewsbutcoversthesmallestgeographicalarea,usuallyacity.

Anysubscribertoadailynewspaperknowsthatitplops（撲通落下）ontothedrivewayintheweehoursofthemorning.Independentcontractorscalledcarriersbuycopiesofthenewspaperatdiscountanddeliverthem,usingtheirpersonalvehicles.ThefirstjobformanyAmericanyoungsterswasdeliveringtheafternoonpaperintheirneighborhood.

Thecirculationdepartmentdrawstheroutesthatcarriersfollow.Thisdepartmentisalsoresponsibleforracksales,newspapersthatgointocoin-operateddispensers（自動售貨機）.Thecirculationdepartmentmaintainssubscribers’billingrecords,stopsandstartsdeliveriesuponrequest,andusesservicerunnerstodelivermissingpapers.

In18hoursofhighlycoordinatedworkcarriedoutbynumerousdivisions,whatnewspaperpeoplecalla“roughdraftofhistory”asmovedthroughcomputersystems,imaging（成像）machinesandpresses,toitsfinaldestination-thereaders.

After3:30a.m.,fewpeopleremainatanewspaperplant.Alltheotherdivisionshavegonehome.Thepresseshavefallensilent,perhapsundergoingmaintenancefortheremainderofthenight.Thesuddensilencewillnotlastlong.Inlessthanfourhours,thenewspaper,asitmustdo365daysayear,willrousefromitsshortsleepandstartalloveragain.

1.Whatcanbestdescribethequalitiesofnewspapersnow?

2.WhatqualitiesshouldNewspaperspossessinordertosurviveinthecompetitionagainstothermedia?

3.Today’snewspaperspaymoreattentiontothefollowingaspectsEXCEPT（）.

4.WhyAmericannewspapersconsiderthemselves“thewatchdogbranch”?

5.Whatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaperisdecidedby（）.

6.Whatmustbepublishedonnewspapers’editorialpages?

7.Newspapersmakeroomforletterstotheeditorandopposite-editorialarticlesasimportantdevotionto（）.

問題1選項

A.Theyareoriginalandhand-printed.

B.Theyarethecheapestandmostefficient.

C.Theyareuniversalandeverla