臺(tái)灣清華大學(xué)生命科學(xué)第三十講李家維教授市公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)省名師優(yōu)質(zhì)課賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

Copyright

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CummingsPowerPoint?

Lecture

Presentations

forBiology

Eighth

EditionNeil

Campbell

and

Jane

ReeceLectures

by

Chris

Romero,

updated

by

Erin

Barley

with

contributions

from

Joan

SharpChapter

32An

Introduction

to

AnimalDiversityCopyright

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Pearson

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CummingsOverview:

Welcome

to

Your

Kingdom?

The

animal

kingdom

extends

far

beyondhumans

and

other

animals

we

may

encounter?

1.3

million

living

species

of

animals

have

beenidentified

Video:

Coral

ReefFig.

32-1Copyright

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There

are

exceptions

to

nearly

every

criterionfor

distinguishing

animals

from

other

life-forms?

Several

characteristics,

taken

together,sufficiently

define

the

groupConcept

32.1:

Animal

are

multicellular,heterotrophic

eukaryotes

with

tissues

that

developfrom

embryonic

layersCopyright

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Pearson

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CummingsNutritional

Mode?

Animals

are

heterotrophs

that

ingest

their

foodCopyright

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Structure

and

Specialization?

Animals

are

multicellular

eukaryotes?

Their

cells

lack

cell

walls?

Their

bodies

are

held

together

by

structuralproteins

such

as

collagen?

Nervous

tissue

and

muscle

tissue

are

unique

toanimalsCopyright

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Pearson

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CummingsReproduction

and

Development?

Most

animals

reproduce

sexually,

with

thediploid

stage

usually

dominating

the

life

cycle?

After

a

sperm

fertilizes

an

egg,

the

zygoteundergoes

rapid

cell

division

called

cleavage?

Cleavage

leads

to

formation

of

a

blastula?

The

blastula

undergoes

gastrulation,

forminga

gastrula

with

different

layers

of

embryonictissues

Video:

Sea

Urchin

Embryonic

DevelopmentFig.

32-2-1ZygoteCleavageEight-cell

stageFig.

32-2-2ZygoteCleavageEight-cell

stageCleavage

Blastula

BlastocoelCross

section

of

blastulaFig.

32-2-3ZygoteCleavageEight-cell

stageCleavage

Blastula

BlastocoelCross

section

of

blastulaGastrulationBlastoporeGastrulaArchenteronEndoderm

EctodermBlastocoelCopyright

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Many

animals

have

at

least

one

larval

stage?

A

larva

is

sexually

immature

andmorphologically

distinct

from

the

adult;

iteventually

undergoes

metamorphosisCopyright

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All

animals,

and

only

animals,

have

Hox

genesthat

regulate

the

development

of

body

form?

Although

the

Hox

family

of

genes

has

beenhighly

conserved,

it

can

produce

a

widediversity

of

animal

morphologyCopyright

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Pearson

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32.2:

The

history

of

animals

spans

morethan

half

a

billion

years?

The

animal

kingdom

includes

a

great

diversityof

living

species

and

an

even

greater

diversityof

extinct

ones?

The

common

ancestor

of

living

animals

mayhave

lived

between

675

and

875

million

yearsago?

This

ancestor

may

have

resembled

modernchoanoflagellates,

protists

that

are

the

closestliving

relatives

of

animalsAnimalsFig.

32-3OTHEREUKARYOTESSponges

Individual

choanoflagellateChoanoflagellates

Collar

cell

(choanocyte)Other

animalsCopyright

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Era

(1

Billion–524

Million

YearsAgo)?

Early

members

of

the

animal

fossil

recordinclude

the

Ediacaran

biota,

which

dates

from565

to

550

million

years

agoFig.

32-4(a)

Mawsonites

spriggi1.5

cm

0.4

cm(b)

Spriggina

floundersiFig.

32-4a

1.5

cm(a)

Mawsonites

spriggiFig.

32-4b

0.4

cm(b)

Spriggina

floundersiCopyright

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Pearson

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Era

(542–251

Million

Years

Ago)?

The

Cambrian

explosion

(535

to

525

millionyears

ago)

marks

the

earliest

fossil

appearanceof

many

major

groups

of

living

animals?

There

are

several

hypotheses

regarding

thecause

of

the

Cambrian

explosion

–

New

predator-prey

relationships

–

A

rise

in

atmospheric

oxygen

–

The

evolution

of

the

Hox

gene

complexFig.

32-5Copyright

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Animal

diversity

continued

to

increase

throughthe

Paleozoic,

but

was

punctuated

by

massextinctions?

Animals

began

to

make

an

impact

on

land

by460

million

years

ago?

Vertebrates

made

the

transition

to

land

around360

million

years

agoCopyright

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Era

(251–65.5

Million

Years

Ago)?

Coral

reefs

emerged,

becoming

importantmarine

ecological

niches

for

other

organisms?

During

the

Mesozoic

era,

dinosaurs

were

thedominant

terrestrial

vertebrates?

The

first

mammals

emergedCopyright

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CummingsCenozoic

Era

(65.5

Million

Years

Ago

to

thePresent)?

The

beginning

of

the

Cenozoic

era

followedmass

extinctions

of

both

terrestrial

and

marineanimals?

These

extinctions

included

the

large,

nonflyingdinosaurs

and

the

marine

reptiles?

Modern

mammal

orders

and

insects

diversifiedduring

the

CenozoicCopyright

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Pearson

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32.3:

Animals

can

be

characterized

by“body

plans”?

Zoologists

sometimes

categorize

animalsaccording

to

a

body

plan,

a

set

ofmorphological

and

developmental

traits?

A

grade

is

a

group

whose

members

share

keybiological

features?

A

grade

is

not

necessarily

a

clade,

ormonophyletic

group100

μmFig.

32-6RESULTS

Site

of

gastrulation

Site

of

gastrulation100

μmFig.

32-6aRESULTSFig.

32-6bRESULTS

Site

of

gastrulationFig.

32-6cRESULTS

Site

of

gastrulationFig.

32-6dRESULTSCopyright

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Animals

can

be

categorized

according

to

thesymmetry

of

their

bodies,

or

lack

of

it?

Some

animals

have

radial

symmetryFig.

32-7(a)

Radial

symmetry(b)

Bilateral

symmetryCopyright

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Two-sided

symmetry

is

called

bilateralsymmetry?

Bilaterally

symmetrical

animals

have:–

A

dorsal

(top)

side

and

a

ventral

(bottom)

side–

A

right

and

left

side–

Anterior

(head)

and

posterior

(tail)

ends–

Cephalization,

the

development

of

a

headCopyright

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Animal

body

plans

also

vary

according

to

theorganization

of

the

animal’s

tissues?

Tissues

are

collections

of

specialized

cellsisolated

from

other

tissues

by

membranouslayers?

During

development,

three

germ

layers

giverise

to

the

tissues

and

organs

of

the

animalembryoCopyright

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Ectoderm

is

the

germ

layer

covering

theembryo’s

surface?

Endoderm

is

the

innermost

germ

layer

andlines

the

developing

digestive

tube,

called

thearchenteron?

Diploblastic

animals

have

ectoderm

andendoderm?

Triploblastic

animals

also

have

an

interveningmesoderm

layer;

these

include

all

bilateriansCopyright

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Cavities?

Most

triploblastic

animals

possess

a

bodycavity?

A

true

body

cavity

is

called

a

coelom

and

isderived

from

mesoderm?

Coelomates

are

animals

that

possess

a

truecoelomFig.

32-8CoelomBody

coveringDigestive

tract(from

endoderm)(from

ectoderm)

Tissue

layer

lining

coelomand

suspendinginternal

organs(from

mesoderm)(a)

Coelomate

Body

covering

(from

ectoderm)PseudocoelomMuscle

layer

(from

mesoderm)

Digestive

tract

(from

endoderm)(b)

PseudocoelomateBody

covering(from

ectoderm)Tissue-filled

region

(from

mesoderm)

Wall

of

digestive

cavity

(from

endoderm)(c)

AcoelomateFig.

32-8aCoelom

Body

covering

(from

ectoderm)

Tissue

layer

lining

coelomand

suspendinginternal

organs(from

mesoderm)

Digestive

tract

(from

endoderm)(a)

CoelomateCopyright

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A

pseudocoelom

is

a

body

cavity

derived

fromthe

mesoderm

and

endoderm?

Triploblastic

animals

that

possess

apseudocoelom

are

called

pseudocoelomatesFig.

32-8bPseudocoelomBody

covering(from

ectoderm)Muscle

layer

(from

mesoderm)

Digestive

tract

(from

endoderm)(b)

PseudocoelomateCopyright

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Triploblastic

animals

that

lack

a

body

cavity

arecalled

acoelomatesFig.

32-8cBody

covering(from

ectoderm)Tissue-filled

region

(from

mesoderm)

Wall

of

digestive

cavity

(from

endoderm)(c)

AcoelomateCopyright

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and

Deuterostome

Development?

Based

on

early

development,

many

animalscan

be

categorized

as

having

protostomedevelopment

or

deuterostome

developmentCopyright

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In

protostome

development,

cleavage

is

spiraland

determinate?

In

deuterostome

development,

cleavage

isradial

and

indeterminate?

With

indeterminate

cleavage,

each

cell

in

theearly

stages

of

cleavage

retains

the

capacity

todevelop

into

a

complete

embryo?

Indeterminate

cleavage

makes

possibleidentical

twins,

and

embryonic

stem

cellsFig.

32-9Protostome

development

(examples:

molluscs,

annelids)Deuterostome

development

(examples:

echinoderm,

chordates)

Eight-cell

stageSpiral

and

determinate

Eight-cell

stageRadial

and

indeterminate

CoelomArchenteron(a)

Cleavage(b)

Coelom

formationCoelomKeyEctodermMesodermEndodermMesodermMesodermBlastoporeBlastoporeSolid

masses

of

mesodermsplit

and

form

coelom.Folds

of

archenteronform

coelom.MouthAnus

Digestive

tube

MouthMouth

develops

from

blastopore.

AnusAnus

develops

from

blastopore.(c)

Fate

of

the

blastoporeFig.

32-9a(a)

Cleavage

Eight-cell

stageSpiral

and

determinate

Eight-cell

stageRadial

and

indeterminateProtostome

development

(examples:

molluscs,

annelids)Deuterostome

development

(examples:

echinoderms,

chordates)Copyright

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Formation?

In

protostome

development,

the

splitting

ofsolid

masses

of

mesoderm

forms

the

coelom?

In

deuterostome

development,

the

mesodermbuds

from

the

wall

of

the

archenteron

to

formthe

coelomFig.

32-9bProtostome

development

(examples:

molluscs,

annelids)Deuterostome

development

(examples:

echinoderms,

chordates)(b)

Coelom

formationKey

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

EndodermMesodermMesoderm

Coelom

ArchenteronCoelomBlastoporeBlastoporeSolid

masses

of

mesodermsplit

and

form

coelom.Folds

of

archenteronform

coelom.Copyright

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of

the

Blastopore?

The

blastopore

forms

during

gastrulation

andconnects

the

archenteron

to

the

exterior

of

thegastrula?

In

protostome

development,

the

blastoporebecomes

the

mouth?

In

deuterostome

development,

the

blastoporebecomes

the

anusFig.

32-9cAnusProtostome

development

(examples:

molluscs,

annelids)Deuterostome

development

(examples:

echinoderms,

chordates)AnusMouthMouthDigestive

tube(c)

Fate

of

the

blastoporeKey

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

EndodermMouth

develops

from

blastopore.

Anus

develops

from

blastopore.Copyright

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32.4:

New

views

of

animal

phylogeny

areemerging

from

molecular

data?

Zoologists

recognize

about

three

dozen

animalphyla?

Current

debate

in

animal

systematics

has

ledto

the

development

of

two

phylogenetichypotheses,

but

others

exist

as

wellCopyright

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One

hypothesis

of

animal

phylogeny

is

basedmainly

on

morphological

and

developmentalcomparisonsMetazoaEumetazoaProtostomiaDeuterostomiaBilateriaFig.

32-10COLONIALFLAGELLATE“Porifera”

CnidariaANCESTRALCtenophoraEctoproctaBrachiopodaEchinodermataChordataPlatyhelminthesRotiferaMolluscaAnnelidaArthropodaNematodaCopyright

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One

hypothesis

of

animal

phylogeny

is

basedmainly

on

molecular

data“Porifera”MetazoaEumetazoaBilateriaDeuterostomiaLophotrochozoaEcdysozoaFig.

32-11SiliceaANCESTRALCOLONIALFLAGELLATECalcareaCtenophoraCnidariaAcoelaEchinodermataChordataPlatyhelminthesRotiferaEctoproctaBrachiopodaMolluscaAnnelidaNematodaArthropodaCopyright

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of

Agreement?

All

animals

share

a

common

ancestor?

Sponges

are

basal

animals?

Eumetazoa

is

a

clade

of

animals(eumetazoans)

with

true

tissues?

Most

animal

phyla

belong

to

the

clade

Bilateria,and

are

called

bilaterians?

Chordates

and

some

other

phyla

belong

to

theclade

DeuterostomiaCopyright

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in

Resolving

Bilaterian

Relationships?

The

morphology-based

tree

divides

bilateriansinto

two

clades:

deuterostomes

andprotostomes?

In

contrast,

recent

molecular

studies

indicatethree

bilaterian

clades:

Deuterostomia,Ecdysozoa,

and

Lophotrochozoa?

Ecdysozoans

shed

their

exoskeletons

througha

process

called

ecdysisFig.

32-12Copyright

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Some

lophotrochozoans

have

a

feedingstructure

called

a

lophophore?

Other

phyla

go

through

a

distinctdevelopment