58559土木工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)魯正電子課件-普及版

Unit

8 Introduction

to

Underground

EngineeringEnglish

for

Civil

Engineering——Teacher:

Prof.

Zheng

Lu（School

of

Civil

Engineering,

TONGJI

UNIVERSITY）:

luzhengUnit

8

Introduction

to

Underground

Engineering8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandIntroductionDriving

ForcesChallengesStructured

DevelopmentDTBM

--

an

ExpectationCompetitivenessConclusions8.2

Seismic

Design

and ysis

of

Underground

Structure8.3

Performance

of

Underground

Facilities

During

Seismic

EventsUnderground

structures

in

the

United

StatesUnderground

structures

in

Kobe,

JapanUnderground

structures

in ,

ChinaBolu

Tunnel,

TurkeySummary

of

seismic

performance

of

underground

structures8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandWith

several

major

infrastructure

projects

planned

or

in

progress,

there

has

been

aprogressive

increase

in

interest

in

The

Netherlands

for

underground

alternativesfor

infrastructurefacilities.

Planners

and

the

construction

industry

arepreparing

to

apply

competitive

under

ground

solutions

to

all

types

of

infrastructureproblems,

including

application

of

subsurfacetunnelling

by

means

ofshield-supported

tunnelling

installations.工程正在發(fā)展infrastructure

基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；progressive

進(jìn)步的；facilities

設(shè)施；competitive有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的；subsurface

的；8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandThisp r

summarises

(1)

the

determining

issues

for

application

of

undergroundsolutions;

and

(2)

the

expectations

regarding

development

of

the

constructionmethods

for

underground

solution

(especiallyfor

the

"bottlenecks")

ofinfrastructure

projects.

The

discussion

mainly

relates

to

road

and

railroadinfrastructure.這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容summarises

總結(jié)；expectations

期望；bottlenecks

瓶頸；railroad

鐵路8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandIn

addition

to

the

above-listed

traditional

types

of

positive

drivers,there

are

newones,

which

influence

the

choice

in

favor

of

underground

alternatives.

Theseinclude

a

broad

range

ofenvironment-related

issues

and

longer-term

physicalplanning

strategic

aspects.選擇 工程有優(yōu)勢(shì)alternatives

替代選擇；

broad

寬的；

strategic

的8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandPromoting

underground

solutions

unreasonably

or

unrealistically

is

not

the

waytoachieve

a

fair

competition

between

subsurface

and

other

types

of

solutions

for

therealization

of

infrastructural

projects.

The

best

"ambassador"

f

oingunderground

is

the

completion

of

underground

infrastructure

projects,

whatevertheir

nature

and

howeversmall,

within

contract

conditions.

This

also

provides

thebest

basis

forfurther

optimization

that

will

lead

to

a

truly

competitive

technologyfor

undergroundsolutions.工程和其他方案的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Promoting促進(jìn)；infrastructural基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的；completion完成；optimization最佳化8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandThe

Netherlands

hasbroad

experience

withtheconstruction

of

"in-soil"

structures(i.e.,

partly

or

entirely

below

surface

without

soil

cover),

"mounded"

structures(i.e.,

partly

below

surface,

covered

by

earth)

and

"shallow

depth"

structures(i.e.,below

the

surface,

built

by

means

of

a

cut-and-fill

method).

The

challenge

of

theapplication

of

this

type

of

structures

for

underground

infrastructure

projectson

alargerscale

is

optimization

of

the

method

versusfunctional

requirementsandcostlevel,

taking

into

account

longer-term

(lifetime

duration)

behavior.結(jié)構(gòu)

的Netherlands荷蘭；mounded半掩埋的；challenge8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandInnovative

application

of

the

methods

referred

to

above

and/or

material

usage

canno

doubt

provide

cost-effective

and

in

all

respects

competitive

solutions.However,

the

methods

proposed

must

be

reliablycontrollable

in

all

respects,including

longer-term

behavior

and

behavior

under

extreme

conditions.

Theconsequences

ofdiscovering ings

in

a

(too)

late

stage

may

turn

out

to

bevery

disadvantageous,

at

least

for

the

project

and/or

the

futureowner/operator.結(jié)構(gòu)

的Innovative創(chuàng)新的；competitive有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的；controllable可控制的；

consequences結(jié)果8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandAs

already

stated,

infrastructure

projects

increasinglyrequire

the

application

of

atunnel

boring

method,

the

use

of

which

has

been

very

limited

in

the

Netherlands.It

can

even

be

stated

that

experience

with

application

of

a

tunnel

boring

methodunder

conditions

similar

to

the

western

part

of

the

Netherlands

is

very

scarce,ifindeed

it

exists

at

all,

anywhere

in

theworld.鉆孔技術(shù)影響

工程的發(fā)展boring鉆孔；scarce缺乏8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandChallenges

with

respect

to

application

of

tunnel

boring

methods

are

of

a

differentorder

of

magnitudethan

those

related

to

"in-ground",

"mounded"

or

"shallowdepth"

structures.

The

problems

of

predicting

the

progress

anddetermining

thecosts

could

easily

be

outclassed

by

the

problems

of

predicting

the

possibleconsequences

of

tunnel

boring

application.

The

challenge

is

that

unacceptableconsequencesmust

not

occurwhile

risk

must

betaken

-

up

to

the

limit

ofacceptability

—

to

permit petitiveness.

To

plish

this

requiresexpertise

andexperience the

limits

of

tunnelling

method

application,

andoptimized

application

ofmanagement,

quality

control

and

monitoring

systems.工程

的Magnitude量級(jí)；

outclassed遠(yuǎn)高于；

plish實(shí)現(xiàn)；

expertise專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandIn

order

to

enhance

the

development

of

underground

construction

methods

to

acompetitive

level

versus

the

other

options

within

the

shortest

possible

period,

adevelopment

programme

has

been

started

with

substantial

ernment

support,coordinated

by

the

"Centrum

Ondergronds

Bouwen"

(COB,

Centre

forUnderground

Space

Technology).

The

Centre

is

to

commission,

initiate

andcoordinate

practically

all

relevant

research

and

development

activities

ontunnelling

under

Dutch

conditions.

Participants

in

the

COB

programme

areernment

parties,

contractors,

consultants,

research

institutes,

universities

and(future)

owners/operators

of

infrastructure

facilities.發(fā)展 結(jié)構(gòu)enhance提高；substantial大量的；commission委任；coordinate調(diào)整；contractors承包商8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandThe

COB

programme

provides

an

excellent

opportunity

for

develounderground

space

technology

to

a

competitive

level

under

Dutch

conditions

andwithin

the

shortest

possible

period.

The

challenge

in

this

respect

is

to

meetexpectations

and

develop,

within

the

proposedtime

frame,a

solid

and

overallbasis

—

ratherthan

simply

sorting

out

some

complex

details

—

forfurtherdevelopment

of

working

methods

for

and

widespread

application

of

undergroundspace

technologyunder

the

Dutch

conditions.COB項(xiàng)目的目的Opportunity機(jī)會(huì)；expectations期望；complex復(fù)雜的；widespread普遍的8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandAn

extensive

and

detailed

survey

of

the

subsoil

carried

out

from

the

tunnellingmachine.

Such

a

survey,

in

itself

a

major

innovative

element,

will

focus

onthesoil

in

front

of

the

tunnelling

machine.

A

typical

dimension

of

the

soil-plug

to

bemeter

(D=

diameter

of

theinvestigated

is

3

to

5

D

in

length

and

2

to

3

Dproposed

tunnel).下層土的研究Extensive大量的；innovative創(chuàng)新的；dimension尺寸8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandA

fair

comparison

between

anunderground

solution

and

other

types

ofalternatives

can

only

be

made

on

the

basis

of

an

integrated

assessment

ofallrelevant

aspects.

However,

it

should

be

noted

that

without

real

competitiveness,the

chances

of

underground

alternatives

being

selected

are

veryremote.

In

thisrespect,the

following

comments

should

betaken

into

consideration:工程和其他方案公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)fair公平的；assessment評(píng)價(jià)；remote遙不可及的；comments注釋8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandOptimisation

ofthe

cost

level

will

require

lump-sum

turnkey

contracts,

with

aclear

agreement

before

contract

award

regarding

uncertainties

(which

will

benumerous

when

applying

undergroundtechnology,

especially

during

realisationof

the such

projects),risk

control,

quality

control

and

performancemonitoring.

Cost

optimisation

on

the

Client

side

should

be

based

on

a

FunctionalValue

ysis.成本優(yōu)化Optimisation最優(yōu)化；lump-sum一次總付的；uncertainties不確定性；

numerous巨大的；realisation實(shí)現(xiàn)8.1

The

Future

of

Underground

Infrastructure

in

HollandIn

spite

of

the

extremely

unfavorable

subsoil

andrelated

conditions,

there

arepromising

opportunities

to

develop

competitive

methods

forundergroundinfrastructure

in

the

Netherlands

at

this

time.

The

challenge

to

the

engineeringcommunity

and

contractorsin

the

Netherlands

is

to

use

these

opportunities

insuch

away

that

Dutch

industry

can

take

a

leading

position

in

soft

soil

tunnellingwithin

a

time

frame

of10

years.工程前景總結(jié)Extremely極其；opportunities機(jī)會(huì)；community團(tuán)體8.2

Seismic

Design

and ysis

of

Underground

StructureThis

report

focuses

on

relatively

large

underground

facilities

commonly

usedinurban

areas.

This

includes

large-diameter

tunnels,

cut-and-cover

structures

andportal

structures

(Fig.

8-1).

This

report

does

not

discuss

pipelines

or

sewer

lines,nor

doesit

specifically

discuss

issues

related

to

deep

chamberssuchashydropower

plants,

nuclear

waste

repositories,

mine

chambers,

and

protectiveyses

described

arestructures,

though

many

of

the

design

methods

andapplicable

to

the

design

of

these

deepchambers.重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容?Portal洞門(mén)；pipelines管道；sewer下水道；chambers內(nèi)庭；hydropower水力發(fā)電；repositories貯藏室8.2

Seismic

Design

and ysis

of

Underground

StructureLarge-diameter

tunnels

are

linear

underground

structures

in

which

the

length

ismuch

larger

than

the

cross-sectional

dimension.

These

structures

can

be

groupedinto

three

broad

categories,

eachhaving

distinct

designfeatures

and

constructionmethods:

(1)

bored

or

mined

tunnels;

(2)cut-and-cover

tunnels;

and

(3)

immersedtube

tunnels.

These

tunnels

are

commonly

used

for

metro

structures,

high-waytunnels,

and

large

water

and

sewagetransportation

ducts.大直徑隧道分類(lèi)Categories種類(lèi)；distinct不同的；immersed沉入的；metro地鐵；sewage下水道8.2

Seismic

Design

and ysis

of

Underground

StructureCut-and-cover

structures

are

those

in

which

an

open

excavation

is

made,

thestructure

is

constructed,

and

fill

is

placed

over

the

finished

structure.

This

methodis

typically

used

for

tunnels

with

rectangular

cross-sections

and

only

for

relativelyshallow

tunnels

(<15m

of

overburden).

Examples

ofthese

structures

includesubway

stations,

portal

structures

and

highway

tunnels.

Immersed

tube

tunnels

are

sometimes

employed

to

traverse

a

body

of

water.

This

method

involvesconstructing

sections

of

the

structure

in

a

dry

dock,

then

moving

these

sections,sinking

them

into

position

and

ballasting

or

anchoring

the

tubes

in

place.大直徑隧道建造方法excavation挖掘；shallow淺；overburden覆蓋層；traverse移動(dòng)；sinking下稱8.2

Seismic

Design

and ysis

of

Underground

StructureThis

report

does

not

cover

issues

related

to

static

design,

although

static

designprovisions

for

underground

structures

often

provide

sufficient

seismicunder

low

levels

of

groundshaking.

The

reportdoes

not

discuss

structuraldesigndetails

and

reinforcement

requirements

in

concrete

or

steel

linings

forunderground

structures.

The

reportbriefly

describes

issues

related

to

seismicdesign

associated

with

ground

failure

such

as

liquefaction,

slope

stability

andfault

crossings,

butdoesnot

provide

a

thorough

treatment

ofthesesubjects.

Thereader

is

encouraged

to

review

other

literature

on

these

topics

to

ensure

thatrelevant

designissues

are

adequa y

addressed.沒(méi)有涉及到的內(nèi)容?provisions規(guī)范；briefly簡(jiǎn)要的；liquefaction液化；fault斷層；thorough徹底的；literature文獻(xiàn)8.3

Performance

of

Underground

Facilities

During

Seismic

EventsTunnels

are

more

stable

under

a

symmetric

load,

which

improves

ground-lininginteraction.

Improving

the

tunnel

lining

by

placing

thicker

and

stiffer

sectionswithout

stabilizing

surroundingpo round

may

result

in

excess

seismic

forcesin

the

lining.

Backfilling

with

non-cyclically

mobile

material

androck-stabilizingmeasures

may

improve

the

safety

and

stability

of

shallowtunnels.隧道在

作用下的性能Symmetric對(duì)稱的；excess過(guò)度的；Backfilling回填；stability穩(wěn)定性The

1995Hyogoken-Nambu

Earthquake

caused

a

majorcollapse

of

the

Daikaisubwaystation

in

Kobe,Japan.

The

station

designin

1962

did

notincludespecific

seismic

provisions.

It

represents

the

modern

underground

structureto

fail

during

a

seismic

event.

Fig.

8-2

shows

the

collapse

experienced

by

thecenter

columns

ofthe

station,

which

was

panied

by

the

collapse

of

theceiling

slab

and

the

settlement

ofthe

soil

cover

by

more

than

2.5

m.神戶地鐵站1995年發(fā)生的倒塌事故collapse倒塌；

modern現(xiàn)代的；

panied伴隨；ceiling天花板；settlement沉降8.3

Performance

of

Underground

Facilities

During

Seismic

EventsDuring

the

earthquake,

transverse

wallsat s

of

the

station

and

at

areaswhere

the

station

changed

width

acted

as

shear

walls

in

resisting

collapse

of

thestructure.

These

walls

suffered

significant

cracking,

but

the

interior

columnsinthese

regionsdid

not

suffer

as

much

damage

under

the

horizontal

shaking.

Inregions

with

no

transverse

walls,

collapse

of

the

center

columns

caused

theceilingslab

to

kink

and

cracks

150-250

mm

wide

appeared

in

the

longitudinaldirection.There

was

also

significant

separation

at

some

construction

joints,

andcorresponding

water

leakage

through

cracks.

Few

cracks,

if

any,

were

observed

inthe

base

slab.地鐵站倒塌的詳細(xì)情況transverse橫向的；

significant重大的；

interior

的；

longitudinal縱向的；separation分離；joints節(jié)點(diǎn)；leakage泄漏8.3

Performance

of

Underground

Facilities

During

Seismic

EventsIt

is

likely

that

the

relative

displacement

between

the

baseand

ceiling

levels

due

tosubsoil

movement

created

the

destructive

horizontal

force.

This

type

of

movementmay

have

minor

effect

in

a

small

structure,but

in

a

large

one

such

asa

subwaystation

it

canbe

significant.

The

non-linear

behaviorof

the

subsoil

profile

mayalso

be

significant.

It

is

furtherhypothesized

that

the

thickness

of

the

overburdensoil

affected

the

extent

of

damage

between

sections

of

the

station

by

addinginertial

force

to

the

structure.

Others

attribute

the

failure

to

high

levels

of

verticalacceleration.下層土運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的水平力是破壞性的destructive破壞性的;profile剖面；hypothesized假定；attribute把······歸于8.3

Performance

of

Underground

Facilities

During

Seismic

EventsSeveral

highway

tunnels

were

located

within

the

zone

heavily

affected

by

theSeptember

21,

1999

Chi

Chiearthquake(ML

7.3)in

central .

Thesearelarge

horseshoe

sh d

tunnels

in

rock.

All

the

tunnels

inspected

by

the

author

were

intact

without

any

visible

signs

of

damage.

The

main

damageoccurred

at

tunnel

portals

becauseof

slope

instability

as

illustrated

in

Fig.

8-4.Minor

crackingand

spalling

wasobserved

in

some

tunnel

lining.

One

tunnelpassing

through

the

Chelungpu

fault

was

shut

down

becauseof

a

4

m

faultmovement.

No

damage

was

reported

in

the

Taipei

subway,

which

is

located

over100

km

from

the

ruptured

faultzone.的 結(jié)構(gòu)在 中的性能horseshoe馬蹄型;inspected檢查；intact完整的；spalling剝落；ruptured破裂的8.3

Performance

of

Underground

Facilities

During

Seismic

EventsThe

August

17,

1999

Koceali

earthquake

was

reported

to

have

had

minimal

impact

ontheBolu

tunnel.

The

closure

rate

of