2010年考研英語(yǔ)歷年真題來(lái)源報(bào)刊閱讀100篇

2010年考研英語(yǔ)歷年真題來(lái)源報(bào)刊閱讀100篇（1一2）作者:出處: 點(diǎn)擊次數(shù):24次減小字體增大字體內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介:所有考過(guò)研究生英語(yǔ)和立志參加研究生英語(yǔ)考試的朋友們都知道,考研文章絕大多數(shù)來(lái)自英美國(guó)家的報(bào)刊雜志,以面向大眾的社科類和科普類刊物為主?；诖?編者做了大量的工作,將這些文章挑出來(lái),配以譯文和詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容,以方便參加考研的同學(xué)使用。［作者］鐘平2010考研英語(yǔ)真題來(lái)源報(bào)刊閱讀100篇1Thermoelectrics：EverylittlehelpsHEREisathought:approximately60%oftheenergyconvertedinpowergenerationiswasted.Thepriceofenergyishigh,bothintermsoftheactualcosttotheconsumerandtheconsequencesoftheclimatechangethatgeneratingpowerfromfossilfuelscauses.Ifevenasmallproportionofthiswastedheatcouldbeconvertedtousefulpower,itwouldbeagoodthing.Atthisweek'smeetingoftheAmericanPhysicalSociety,inBaltimore,MercouriKanatzidisofMichiganStateUniversityproposedsuchascheme.Headvocatesattachingthermoelectricdevicesthatconvertheatintoelectricitytochimneystacksandvehicleexhausts,tosqueezemoreusefulenergyfrompowergeneration.Thetechnologytodosohasexistedforyears.Ifoneendofanelectricalconductorisheatedwhiletheotheriskeptcool,asmallvoltageiscreatedbetweenthetwo.Placingtwodissimilarmetals,orotherelectricallyconductivematerials,incontactwitheachotherandthenheatingthemalsogeneratesavoltage.Suchdevices,calledthermocouples,arenowadaysusuallymadeusingsemiconductors.Theyarewidelyusedasthermometers.Butiftheycouldbemadecheaper,ormoreefficient,orboth,theycouldalsobeemployedtogeneratepower.DrKanatzidisisdevelopingnewthermoelectricmaterialsdesignedtobecapableofconvertingupto20%oftheheatthatwouldotherwisebewastedintousefulelectricity.Thechallengeliesinfindingasubstancethatconductselectricitywellandheatbadly.Thesetwopropertiesdefinewhatphysicistscallthe"figureofmerit^^ofathermoelectricsubstance,whichdescribesthepoweradevicemadeofthatsubstancecouldgenerate.DrKanatzidis'sgroupaimstomakematerialswithhigherfiguresofmeritthanthoseattainablewithtoday'ssemiconductors.Sincetheelectricalpropertiesofsolidsdependontheircrystalstructures,hisgroupisexperimentingwithnewatomiclattices.Inparticular,theyareworkingonagroupofchemicalscalledchalcogenides.Thesearecompoundsofoxygen,sulphur,seleniumandtelluriumthatarethoughttobeparticularlysuitableforthermoelectricapplicationsbecausetheirstructureallowselectriccurrentstoflowwhileblockingthermalcurrents.Theythushaveahighfigureofmerit.DrKanatzidis'sgroupisdevelopingnewwaysofmakingthesecompoundscrystallisecorrectly.Butevenexistingdevicescouldbecomeeconomicallyusefulasfuelpricesrise,DrKanatzidisargues.InAmerica,transportaccountsforaquarteroftheenergyused.Fittingsmallthermoelectricdevicestotheexhaustpipesofvehiclescouldsqueezeanother10%fromthefuel—asavingthatwouldbeespeciallyrelevantinhybridpetrol/electricdeviceswherethebatteryisrechargedinpartbyrecyclingenergythatwouldotherwisebedissipatedbyenergy-drainingactivitiessuchasbraking.Similarly,attachingthermoelectricdevicestothefluesofpowerplantscouldgeneratemoreusefulpower.Andthermoelectricdevicescouldbeusedinotherareas.Theycouldworkalongsidesolarcellsandsolarheatingsystems.Theycouldalsobeusedingeothermalandnuclearpowerplants.DrKanatzidisarguesthatwhereverheatisgeneratedaspartofpowergeneration,thermoelectricdevicescouldhelpextractmoreusefulenergy.Wastenot,wantnot.考研詞匯;converted a.更換信仰的,修改的advocate n.提倡者,鼓吹者;v.提倡,鼓吹［真題例句］Oneofthefirstadvocates(n.)foranationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.［2005年新題型］［例句精譯］Laval大學(xué)一位研究人員是首先提出創(chuàng)立全國(guó)性代理機(jī)構(gòu)的倡導(dǎo)者之一。［真題例句］Thejournalistadvocating(v.)participatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.［2000年閱讀5］［例句精譯］倡導(dǎo)終生參與民主制的新聞?dòng)浾邊s把自己的子女送進(jìn)私立學(xué)校。capablea.①有本領(lǐng)的,有能力的;②(of)可以……的,能……的［真題例句］IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapable(②)ofmeetingcustomersdemands.［2001年閱讀4］［例句精譯］我認(rèn)為,推動(dòng)這股巨大的并購(gòu)浪潮的最主要的力量,也是推動(dòng)全球化進(jìn)程的力量,包括日趨下降的運(yùn)輸與通訊費(fèi)用,較低的貿(mào)易與投資壁壘,以及市場(chǎng)的擴(kuò)大和為滿足市場(chǎng)需求而進(jìn)行的擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)。compoundn.混合物,化合物;a.混合的,化合的,復(fù)合的;v.合成［真題イ列句］Vitaminsareorganiccompounds(n.)necessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.［1996年完形］［例句精譯］維生素是有機(jī)化合物,飲食中必須含有少量維生素以維持動(dòng)物(包括人)的生存和正常生長(zhǎng)。meritn.優(yōu)點(diǎn)，價(jià)值,功績(jī)；v.值得,應(yīng)得drainn.①排水溝,陰溝；②消耗,負(fù)擔(dān):v.排去,放干背景常識(shí)介紹:熱電轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)是ー種利用半導(dǎo)體材料實(shí)現(xiàn)熱能和電能直接相互轉(zhuǎn)換的綠色能源技術(shù)。使用這項(xiàng)技術(shù),利用農(nóng)作物、垃圾、汽車余熱甚至人體熱能,在住宅、農(nóng)莊、汽車上就可以建立一個(gè)小型發(fā)電系統(tǒng),滿足人們對(duì)小功率電能的需求。采用不同的熱電材料可以制成發(fā)電器或者制冷器,它們無(wú)須使用傳動(dòng)部件,系統(tǒng)體積小,適用溫度范圍廣,工作時(shí)無(wú)噪音,與太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能、水能等二次能源一樣,具有不排放污染物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。參考譯文:熱電學(xué):每ー小部分都是有用的有人認(rèn)為,在發(fā)電過(guò)程中,其中大約有60%的能量在其轉(zhuǎn)化成電能時(shí)被浪費(fèi)掉。無(wú)論從消費(fèi)者的實(shí)際花費(fèi),還是從用化石燃料發(fā)電所引起的氣候變化的角度而言,使用能源的代價(jià)都是很高的。如果把浪費(fèi)掉的很小的一部分熱能轉(zhuǎn)換為有用的能量,這都是件好事。美國(guó)物理學(xué)會(huì)本周在巴爾的摩舉行的例會(huì)上,密歇根州立大學(xué)的MercouriKanatzidis建議,把熱電轉(zhuǎn)化裝置安裝在煙囪和車輛排氣管±,從而獲得更多可用能源。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)已經(jīng)研發(fā)出好多年了。如果電導(dǎo)體一段加熱,另一端不加熱,就會(huì)在電導(dǎo)體兩端產(chǎn)生少量的電壓。把兩種不同的金屬或其他非金屬電導(dǎo)體連在ー起,進(jìn)行加熱,也會(huì)產(chǎn)生一定的電壓。這樣的裝置被稱為熱電偶,現(xiàn)在通常由半導(dǎo)體材料制成。這些熱電偶被廣泛用作溫度計(jì)。如果它們的造價(jià)再低ー些,或效用再高ー些,或同時(shí)降低造價(jià)、提高效用,就可以用它們來(lái)發(fā)電了。Kanatzidis博士正在研發(fā)的ー種新型熱電材料,可以將原本會(huì)浪費(fèi)掉的熱能中的20%轉(zhuǎn)化為電能。他目前面臨的困難是,要找到ー種物質(zhì),同時(shí)是很好的電導(dǎo)體又是熱的不良導(dǎo)體。這兩種屬性決定著熱電材料的“品質(zhì)因數(shù)”?！捌焚|(zhì)因數(shù)”是用來(lái)描述用熱電材料所制成的元器件的輸出功率的單位。Kanatzidis博士團(tuán)隊(duì)的目標(biāo)就是研制出“品質(zhì)因數(shù)”更高的熱電材料。由于固體的導(dǎo)電性能由其晶體結(jié)構(gòu)所決定,Kanatzidis博士團(tuán)隊(duì)于是實(shí)驗(yàn)新的原子晶格。具體來(lái)說(shuō),他們就是在研究一種叫做“硫系化合物”的化學(xué)品,其成分包括氧、硫、珅、碎。這些元素被認(rèn)為很適于熱電應(yīng)用,因?yàn)樗鼈兊慕Y(jié)構(gòu)能夠在阻擋熱流的同時(shí)允許電子流通過(guò)。因此,它們具有很高的“品質(zhì)因數(shù)”。Kanatzidis博士團(tuán)隊(duì)正在研究能夠使這些化合物適當(dāng)結(jié)晶的方法。Kanatzidis博士認(rèn)為,隨著化石燃料價(jià)格上漲,即便是當(dāng)前的熱電裝置,也可以變得更經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用。在美國(guó),交通運(yùn)輸所需能源占能源消耗總量的四分之一。在機(jī)動(dòng)車排氣管上安裝小型的熱電裝置,可以節(jié)省另外10%的燃料。這部分燃料所包含的能量,在混合燃料發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或電動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的過(guò)程中,通過(guò)位于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上的電池充電,被部分的再次利用,成為循環(huán)能量,從而不至于在諸如剎車這樣的能量流動(dòng)過(guò)程中白白流失。同理,在發(fā)電廠的煙囪上安裝熱電裝置,就可以收集更多的能量,從而發(fā)更多的電。熱電裝置還可以用于其他領(lǐng)域,比如太陽(yáng)能電池和太陽(yáng)能加熱系統(tǒng)。除此以外,還可以用在地?zé)岚l(fā)電廠和核電站。Kanatzidis博士認(rèn)為,熱電裝置可以收集發(fā)電過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的熱能,并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為其他可用能量。儉以防匱。2010考研英語(yǔ)真題來(lái)源報(bào)刊閱讀100篇2鐘平2009-08-24TrackingyoureverymoveSomefamiliesinAmericaandelsewherehavestartedbuyingchildfriendlymobilephonesoutfittedwithGPS(GlobalPositioningSystem)technology.Thesephonesandtheirrelatedtrackingservicesallowparentstopinpointthelocationoftheirchildrenwithease.Parentsagreetopickupthephonebillinreturnforthereassuranceofknowingwheretheirchildrenare;childrenarepreparedtoputupwiththesnoopingiftheyareallowedtohaveaphone.MobileoperatorsinAmericaarenowlaunchingtrackingservices.UnderafederalmandateknownasE911,theyhadtoupgradetheirnetworkstoensurethatanyonediallingthe911emergencynumbercouldbelocatedtowithin100metres.Someoperatorsoptedfortriangulationtechnology,whichdeterminesthelocationofthehandsetbycomparingthesignalsreceivedbydifferentbasestations.ButVerizonandSprintchosetoadoptthemoreexpensivebutmoreaccurateGPStechnologyinstead,andarenowlookingforwaystomakemoneyfromit.Verizoncallsitsservice"Chaperone".For$10amonth,parentscancallupthelocationoftheirchild'sLGMigohandsetfromtheirownmobilephones,orfromaPC.Thechildreceivesamessagesayingthatthehandset'spositionhasbeenrequested,andtheparentsreceiveanaddress,oramarkeronawebbasedap,givingthechild'slocation.Foranextra$10permonth,theycansignupforChildZone,aservicethat,amongotherthings,firesoffanalertwhenayoungster(or,atleast,theyoungster'shandset)traysoutsideaspecifiedarea.Foritspart,Sprinthaslaunchedasimilarservicethatcanalsoletparentsknowwhenachildarrivesataparticularlocation.AnotherlocationserviceisavailablefromNextel,amobileoperatorthatwastakenoverbySprintin2005.NextelopenedupsomeofitssystemstoenableotherfirmstobuildtheirownsoftwareandservicesontopofitsGPStechnology.OneexampleisAccuTracking,asmallcompanywhichoffersatrackingservicefor$6amonthandboaststhatitis"idealforvehicletracking"ortokeep"virtualeyesonkids".Somecustomersarealsousingtheservicetotracktheirspouses,byhidingphonesintheircars."Mineishiddenunderthehood,hot-wiredtothebattery-itworksverywellanditiseasytohookupcontinuouspower,"writesonecustomeronAccuTracking'smessageboard,whoistrackingherhusband.Start-upsareworkingoneverythingfromcity-widegamesofhide-and-seektomonitoringthelocationsofAlzheimer'spatients.Servicesthatmonitorjoggingroutes,andworkoutdistancetravelledandcaloriesconsumed,mightalsoprovepopular.Asaresult,mobileoperators,handset-makersandstart-upscouldtransformandexpandasmall,specialistmarkethithertodominatedbyexpensive,dedicatedtrackingsystems.考研詞匯;outfitn.裝備,供給pinpointn.精確a.極微小的v.查明reassurancen.放心snoop[snu:p]vi,探聽(tīng),調(diào)查,偷竊n.到處窺視,愛(ài)管閑事的人,私家偵探federala.聯(lián)邦的［真題例句］Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederalprovincialdealmaking.［2005年新題型］［例句精譯］有幾個(gè)省的政府官員對(duì)這種全國(guó)性代理機(jī)構(gòu)持懷疑態(tài)度。spousen.配偶（指夫或妻）,保證人,主辦人;vt.發(fā)起,主辦;v.贊助背景常識(shí)介紹:GPS全稱為"全球定位系統(tǒng)",它是一種基于衛(wèi)星的導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng),其精確度已經(jīng)達(dá)到10米以內(nèi)。而用戶無(wú)需為接收的衛(wèi)星信號(hào)本身支付任何費(fèi)用。而在手機(jī)上或者其他掌上移動(dòng)設(shè)備中,當(dāng)GPS的定位功能與數(shù)字地圖相結(jié)合時(shí).,就可以為人們提供更加具體的更加直觀的導(dǎo)航幫助,而不是僅僅告訴你目前的"經(jīng)度、緯度"。特別是GPS系統(tǒng)與手機(jī)的結(jié)合,更是方便了大家的出行,既可以方便聯(lián)系,也可以實(shí)現(xiàn)車載GPS系統(tǒng)的導(dǎo)航功能。參考譯文:追蹤你的ー舉一動(dòng)美國(guó)與其他地方的一些家庭已開(kāi)始購(gòu)買適合兒童使用,配有GPS（全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)）的移動(dòng)電話。這種電話與相關(guān)的追蹤服務(wù)讓父母可以輕而易舉地查明孩子在什么地方。父母很情愿支付這筆電話費(fèi)以知曉孩子身在何處,以換來(lái)自己的放心。孩子們想要父母給他們買個(gè)電話,則必須愿意忍受被秘密監(jiān)視。美國(guó)的移動(dòng)電話運(yùn)營(yíng)商們正在推出追蹤服務(wù)。遵照一條叫做E911的聯(lián)邦法令,他們要升級(jí)服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò),確保能找到任何撥打911呼救電話的人所處的位置,誤差不超過(guò)100米。ー些運(yùn)營(yíng)商采用了三角定位技術(shù),此技術(shù)通過(guò)比較不同基站接收的手機(jī)信號(hào)來(lái)確定手機(jī)所處的位置。Verizon與Sprint兩個(gè)運(yùn)營(yíng)商則選用了更昂貴、但更精確的GPS技術(shù),現(xiàn)在正在此基礎(chǔ)上推出新服務(wù),希望能以此賺錢。Verizon把它的服務(wù)叫做"陪護(hù)者"。每月花上10美元,父母用手機(jī)或個(gè)人電腦發(fā)出ー個(gè)要求,就可以知道他們孩子的LGMigo手機(jī)的位置。孩子會(huì)收到一條"該手機(jī)的位置被要求發(fā)送"的信息,父母則收到ー個(gè)地址,或是網(wǎng)絡(luò)地圖上的ー個(gè)標(biāo)記,指示出孩子的位置。如果每月多付10美元,父母就可以成為ー個(gè)叫"孩子地帶”的用戶,如果一個(gè)年輕人（或至少是這年輕人的手機(jī)）在ー個(gè)特定的區(qū)域外游蕩時(shí),該服務(wù)就會(huì)立刻發(fā)出警告給父母,類似的服務(wù)還有一些。Sprint在這方面是怎么做的呢?它推出了類似的服務(wù),也能讓父母知道孩子什么時(shí)候到達(dá)某個(gè)地點(diǎn)。2005年被Sprint兼并的Nextel則有另ー項(xiàng)定位服務(wù)。Nextel開(kāi)放了它的部分系統(tǒng),可以讓其他公司在其GPS技術(shù)平臺(tái)上建立自己的軟件與服務(wù)。Accu尋蹤公司就是ー個(gè)范例,這家小公司提供的追蹤服務(wù)每月收費(fèi)6美元,號(hào)稱是"理想的車輛追蹤工具",還可以"時(shí)刻盯著孩子"。有些客戶把電話藏在配偶的車?yán)?用Accu尋蹤公司的服務(wù)追蹤他們。該公司的ー個(gè)顧客在公司網(wǎng)站的留言版寫道:"我把電話藏在引擎蓋下邊,并插在汽車電池上ー-真的很管用,而且掛接不間斷電源也很容易。"這位女士是在追蹤她的丈夫。新生的公司正推出各種各樣的新服務(wù),從全城范圍的捉迷藏游戲到追蹤老年癡呆患者。ー邊監(jiān)控慢跑路線,同時(shí)算出跑的路程與消耗的熱量,這樣的服務(wù)可能也會(huì)受歡迎。尋蹤服務(wù)的市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)在還只是個(gè)小規(guī)模的專業(yè)化市場(chǎng),由收費(fèi)昂貴、用途單一的各種尋蹤服務(wù)把持,但移動(dòng)運(yùn)營(yíng)商、手機(jī)制造商與許多新興公司的介入可能使市場(chǎng)發(fā)生改變,并進(jìn)ー步擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)。2010年考研英語(yǔ)歷年真題來(lái)源報(bào)刊閱讀100篇（6-7）作者:出處: 點(diǎn)擊次數(shù):14次減小字體增大字體鐘平WinningwaysEversincethestunningvictoryofDeepBlue,aprogramrunningonanIBMsupercomputer,overGaryKasparov,thenworldchesschampion,in1997,ithasbeenclearthatcomputerswoulddominatethatparticulargame.Today,though,theyarepressingtheattackoneveryfront.TheyaretheundisputedchampionsindraughtsandOthello.Theyaregenerallystrongerinbackgammon.TheyaresteadilygaininggroundinScrabble,pokerandbridge.Andtheyareevendoingprettywellatcrosswordpuzzles.Thereisonegame,however,wherehumansstillreignsupreme:Go.Yetheretootheirgripisbeginningtoloosen.Goisastrategiccontest.Eachplayertriestostakeoutterritoryandsurroundhisopponent.Therulesaresimplebuttheplayisextraordinarilycomplex.Duringagame,somestoneswill"die”,andsomewillappeartobedeadbutspringbacktolifeataninopportunemoment.Itisoftendifficulttosaywhoiswinningrightuntiltheend.DeepBlueanditssuccessorsbeatMrKasparovusingthe“bruteforce"technique.Unfortunately,bruteforcewillnotworkinGo.First,thegamehasmanymorepossiblepositionsthanchessdoes.Second,thenumberofpossiblemovesfromatypicalpositioninGoisabout200,comparedwithaboutadozeninchess.Finally,evaluatingaGopositionisfiendishlydifficult.Thefastestprogramscanassessjust50positionsasecond,comparedwith500,000inchess.Clearly,somesortoffinesseisrequired.Inthepasttwodecadesresearchershaveexploredseveralalternativestrategies.Now,however,programmersaremakingimpressivegainswithatechniqueknownastheMonteCarlomethod.Givenaposition,aprogramusingaMonteCarloalgorithmcontemplateseverymoveandplaysalargenumberofrandomgamestoseewhathappens.Ifitwinsin80%ofthosegames,themoveisprobablygood.Otherwise,itkeepslooking.Thismaysoundlikealotofeffortbutgeneratingrandomgamesisthesortofthingcomputersexcelat.Infact,MonteCarlotechniquesaremuchfasterthanbruteforce.Moreover,twoHungariancomputerscientistshaverecentlyaddedaneleganttwistthatallowsthealgorithmtofocusonthemostpromisingmoveswithoutsacrificingspeed.TheresultisanewgenerationoffastprogramsthatplayparticularlywellonsmallversionsoftheGoboard.InthepastfewmonthsMonteCarlo-basedprogramshavedominatedcomputertournamentsonnine-and13linegrids.MoGo,aprogramdevelopedbyresearchersfromtheUniversityofParis,hasevenbeatenacoupleofstronghumanplayersonthesmalleroftheseboards一unthinkableayearago.Itisranked2,323rdintheworldandinEurope'stop300.AlthoughMoGoisstillsomewayfromcompetingonthefullsizeGogrid,humanitymayultimatelyhavetoacceptdefeatonyetanotherfront.考研詞匯:stunvt.使暈倒,使驚嚇,打暈;n.暈眩,打昏,驚倒dominatev.①支配,統(tǒng)治,控制;②占優(yōu)勢(shì)［真題例句］Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemaledominated(①)jobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapansrigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.［2000年閱讀4］［例句精譯］戰(zhàn)后嬰兒出生高峰期的到來(lái)及婦女進(jìn)入男性為主的就業(yè)市場(chǎng),限制了青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)遇,這些青少年已經(jīng)開(kāi)始質(zhì)疑在進(jìn)好學(xué)校、找好工作、攀登日本等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的社會(huì)階梯的過(guò)程中所做出的巨大的個(gè)人犧牲是否值得。reignv.①(over)統(tǒng)治,支配:②盛行,占優(yōu)勢(shì);n.①統(tǒng)治,統(tǒng)治時(shí)期,支配;②朝代［真題例句］(72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreign(n.①)asthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.［1998年翻譯コ［例句精譯］(72)巨大的宇宙云的存在,實(shí)際上是使20年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以處于宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所不可缺少的。supremea.①極度的,最重要的;②至高的,最高的［真題例句］TheSupreme(②)Courtsdecisionsonphysicianassistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.［2002年閱讀41［例句精譯］最高法庭關(guān)于醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人結(jié)束生命問(wèn)題的裁決,對(duì)于如何用藥物減輕病危者的痛苦這個(gè)問(wèn)題來(lái)說(shuō),具有重要的意義。brutea.殘忍的,畜生般的n.殘忍的人,畜生sacrificen.①犧牲,獻(xiàn)身,犧牲品;②祭品,供物:v.(for,to)犧牲,獻(xiàn)出,獻(xiàn)祭［真題例句］Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemaledominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrifices(n.①)involvedinclimbingJapansrigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.［2000年閱讀4］［例句精譯］戰(zhàn)后嬰兒出生高峰期的到來(lái)及婦女進(jìn)入男性為主的就業(yè)市場(chǎng),限制了青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)遇,這些青少年已經(jīng)開(kāi)始質(zhì)疑在進(jìn)好學(xué)校、找好工作、攀登日本等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的社會(huì)階梯的過(guò)程中所做出的巨大的個(gè)人犧牲是否值得。背景常識(shí)介紹:人工智能(ArtificialIntelligence,簡(jiǎn)稱AI)是計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)科的ー個(gè)分支,二十世紀(jì)七十年代以來(lái)被稱為世界三大尖端技術(shù)之一（空間技術(shù)、能源技術(shù)和人工智能）,也被認(rèn)為是二十一世紀(jì)（基因工程、納米科學(xué)和人工智能）三大尖端技術(shù)之ー。這是因?yàn)榻陙?lái)它獲得了迅速的發(fā)展,在很多學(xué)科領(lǐng)域都獲得了廣泛應(yīng)用,并取得了豐碩的成果。人工智能已逐步成為ー個(gè)獨(dú)立的分支,無(wú)論在理論和實(shí)踐上都已自成ー個(gè)系統(tǒng)。參考譯文:取勝之路自從199フ年深藍(lán)"一ー個(gè)運(yùn)行于IBM超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)上的程序戰(zhàn)勝當(dāng)時(shí)的世界國(guó)際象棋冠軍加里?卡斯帕羅夫起,計(jì)算機(jī)可以統(tǒng)治這一特殊的游戲就變得不言而喻了。計(jì)算機(jī)還對(duì)每個(gè)前沿流域發(fā)起攻擊。它們是國(guó)際跳棋及黑白棋游戲無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的冠軍。在西洋雙陸棋上它們通常表現(xiàn)得更好。它們正在穩(wěn)步獲得拼字游戲、撲克和橋牌的一席之地,它們?cè)诳v橫字謎游戲中也有著優(yōu)異表現(xiàn)。然而,還有一項(xiàng)游戲人類仍然占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位:圍棋。即便如此,人類在這ー領(lǐng)域的控制力也開(kāi)始喪失。圍棋是ー種戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。每位選手都要設(shè)法奪取領(lǐng)域并圍住其對(duì)手。在一次游戲中,ー些棋子將會(huì)“死掉”,而另ー些看起來(lái)死掉但卻會(huì)在不可思議的時(shí)候重獲生機(jī)。通常不到最后是很難分出勝負(fù)來(lái)的。深藍(lán)及其后繼者打敗卡斯帕羅夫所用的是暴力破解技術(shù)。然而不幸的是,暴力破解在圍棋中將失去作用。首先,這ー游戲有著遠(yuǎn)多于象棋的棋位。第二,ー個(gè)圍棋中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)棋位上的走法大約有200種,而在象棋中大約是!2個(gè)。最后,評(píng)估一個(gè)圍棋棋位極度困難。最快的程序每秒可以估測(cè)出50步棋,而在象棋中,這ー數(shù)字是5000000顯然,還需要一些更好的策略。過(guò)去的二十年間,研究人員探究了若干種可選性策略。然而現(xiàn)在,程序員利用ー項(xiàng)被稱為蒙特卡羅方法的技術(shù)取得了重大進(jìn)展。給定一個(gè)棋位,應(yīng)用蒙特卡羅算法的程序預(yù)測(cè)每一步走法并進(jìn)行大量隨機(jī)走法將會(huì)帶來(lái)什么結(jié)果。如果它在那些游戲中獲勝率是80%,那么這ー步可能就是好棋。否則,它就會(huì)繼續(xù)尋找。這聽(tīng)起來(lái)需要花費(fèi)大量努力,但是進(jìn)行隨機(jī)游戲正是計(jì)算機(jī)擅長(zhǎng)的地方。事實(shí)上,蒙特卡羅技術(shù)要比暴力破解技術(shù)快得多。此外,兩名匈牙利計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家最近又向其中增加了一種一流的手法使得該運(yùn)算法則能夠在不損耗速度的前提下集中關(guān)注最可能的棋路。這一切的結(jié)果是能夠很好地在小棋盤上進(jìn)行圍棋的新一代快速程序的研發(fā)。在過(guò)去幾個(gè)月中基于蒙特卡羅技術(shù)的程序已經(jīng)統(tǒng)治了9格和13格計(jì)算機(jī)圍棋大獎(jiǎng)賽。MoGo,一個(gè)由巴黎大學(xué)研究人員開(kāi)發(fā)的程序已經(jīng)在過(guò)去一年在小棋盤上出乎意外地打敗了諸多人類圍棋高手。該程序目前的世界排名是2323位,而在歐洲則處于前300位。盡管MoGo在完整棋盤上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)還有一段路要走,但是人類最終將不得不接受又ー個(gè)領(lǐng)域的失敗2010考研英語(yǔ)真題來(lái)源報(bào)刊閱讀100篇7WomenintheworkforceEVENtodayinthemodern,developedworld,surveysshowthatparentsstillprefertohaveaboyratherthanagirl.Onelongstandingreasonwhyboyshavebeenseenasagreaterblessinghasbeenthattheyareexpectedtobecomebettereconomicprovidersfortheirparents,oldage.Yetitistimeforparentstothinkagain.Girlsmaynowbeabetterinvestment.Girlsgetbettergradesatschoolthanboys,andinmostdevelopedcountriesmorewomenthanmengotouniversity.Womenwillthusbebetterequippedforthenewjobsofthe21stcentury,inwhichbrainscountalotmorethanbrawn.Furthermore,theincreaseinfemaleemploymentintherichworldhasbeenthemaindrivingforceofgrowthinthepastcoupleofdecades.ThosewomenhavecontributedmoretoglobalGDPgrowththanhaveeithernewtechnologyorthenewgiants,ChinaandIndia.Addthevalueofhouseworkandchild-rearing,andwomenprobablyaccountforjustoverhalfofworldoutput.Itistruethatwomenstillgetpaidlessandfewmakeittothetopofcompanies,but,asprejudicefadesovercomingyears,womenwillhavegreatscopetoboosttheirproductivity一andincomes.Governments,too,shouldembracethepotentialofwomen.Womencomplain(rightly)ofcenturiesofexploitation.Yet,toaneconomist,womenarenotexploitedenough:theyaretheworld'smostunder-utilisedresource;gettingmoreofthemintoworkispartofthesolutiontomanyeconomicwoes,includingshrinkingpopulationsandpoverty.Somepeoplefretthatifmorewomenworkratherthanmindtheirchildren,thiswillboostGDPbutcreatenegativesocialexternalities,suchasalowerbirthrate.Yetdevelopedcountrieswheremorewomenwork,suchasSwedenandAmerica,actuallyhavehigherbirthratesthanJapanandItaly,wherewomenstayathome.Othersfearthatwomen'smoveintothepaidlabourforcecancomeattheexpenseofchildren.Yettheevidenceforthisismixed.Forinstance,astudybySuzanneBianchiatMarylandUniversityfindsthatmothersspentthesametime,onaverage,onchildcarein2003asin1965.Theincreaseinworkoutsidethehomewasoffsetbylesshouseworkandlesssparetimeandlesssleep.WhatisclearisthatincountriessuchasJapan,GermanyandItaly,whicharealltroubledbythedemographicsofshrinkingpopulations,farfewerwomenworkthaninAmerica,letaloneSweden.Iffemalelabour-forceparticipationinthesecountriesrosetoAmericanlevels,itwouldgiveahelpfulboosttothesecountries,growthrates.Likewise,indevelopingcountrieswheregirlsarelesslikelytogotoschoolthanboys,investingineducationwoulddeliverhugeeconomicandsocialreturns.Notonlywilleducatedwomenbemoreproductive,buttheywillalsobringupbettereducatedandhealthierchildren.Morewomeningovernmentcouldalsoboosteconomicgrowth:studiesshowthatwomenaremorelikelytospendmoneyonimprovinghealth,education,infrastructureandpovertyandlesslikelytowasteitontanksandbombs.Itusedtobesaidthatwomenmustdotwiceaswellasmentobethoughthalfasgood.Luckilythatisnotsodifficult.考研詞匯:longstandinga.（已持續(xù)）長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的,為時(shí)甚久的rearn.后部,尾部;a.①后方的,后部的;②背后的v.飼養(yǎng),撫養(yǎng)prejudicen.①偏見(jiàn),成見(jiàn);②損害,侵害v.抱有（存有）偏見(jiàn)［真題例句］Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices（n.①），andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.［1994年閱讀3］［例句精譯］在這面鏡子里,我們可以看到力量、弱點(diǎn)、希望、偏見(jiàn)和文化的核心價(jià)值。embrace①擁抱;②包含［真題例句］IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembraces(②)notonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.［1994年閱侯1］［例句精譯］在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中,私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包括生產(chǎn)資料的所有權(quán),也包括一定的權(quán)利,比如,產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的決定權(quán)或與其他私有個(gè)體的自由簽約權(quán)。exploitationn.開(kāi)發(fā),開(kāi)采,錄哨リ,自私的利用,宣傳,廣告negativen.否定,負(fù)數(shù),底片;a.否定的,消極的,負(fù)的,陰性的;vt.否定,拒絕(接受)背景常識(shí)介紹:隨著時(shí)代的演進(jìn),特別是知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的來(lái)臨,“重男輕女”的傳統(tǒng)觀念已失去左右企業(yè)甄選人オ的能力。如今企業(yè)在選擇人才時(shí)考慮的則是“他或她將為企業(yè)帶來(lái)何種最大化的價(jià)值”。參考譯文:女性工薪階層調(diào)查表明,即使在當(dāng)今的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,父母依然更喜歡男孩而不是女孩。認(rèn)為男孩更具優(yōu)勢(shì)的一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)原因是,男孩可以在父母年老時(shí)提供更好的經(jīng)濟(jì)幫助?，F(xiàn)在父母該重新考慮了,女孩或許是更好的投資。女孩在校學(xué)習(xí)的分?jǐn)?shù)比男孩高,而且在大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,上大學(xué)的女性比男性多。因此,面對(duì)21世紀(jì)的新工作,女性具備更好的就業(yè)能力,畢竟21世紀(jì)是講究聰明的頭腦而非強(qiáng)壯的肌肉的時(shí)代。另外,在過(guò)去二十年中,就業(yè)女性的增長(zhǎng)是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要推動(dòng)カ。女性對(duì)全球國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)比新技術(shù)和新巨頭（如中國(guó)和印度）的貢獻(xiàn)多得多。加上處理家務(wù)和養(yǎng)育孩子的價(jià)值,女性的貢獻(xiàn)或許超過(guò)全球產(chǎn)出的一半。雖然女性獲得較少的工資,也難以榮升到公司高層,但是,就像這些年來(lái)人們對(duì)她們的偏見(jiàn)逐漸減少那樣,女性在提高她們的生產(chǎn)率和收入方面具有很大的拓展空間。政府同樣要發(fā)揮女性的潛能。兒百年來(lái)女性抱怨她們受到剝削（這是理所當(dāng)然的）,但對(duì)于一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō),女性的潛能還沒(méi)有充分開(kāi)發(fā),她們是世界上最沒(méi)有得到充分利用的資源,為更多女性提供工作是許多經(jīng)濟(jì)難題（包括人口縮減和消除貧窮）的部分解決方案。有人擔(dān)心,如果更多的女性參加工作而不是在家照顧孩子,雖然她們可以推動(dòng)國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的增長(zhǎng),但也會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,如人口出生率的降低。但是,較多女性參加工作的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家（如瑞典和美國(guó)）的人口出生率比較多女性留在家庭的國(guó)家（如日本和意大利）還要高。也有人擔(dān)心女性加入雇傭勞動(dòng)大軍會(huì)影響孩子的成長(zhǎng)。但這種現(xiàn)象是復(fù)雜的。例如,Maryland大學(xué)SuzanneBianchi的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),2003年和1965年母親花在照顧孩子上的平均時(shí)間相同。工作時(shí)間的增加被較少的家務(wù)、休閑和睡眠時(shí)間抵消了。顯而易見(jiàn)，在深受人口縮減困擾的國(guó)家，如日本、德國(guó)和意大利,參加工作的女性比美國(guó)的少得多,更不用說(shuō)瑞典的了。如果這些國(guó)家的女性勞動(dòng)カ能增加到美國(guó)的水平,那么這些國(guó)家的人口出生率將會(huì)大大增加。同樣,在那些女孩上學(xué)機(jī)會(huì)比男孩少的發(fā)展中國(guó)家,增加教育的投資將會(huì)使國(guó)家獲得巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)回報(bào)。受過(guò)教育的女性不僅能增加生產(chǎn)率,而且可以養(yǎng)育教育程度更高、更健康的孩子。更多女性在政府工作也可以推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng):研究發(fā)現(xiàn),女性更愿意把金錢花在改善健康、教育、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和貧窮上面,而不會(huì)把大量金錢浪費(fèi)在坦克和炸彈上。過(guò)去傳聞,女性必須做兩倍于男性的工作才能獲得一半于男性的良好評(píng)價(jià)。幸運(yùn)的是,事實(shí)并沒(méi)有如此困難。2010年考研英語(yǔ)真題來(lái)源報(bào)刊閱讀100篇(8-10)作者:出處: 點(diǎn)擊次數(shù):18次減小字體增大字體2010考研英語(yǔ)真題來(lái)源報(bào)刊閱讀100篇8鐘平Vaccines：AnewhealthfoodGETTINGtwoforthepriceofoneisalwaysagoodbargain.Andaccordingtoapaperinthisweek'sProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,thatiswhatTomonoriNochioftheUniversityofTokyoandhiscolleagueshavedone.Usinggeneticengineering,theyhaveovercometwoofthelimitationsofvaccines.Oneisthattheyareheat-sensitiveandthushavetobetransportedalonga“coldchain''ofrefrigeratorstotheclinicswheretheyareused.rrheotheristhat,althoughtheystimulateimmuneresponsesinsidethebody,theyoftenfailtoextendthatprotectiontotheoutside,whereitmightpreventbacteriaandvirusesgettinginsideinthefirstplace.Inthiscontext,theoutsideisnottheskin:thatisdryandhostiletogerms.Itisthedampandwelcomingsurfaceofplacessuchasthelungandthegutthatareatrisk.Althoughthesearecasuallycalledinternal,technicallytheyarenot.Anynastiesinthegutorlungshavetocrossthewallsofthoseorgansbeforetheycanmultiplyinsidethebody.DrNochi'sgeneticengineeringinvolvedgrowingthevaccineinrice.Toprovetheprinciple,hechosecholera,butitshouldworkwithothervaccinesaswell.Withcholera,theimmuneresponseisinducedbywhatisknownasthecholeratoxinB-subunit.Thisisaprotein,andDrNochitookthegenethatencodesitandinsertedthatgeneintothegenomeofrice.NexttotheB-subunitgeneitself,heinsertedasecondpieceofDNAcalledapromoter.This,asitsnamesuggests,promotesactivityinanadjacentgene.Promotersthemselvesareactivatedbyothermolecules,andwhethertheyareswitchedonornotdependsonwhetherthecelltheyareinprovidesthenecessarystimulation.InthiscaseDrNochipickedapromoterthatisactiveinthetissueofricegrains.Itwasthenjustaquestionofgrowingthericeandfeedingtheresultinggrainstosomeexperimentalmicetofindoutwhatwouldhappen.ThefirstthingthathappenedwasthatthegrainsprotectedtheB-subunitfrombeingbrokendowninthestomach,thusovercomingoneoftheregularbugbearsofprotein-baseddrugs:thattheycannotbegivenbymouth,becausetheywillbedigested.Thisisaproblemwithtoday'scholeravaccinewhichisindeedtakenbymouthandthereforeaffordspoorprotection.WhentheB-subunitsgottotheintestinestheydidexactlywhatDrNochihopedandinducedtheproductionofantibodiesandthesecretionofthoseantibodiesintothemucouscoatingoftheintestinalwall.DrNochi'smicereallywereprotected.Whenhefedthemcholeratoxin,theydidnotgetsick.Ontopofallthis,hegotasgoodaresponsewithricethathadbeenstoredatroomtemperaturefor18monthsashedidwhenheusedfreshgrains.Foravaccineagainstadiseasethatisfoundpredominantlyinpoorcountries-placesthattendtolackrefrigeratorsandhaveonlyintermittentpowertorunthosethatdoexist一thatisanenormousadvance.IfDrNochi'sfindingcanbetranslatedintoaproductthatissafeandeffectiveforpeople,itwillbeabigboosttothehealthoftheworld'spoor.考研詞匯:overcomev.戰(zhàn)勝,克服[真題例句]Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsandd