香港經(jīng)濟(jì)史11教學(xué)課件

SOSC005GovernmentandPoliticsLecture2PoliticalDevelopmentandChange

(A)MajorEventsbefore80s

Relativelowparticipationbefore67,dueto:lackofchannelseconomichardshiprefugeesocietylackofidentificationwithHKhigh-handednesstowardspublicprotestsPoliticalEffectof67riotsLeftistsbecameveryunpopular. -more+veimpressiontowardscolonialgovt. -more-veattitudetowardsChigovt.&communism.Welfareandlaborreformsin70sColonialgovt.begantolistenmoretopublicopinionandmoretolerantofprotestsin70s—so-calledconsultativedemocracy(諮詢式民主)Studentmovementsandpressuregroupmovementsdemandedsocialreformsfromcolonialgovt.butseldomtouchedonissuesofpoliticalreform.

LocaleducatedyouthbegantobecomemoreconcernedaboutHK.MajorpoliticaldividinglinebetweenRight(pro-KMT(國民黨)masses)&Left(pro-CCPmasses).(B)Politicization&Democratizationin80s&90sSino-Britishnegotiationsin82-84politicizedHKpopulation.BritainbegantopushlimiteddemocratizationwithDistrictBoard(區(qū)議會)electionsin82.Politicalgroupsbegantoparticipateinpartialelectionsanddemanddemocratization.JointDeclaration:post-97Legco“willbeconstitutedbyelections”CEwillbeselected“byconsultationorelectionslocally”JCPDG(民主政制促進(jìn)聯(lián)委會／民促會)pushedforadirectly-electedCEandafully-electedLegco.Chinesegovt.notfavorrapiddemocraticdevtinHK.HKbusinesssectorwasalsolargelyconservative.

DraftingprocessoftheBasicLaw(85-90)wasastruggleb/wseveralforcesandarrivedataformulaofquitegradualdemocratization.MethodofelectionfortheCE&Legcowasquiteweightedinfavorofbusiness&professionalsectors.TheBritishDimensionBefore89,BritishthoughtthatChigovt.didnotagreetorapiddemocratizationinHK.Theconceptof“throughtrain”(直通車)BritaincooperatedwithChinaanddelayeddemocratizationinHK,notgoingtoantagonizeChinaoverissueofdemocracyinHK.89TiananmenCrackdownHKpeoplebecamemoresupportiveofdemocracyandafraidofChinaConfidenceinHKweakenedBeijingbecamemorewaryofeffectofHKonmainlandpoliticsChina’sint’limagewastarnished;Britishgovt.wasunderpressuretodosthaboutHK.ConservativeGovt.wasunderpressurefromopposition,media,fromHK,andint’lcommunity,onwhatprotectionitcouldgivetoHKpeopleafter1997.BritainchangeditspolicytomoreconfrontationalagainstChina,onissueofdemocracy.AppointingChrisPatten(彭定康)asthelastGovernorwasaresult.Patten’sReformPackage

(a)lowerthevotingagefrom21to18(b)abolishallappointedseats(about1/3)inDistrictBoardsandMunicipalCouncils(c)expandfranchiseofFCtoall2.7millionofworkingpopulationofHK(d)ElectionCommitteewillbeformedbyallDistrictBoardmembers.(e)20directly-electedseatsby“single-memberconstituency”system(單議席單票制)ChinadeclaredthatPattenproposalhad“threeviolations”(三違反):(a)violateJointDeclaration(b)violateBasicLaw,(c)violatesecretagreementb/wChi&BritishForeignMinistersin90.Pattenproposalwaspassedandelectionsin94-5werebasedonPatten’sformula.Chinadisbandedtheelectedcouncilsin97andchangedelectoralformulasafterwards.PoliticaleffectsofPatternDebateFurtherhurttherelationshipbetweentheCentralGovtandthedemocrats(b)PoliticalsceneinHKmorepolarizedwithmorehostilitiesb/tdifferentpoliticalforces(c)China’ssuspicionsonformercolonialofficials,indirectlydrovethemtopickanoutsider(C.H.Tung)asthefirstCE(C)DebateonDemocratizationafter97Fewdebatesonissueofdemocratizationbefore2003Non-electednatureofSARgovernment,andFCseatsremainedasubjectofattackfordemocratsandothercritics.Non-electednaturecreatedpressurestolegitimizethegovt.byperformance.Post-97systemunabletocopewith:risingdemandsfromthepublicforparticipationincreasinglycriticalmediaandthemassesrisingexpectationsongovt.performanceincreasedcomplexityofgoverningissuesvariousdifficultiesfacingHKafter97.BadperformanceofSARgovt(andTung)andecondownturnfueleddemandforpoliticalreformby‘03.Article23debateasatriggeringpt.(D)Article23&PoliticalDevelopmentofHKSAR

Article23:「香港特別行政區(qū)應(yīng)自行立法禁止任何叛國、分裂國家、煽動叛亂、顛覆中央人民政府及竊取國家機(jī)密的行為，禁止外國的政治性組織或團(tuán)體在香港特別行政區(qū)進(jìn)行政治活動，禁止香港特別行政區(qū)的政治性組織或團(tuán)體與外國的政治性組織或團(tuán)體建立聯(lián)繫?！笰rticle23legislationwasdropped.MovementquicklytransformedtodemanddirectelectionofCEby‘07andLegcofully-electedin‘08Sep‘02,SARgovt.’sproposalsVaguedLegislationFearofhurtingHK’sfreedomBadattitudeofReginaIpEconhardshipbySARSGovt’sinabilitytohandleSARS500,000marchonJul103Article45oftheBasicLaw:「行政長官的產(chǎn)生辦法根據(jù)香港特別行政區(qū)的實(shí)際情況和循序漸進(jìn)的原則而規(guī)定，最終達(dá)至由一個有廣泛的代表性的提名委員會按民主程序提名後普選產(chǎn)生的目標(biāo)?！笰rticle68:「立法會的產(chǎn)生辦法根據(jù)香港特別行政區(qū)的實(shí)際情況和循序漸進(jìn)的原則而規(guī)定，最終達(dá)至全部議員由普選產(chǎn)生的目標(biāo)?！?BLAnnexesIandIIonlyspecifyelectionmethodsforCEandLegcoup