考研考博-英語-徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingpassageintoChinese

Itissimpleenoughtosaythatsincebookshaveclassesfiction,biography,poetry―weshouldseparatethemandlakefromeachwhatitisrightthateachshouldgiveus.Yetfewpeopleaskfrombookswhatbookscangiveus.Mostcommonlywecometobookswithblurredanddividedminds,askingoffictionthatitshallbetrue,ofpoetrythatitshallbefalse,ofbiographythatitshallbeflattering,ofhistorythatitshallenforceourownprejudices.Ifwecouldbanishallsuchpreconceptionwhenweread,whatwouldbeanadmirablebeginning.Donotdictatetoyourauthor,trytobecomehim.Behisfellowworkerandaccomplice.Ifyouhangback,andreserveandcriticizeatfirst,youarepreventingyourselffromgettingthefullestpossiblevaluefromwhatyouread.Butifyouopenyourmindaswidelyaspossible,thensignsandhintsofalmostimperceptiblefinesse,fromthetwistandturnofthefirstsentences,willbringyouintothepresenceofahumanbeingunlikeanyother.Steepyourselfinthis,and,quaintyourselfwiththis,andsoonyouwillfindthatyourauthorisgivingyou,orattemptingtogiveyou,somethingfarmoredefinite.

【答案】既然書有小說、傳記、詩歌之分，我們就應(yīng)該把它們分類，從中吸收它們應(yīng)該給予的知識(shí)。這說起來很容易。然而很少有人要求書本應(yīng)該給予的知識(shí)。我們總是囫圇吞棗般去看書，要求小說必須真實(shí)，要求詩歌必須虛構(gòu)，要求傳記諂媚，要求歷史書能加強(qiáng)自己的偏見。如果我們讀書之前能拋開這些偏見，將會(huì)是一個(gè)好的開始。不要去強(qiáng)加你的想法給作者，而是要去理解他，成為他的伙伴。如果你將自己置身事外，并且從一開始就批判他，你就無法從書中獲得最大的價(jià)值。但是如果你敞開心扉，那么書中精細(xì)入微的寓言和暗示便會(huì)讓你從開頭那些晦澀的句子中繞出來，把你帶到一個(gè)獨(dú)特的人物面前。把自己沉浸在里面去鉆研，你很快會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，作者正向你闡述的或者是試圖向你闡述的東西是一些比原來要明確得多的東西。

2.單選題

Neonisanelementwhichdoesnotcombinereadilywithanyotherelement;becauseofthisproperty,itiscalledan（

）element.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.expensive

B.adjacent

C.active

D.inactive

【答案】D

【解析】expensive昂貴的；adjacent鄰近的；active積極的，活躍的；inactive不活躍的，怠惰的。句意：氖是一種不易與其他元素化合的元素；由于這個(gè)屬性，它被稱為不活躍元素。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

3.單選題

Inprevioustime,whenfreshmeatwasinshort(),pigeonswerekeptbymanyhouseholdsasasourceoffood.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.storage

B.reserve

C.supply

D.provision

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。storage“貯藏庫，存儲(chǔ)”；reserve“儲(chǔ)備，儲(chǔ)存”；supply“供給；補(bǔ)給”；provision“供應(yīng)品”。句意：在過去，當(dāng)鮮肉短缺時(shí)，許多家庭飼養(yǎng)鴿子作為食物來源。表示供應(yīng)短缺時(shí)固定使用inshortsupply。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

In1923theinnovativeRussianfilmmakerDzigaVertovdescribedfilmmakingasaprocessthatleadsviewerstowarda“freshperceptionoftheworld.”Vertov’sdescriptionoffilmmakingshouldapplytofilmsonthesubjectofart.Yetfilmsonarthavenothadapowerfulandpervasiveeffectonthewaywesee.

Publicationsonartflourish,butthesebooksandarticlesdonotnecessarilysucceedinteachingustoseemoredeeplyormoreclearly.Muchwritinginarthistoryadvancesthediscourseinthefieldbutisunlikelytoinformtheeyeofoneunfamiliarwithitspolemics.Films,however,withtheircapacitytopresentmaterialvisuallyandtoreachabroaderaudience,havethepotentialtoenhancevisualliteracy(theabilitytoidentifythedetailsthatcharacterizeaparticularstyle)moreeffectivelythanpublicationscan.Unfortunately,fewofthehundredorsofilmsonartthataremadeeachyearintheUnitedStatesarebroadcastnationallyonprime-timetelevision.

Thefactthatfilmsonartarerarelyseenonprime-timetelevisionmaybeduenotonlytolimitationsondistributionbutalsototheshortcomingsofmanysuchfilms.Someoftheseshortcomingscanbeattributedtothefailureofarthistoriansandfilmmakerstocollaboratecloselyenoughwhenmakingfilmsonart.Theseprofessionalsareable,withintheirrespectivedisciplines,toincreaseourawarenessofvisualforms.Forclosecollaborationtooccur,professionalsineachdisciplineneedtorecognizethatfilmsonartcanbebotheducationalandentertaining,butthiswillrequirecompromiseonbothsides.Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.Filmmakersneedtoresisttheimpulsetomovethecameraquicklyfromdetailtodetailforfearofboringtheviewer,toframetheimageforthesakeofdramaalone,toadmusicforfearofsilence.Filmmakersareawarethatanartobjectdemandsconcentrationand,atthesametime,areconcernedthatitmaynotbecompellingenough-andsotheyhopetoprovidereliefbyinterposing“real”scenesthatbearonlyatangentialrelationshiptothesubject.Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.Ontheotherhand,arthistoriansneedtotrustthatonecanindicateandanalyze,notsolelywithwords,butalsobydirectingtheviewer’sgaze.Thespecializedwrittenlanguageofarthistoryneedstoberelinquishedoratleasttemperedforthescreen.Onlyaneffectivecollaborationbetweenfilmmakersandarthistorianscancreatefilmsthatwillenhanceviewers’perceptionsofart.

1.Thepassagesuggeststhatafilmmakerdesiringtoenhanceviewers’perceptionsofartshoulddowhichofthefollowing?

2.TheauthorofthepassagereferstoVertovinthefirstparagraphmostprobablyinorderto

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

4.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

5.Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfilmandvisualliteracy?

6.Accordingtothepassage,arthistoriansdesiringtoworkwithfilmmakerstoenhancethepublic’sappreciationofartneedtoacknowledgewhichofthefollowing?

7.Whichofthefollowingwoulddescribetheauthor’smostlikelyreactiontoaclaimthatfilmsonartwouldmoresuccessfullypromotevisualliteracyiftheyfollowedthestandardssetforrockvideos?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Relyonthepreciselanguageofarthistorywhendevelopingscriptsforfilmsonart.

B.Relyondramaticnarrativeandmusictosetafilm’stoneandstyle.

C.Recognizethataworkofartbyitselfcanbecompellingenoughtoholdaviewer’sattention.

D.Dependmorestronglyonnarrationinsteadofcameramovementstoguidetheviewer’sgaze.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.provideanexampleofhowfilmscanbeusedtoinfluenceperceptions

B.presentevidencetosupporttheargumentthatfilmshavebeenusedsuccessfullytoinfluenceviewers’perceptions

C.introducethenotionthatfilmcaninfluencehowviewerssee

D.contrastatraditionalviewoftheusesoffilmwithamoremodemview

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Anobservationaboutanunsatisfactorysituationisoffered,thereasonsforthesituationarediscussed,andthenwaystochangeitaresuggested.

B.Twoopinionsregardingacontroversialphenomenonarecontrasted,supportingevidenceforeachispresented,andthenthetwoopinionsarereconciled.

C.Criticismofapointofviewisdiscussed,thecriticismisanswered,andthenthecriticismisappliedtoanotherpointofview.

D.Apointofviewisdescribed,evidencesupportingtheviewisprovided,andthenasummaryispresented.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.discussingwhyfilm’spotentialasamediumforpresentingarttothegeneralpublichasnotbeenfullyrealizedandhowfilmmightbemademoreeffectiveinthisregard

B.discussingtheshortcomingsoffilmsonartandthetechnologicalinnovationsrequiredtoincreasetheimpactoffilmonvisualliteracy

C.discussingtheadvantagesandthedisadvantagesofusingfilmsratherthanpublicationstopresentworksofarttothegeneralpublic

D.presentinginformationtosupporttheviewthatfilmsonartmustfocusmoreoneducationandlessonentertainmentinordertoincreasevisualliteracy.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Readingapublicationaboutaworkofartandthenseeingafilmaboutthesameworkisthemosteffectivewaytodevelopvisualliteracy.

B.Anincreaseinaviewer’sawarenessofvisualformswillalsoleadtoanincreasedattentionspan.

C.Filmhasagreatbutnotyetfullyexploitedcapacitytoincreaseviewers’awarenessofvisualforms.

D.Afilmthatfocusesonthedetailsofaworkofartwillhinderthedevelopmentofvisualliteracy.

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.Thearthistorian’sroleinthecreationofafilmonartislikelytobearelativelyminorone.

B.Filmcanusenonverbalmeanstoachievesomeofthesameresultsthataspokenorwrittendiscoursecanachieve.

C.Anin-depthanalysisofaworkofartisnotanappropriatetopicforafilmonart.

D.Althoughsilencemaybeanappropriateback-groundwhenviewingaworkofartinamuseum,itisinappropriateinafilm.

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.Ambivalence

B.Indifference

C.Sympathy

D.Disdain

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:B

第7題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第三段：Filmmakersareawarethatanartobjectdemandsconcentration.制片人要意識(shí)到藝術(shù)的目標(biāo)就是吸引注意力。確定C選項(xiàng)‘承認(rèn)藝術(shù)作品本身有足夠的魅力可以吸引觀眾的注意’正確。A選項(xiàng)‘在創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)類電影時(shí)，需要精準(zhǔn)的藝術(shù)史語言’、B選項(xiàng)‘設(shè)計(jì)電影基調(diào)與風(fēng)格時(shí)，需要戲劇性的敘事與音樂’和D選項(xiàng)‘要抓住觀眾的注意力，更多的依靠的是敘事，而不是移動(dòng)的鏡頭’與原文不符，排除。

2.根據(jù)文章第一段：...describedfilmmakingasaprocessthatleadsviewerstowarda“freshperceptionoftheworld”.Vertov’sdescriptionoffilmmakingshouldapplytofilmsonthesubjectofart.認(rèn)為電影制作是一個(gè)讓觀眾重新感知世界的過程。托夫影制作的描述是把電影看成是一種藝術(shù)。確定C選項(xiàng)‘闡述一個(gè)概念：電影是如何影響觀眾的視覺’正確。A選項(xiàng)‘舉個(gè)例子說明電影可以影響感知力’、B選項(xiàng)‘為以下論點(diǎn)提供論據(jù)：電影已經(jīng)成功影響了觀眾的感知力’和D選項(xiàng)‘將對(duì)電影作用的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)與現(xiàn)代觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較’與原文不符，排除。

3.整個(gè)文章是按照先講問題，再分析原因，最后提出解決辦法這一模式行文的，所以A選項(xiàng)‘先提出觀察到的令人不滿意的現(xiàn)狀，再分析原因，最后給出解決方法’正確。B選項(xiàng)‘先提出兩個(gè)矛盾的觀點(diǎn)，再提出各自支持的論據(jù)，最后將兩個(gè)矛盾綜合’、C選項(xiàng)‘先批駁一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，再反駁回去，然后再批駁另一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)’和D選項(xiàng)‘先提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，再給支持該觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)，最后總結(jié)’不符合原文的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)，排除。

4.根據(jù)文章第二段：Films...havethepotentialtoenhancevisualliteracymoreeffectivelythanpublicationscan:電影比出版物更具有提高觀眾視覺認(rèn)識(shí)能力的潛力。第三段：Thefactthatfilmsonartarerarelyseenonprime-timetelevisionmaybeduenotonlytolimitationsondistributionbutalsototheshortcomingsofmanysuchfilms.藝術(shù)類電影很少在黃金時(shí)段播出，究其原因，一方面是因?yàn)榉峙涞南拗?，另一方面就是許多這類影片本身的不足之處。由確定B選項(xiàng)‘討論藝術(shù)類電影本身的不足之處以及技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，要求提高對(duì)視覺認(rèn)識(shí)能力的影響力’符合題意。A選項(xiàng)‘討論電影作為媒體，其向大眾傳播藝術(shù)的潛力沒有得到充分發(fā)揮的原因，以及電影在這方面或許有著更大的效應(yīng)’、C選項(xiàng)‘討論與出版物相比，運(yùn)用電影這一方式向大眾宣傳藝術(shù)作品的優(yōu)勢與劣勢’和D選項(xiàng)‘為以下觀點(diǎn)提供論據(jù)：藝術(shù)類電影為了提高觀眾的視覺認(rèn)識(shí)能力，把重點(diǎn)放在教育意義上而非娛樂性‘不符合原文，排除。

5.根據(jù)文章第三段：Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)類影片的制片人不應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循拍攝搖滾影片和廣告的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.Ontheotherhand,arthistoriansneedtotrustthatonecanindicateandanalyze,notsolelywithwords...藝術(shù)作品需要開發(fā)出屬于自己的特色語言或術(shù)語。藝術(shù)歷史學(xué)家也要相信觀眾有能力去辨析，而不是僅僅依靠言語。確定C選項(xiàng)‘電影在提高觀眾的視覺形式意識(shí)方面，大有潛力可挖’正確。A選項(xiàng)‘閱讀有關(guān)藝術(shù)作品的出版物，然后看一場同類型的電影，這是提高觀眾視覺認(rèn)識(shí)能力最有效的方法’、B選項(xiàng)‘觀眾視覺認(rèn)識(shí)能力的擴(kuò)大將擴(kuò)大觀眾注意力的范圍’和D選項(xiàng)‘以藝術(shù)類作品為題裁的電影將會(huì)阻礙視覺認(rèn)識(shí)能力的發(fā)展’不符合原文。

6.根據(jù)文章第三段：Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)類影片的制片人不應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循拍攝搖滾影片和廣告的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.Ontheotherhand,arthistoriansneedtotrustthatonecanindicateandanalyze,notsolelywithwords...：藝術(shù)作品需要開發(fā)出屬于自己的特色語言或術(shù)語。藝術(shù)歷史學(xué)家也要相信觀眾有能力去辨析，而不是僅僅依靠言語。由此確定B選項(xiàng)‘演講或書面言語所取得的效果，電影可以通過非言語的方式獲得同樣的效果‘正確。A選項(xiàng)‘藝術(shù)歷史學(xué)家創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)類電影的作用相對(duì)降低了’、C選項(xiàng)‘進(jìn)一步分析藝術(shù)類作品不適合成為藝術(shù)類電影的主題的原因’和D選項(xiàng)‘在博物館欣賞藝術(shù)作品時(shí)，寂靜與之最為相村，可是這一點(diǎn)并不適合用在電影中’不符合原文，排除。

7.根據(jù)文章第三段：Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.合作藝術(shù)類影片的制片人不應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循拍攝搖滾影片和廣告的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.藝術(shù)作品需要開發(fā)出屬于自己的特色語言或術(shù)語。由此得出，如果遵照做了，勢必產(chǎn)生相反的效果。所以D選項(xiàng)‘蔑視’符合題意。A選項(xiàng)‘矛盾心理’、B選項(xiàng)‘漠不關(guān)心’和C選項(xiàng)‘同情’不符合原文，排除。

5.單選題

Afterlisteningtothetestimony,themembersofthejurydeliveredtheirverdict.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.decision

B.sentence

C.prosecution

D.mandate

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)decisionn.決心，決定；B選項(xiàng)sentencen.句子，命題，宣判；C選項(xiàng)prosecutionn.起訴，檢舉；D選項(xiàng)mandaten.授權(quán)，命令。根據(jù)句意陪審團(tuán)的成員們在聽取證詞后宣布了判決，因此B項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingsofasocialgroup’smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveothersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit(阻礙)attainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesandtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT_______.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?

4.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inparagraph2,theauthorismakingthepointthat______.

5.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”

B.thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist

C.“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofagroup

D.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ensuringharmoniousrelationships

B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers

C.identifyingnewleaders

D.achievingagoal

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders）在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能，所以D選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會(huì)群體中的作用”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者面臨的問題”和B選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力在小群體和大群體中的區(qū)別”以及C選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)群體如何決定誰將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們”文章都沒有提及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.（在家庭中，傳統(tǒng)的文化模式賦予父母一方或雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位）”由此可知D選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)的文化模式”說法正確；以及“Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在較大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通常是通過選舉或招聘正式選出的。）”，由此可知A選項(xiàng)“招聘”；B選項(xiàng)“正式的選舉程序”文中也有提到；只有C選項(xiàng)“具體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)”與該題無關(guān)，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段，第二段的大意為：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者沒有一個(gè)固定的特點(diǎn)，只是符合了一個(gè)特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。A選項(xiàng)“某一特定群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”符合題意；B選項(xiàng)“很少有人能成功地與他人分享領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色”和C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人通過學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的研究能更好的學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個(gè)有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”文章第二段均未提到；D選項(xiàng)“許多人想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，但卻很少能拿出證據(jù)來證明他們具有這樣的資格”曲解了文章意思，不符合題意，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“...decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryofnaturalleaders.（數(shù)十年來的研究并不能找出可靠證據(jù)來證明哪些人可以成為天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者）”，所以B選項(xiàng)“沒有證據(jù)表明天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者存在”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“很少有人稱得上是天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”；C選項(xiàng)“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者很容易被群體成員接受”；D選項(xiàng)“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者有一組相似的特征”都與文章意思不符，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.（工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)群體完成任務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式）”，由此可知工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)通常關(guān)注的是實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，所以D選項(xiàng)“實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“確保和諧關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)“與小組成員分享責(zé)任”；C選項(xiàng)“確定新的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”說法都不正確。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Criticsbelievethatthecontroloftelevisionbymassadvertisinghas（

）thequalityoftheprogram.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.lessened

B.declined

C.affected

D.effected

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。lessen“使……變小”；decline“下降，衰落”；affect“影響，感染”；effect“發(fā)生，引起”。句意：評(píng)論家們認(rèn)為，鋪天蓋地的電視廣告已經(jīng)影響了節(jié)目的質(zhì)量。根據(jù)句意可知C項(xiàng)正確，答案C

8.單選題

Thecaptainoften（

）responsibilitytohissubordinates,soastohavetimetodotheimportanttaskshimself.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.analyzed

B.respected

C.criticized

D.assigned

【答案】D

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。analyze“分析，解釋”；respect“尊敬，尊重”；criticize“批評(píng)”；assign“分派，選派，分配”；根據(jù)句意‘船長經(jīng)常將任務(wù)（

）下屬，以便自己有時(shí)間去做更重要的工作。’確定D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

OnFebruary10,theworldofpsychiatrywillbeasked,metaphorically,tolieonthecouchandanswerquestionsaboutthestateitthinksitisin.ForthatisthedaytheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation(APA)planstoreleaseadraftofthefifthversionofitsDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM-V).Mentalillnesscarryingsuchstigma(污名)asitdoes,andthebrainbeingaslittle-understoodasitis,revisingtheDSMisalwaysacontroversialundertaking.Thistime,however,someofthequestionsaskedoftheprocessarelikelytobeparticularlyprobing.

TheDSM,thefirstversionofwhichwaspublishedin1952,listsrecognizedpsychologicaldisordersandthesymptomsusedtodiagnosethem.IntheUnitedStates,whatisinitinfluenceswhethersomeonewillbediagnosedwithanillnessatall,howhewillbetreatedifheissodiagnosed,andwhetherhisinsurancecompanywillpayforthattreatment.ResearchersinothercountriesgenerallydefertotheDSM,too,makingthemanual’sdefinitionsalinguafrancaforthescienceofmedicalpsychology.And,perhapsmostprofoundly,theDSMinfluenceshowmentalillnessisunderstoodbysocietyatlarge.

AnewDSM,then,isanimportantdocument.TheAPAhasbeenworkingonthelatestrevisionsince1999,andwillnotreleasethefinalversionuntilMay2013.Butsomepeoplearealreadyaccusingitofexcessivesecrecyandbeingtooambitiousaboutthechangesitproposes.Thosecriticswillbepickingoverthedraftnextweektoseeiftheirfearshavebeenrealized.

TheoriginalDSMreflectedthe“psychodynamic”viewofmentalillness,inwhichproblemswerethoughttoresultfromaninterplaybetweenpersonalityandlifehistory.(ThinkFreud,Jungandlonghoursrecountingyourchildhoodanddreams.)Thethirdversion,whichwaspublishedin1980,tookamoremedicalapproach.Mentalillnesseswereseenasdistinctandclassifiable,likephysicaldiseases.DSM-IIIcamewithchecklistsofsymptomsthatallowedstraightforward,unambiguousdiagnosis.Psychiatrybegantoseemlesslikeanartformandmorelikeascience.

DSM-IIIalsointroducedmanymorediagnosesthanhadappearedbefore.Theseincludedattention-deficitdisorder,post-traumaticstressdisorderandsocialphobia.Infact,thenumberofspecificdiagnosesmorethandoubledbetweenDSM-1andDSM-III,from106to265.DSM-IV,publishedin1994,increasedthenumberto297,butlefttheunderlyingmodelalone.

1.Thefirstparagraphofthepassageabovesuggeststhat（）.

2.Sinceitsfirstpublicationin1952,theDSMhasbeeninfluentialinthat（）.

3.AllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT（）.

4.WhichversionoftheDSMisgiventheleastdiscussioninthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theworldofpsychiatryareabouttoundertakeaprobingexperiment

B.itisnoeasytaskforthegeneralpublictoagreeonmentaldisorders

C.itisoftenpossibletoreachanagreementontherewritingofthemanual

D.thelatestversionofthemanualwillbemoresuccessfulthanitsprecedents

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ithascausedlittleproblemintheactualdiagnosisoftheillness

B.itsstipulationgivesexactinstructionsonthetreatmentoftheillness

C.itsprinciplesareadheredtobynotonlydoctorsbutalsopatients

D.itiswidelyrecognizedasanimportantpartofmedicalpsychology

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thefinaldraftofthelatestversionwilltakefouryearstocomplete.

B.Thelatestversionwillintroduceanumberofchanges.

C.Thethirdversionwasmuchmorescientificthantheearlierversions.

D.Freudiscitedasascientificaccountofmentalillnesses.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thesecond.

B.Thethird.

C.Thefourth.

D.Thefifth

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

【解析】第1題:1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Thefirstparagraphofthepassageabovesuggeststhat______.1.文章的第一段指出______。

A.theworldofpsychiatryareabouttoundertakeaprobingexperimentA.精神病學(xué)界即將進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)探索性實(shí)驗(yàn)

B.itisnoeasytaskforthegeneralpublictoagreeonmentaldisordersB.要讓公眾對(duì)精神障礙達(dá)成共識(shí)并非易事

C.itisoftenpossibletoreachanagreementontherewritingofthemanualC.在重寫手冊的問題上達(dá)成一致意見是常有可能的

D.thelatestversionofthemanualwillbemoresuccessfulthanitsprecedentsD.該手冊的最新版本將比以往的版本更成功

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段的最后兩句“……修改《精神病診斷和統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊》一直是一個(gè)具有爭議性的話題。然而，這一次，對(duì)這個(gè)過程提出的一些問題可能更具探索性?！?，從中可知，《精神病診斷和統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊》的最新版中提出的一些問題更具探索性，也就是說，這本手冊的最新版本將比以前的版本更加成功。因此，選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“精神病學(xué)界即將進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)探索性實(shí)驗(yàn)”，根據(jù)解題思路可知，第一段說的是這本手冊的最新版本中提出的一些問題更具探索性，而非進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，該項(xiàng)曲解原文；

B項(xiàng)“要讓公眾對(duì)精神障礙達(dá)成共識(shí)并非易事”和C項(xiàng)“在重寫手冊的問題上達(dá)成一致意見是常有可能的”在文章中沒有提到，屬于無中生有。

第2題:2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Sinceitsfirstpublicationin1952,theDSMhasbeeninfluentialinthat______.2.自1952年首次出版以來，DSM的影響力在于______。

A.ithascausedlittleproblemintheactualdiagnosisoftheillnessA.這對(duì)疾病的實(shí)際診斷幾乎沒有造成什么問題

B.itsstipulationgivesexactinstructionsonthetreatmentoftheillnessB.它的規(guī)定對(duì)治療這種疾病給出了確切的指導(dǎo)

C.itsprinciplesareadheredtobynotonlydoctorsbutalsopatientsC.它的原則不僅得到了醫(yī)生的遵守，也得到了病人的遵守

D.itiswidelyrecognizedasanimportantpartofmedicalpsychologyD.它一直被廣泛認(rèn)為是醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)的重要組成部分

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“其他國家的研究人員也普遍遵循DSM，使手冊的定義成為醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)科學(xué)的通用語。也許最深刻的是，DSM影響了整個(gè)社會(huì)對(duì)精神疾病的理解?！笨芍?，DSM也在被其他國家研究人員使用，它影響了社會(huì)對(duì)精神疾病的理解，這也就是說，它被廣泛認(rèn)為是醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)中重要的一部分，故該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“這對(duì)疾病的實(shí)際診斷幾乎沒有造成什么問題”和C項(xiàng)“它的原則不僅得到了醫(yī)生的遵守，也得到了病人的遵守”沒有提及，屬于無中生有；

B項(xiàng)“它的規(guī)定對(duì)治療這種疾病給出了確切的指導(dǎo)”，文章第二段提到如果一個(gè)人被診斷出某種疾病，手冊上的內(nèi)容會(huì)告訴他如何接受治療，而該項(xiàng)中的exactinstructions（確切的指導(dǎo)）表述太絕對(duì)，屬于曲解原文。

第3題:3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.AllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT______

3.下列的陳述是正確的，除了______

A.Thefinaldraftofthelatestversionwilltakefouryearstocomplete.A.最新版本的最終稿將需要四年時(shí)間才能完成。

B.Thelatestversionwillintroduceanumberofchanges.B.最新版本將介紹一些改變。

C.Thethirdversionwasmuchmorescientificthantheearlierversions.C.第三個(gè)版本比之前的版本更科學(xué)。

D.Freudiscitedasascientificaccountofmentalillnesses.D.弗洛伊德被引證為精神疾病的科學(xué)解釋。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第三段第二句“APA自1999年以來一直在編寫最新版本，直到2013年5月才會(huì)發(fā)布最終版本”，可知最新版本的最終版將需要十四年，A項(xiàng)“最新版本的最終稿將需要四年時(shí)間才能完成”與原文不符，但符合題意。故該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B項(xiàng)“最新版本將介紹一些變化”，定位第三段第三句“但一些人已經(jīng)在指責(zé)它過于保密，對(duì)它提出的改變過于雄心勃勃（beingtooambitiousaboutthechangesitproposes）”可知，一些人指責(zé)最新版本提出的改變可能過于雄心勃勃，這也就是說，最新版本將介紹一些改變，該項(xiàng)符合原文，屬于反向干擾；

C項(xiàng)“第三個(gè)版本比之前的版本更科學(xué)”，定位第四段第二句“第三個(gè)版本于1980年出版，采用了更多的醫(yī)學(xué)方法”可知，該項(xiàng)符合原文，屬于反向干擾；

D項(xiàng)“弗洛伊德被引證為精神疾病的科學(xué)解釋”，定位第四段第一句“最初的DSM反映了精神疾病的‘心理動(dòng)力學(xué)’觀點(diǎn)，在這種觀點(diǎn)中，問題被認(rèn)為是性格和生活史之間相互作用的結(jié)果（想想弗洛伊德、榮格，以及長時(shí)間地講述你的童年和夢想）”可知，弗洛伊德和榮格都被被引證為精神疾病的科學(xué)解釋，該項(xiàng)也符合原文，屬于反向干擾。

第4題:4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.WhichversionoftheDSMisgiventheleastdiscussioninthepassage?4.文章中對(duì)DSM的哪個(gè)版本討論得最少？

A.Thesecond.A.第二版。

B.Thethird.B.第三版。

C.Thefourth.C.第四版。

D.Thefifth.D.第五版。

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，第三段描述了DSM最新版，即第五版，第四段和第五段分別描述了DSM的第三版和第四版，只有第二版沒有明確提及，所以該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B項(xiàng)“第三版”、C項(xiàng)“第四版”和D項(xiàng)“第五版”在文中都有討論，屬于反向干擾。

10.單選題

NewEnergySourcestotheRescueAspetrolpricesrise,policymakersandventurecapitalistsaresuddenlyembracingalternatives.Willthetrendlast?

Reasonsforthechange

Inhislongcareerincountrymusic,WillieNelsonhasalwaysbeenontheleftsideofallthings.Now,at73,heisinthevanguard.Mr.Nelson,wholivesonabigfarmoutsideAustin,powershiscarwiththehelpofvegetableoil.Hehasevencreatedhisownlineofthiscleaner-burningdieselblend.Hecalledit“BioWillie”,whichisdistributedatseveralsitesinTexasandisgoingnational,too.Mr.NelsonarguesthatitwillhelpAmerica’sfarmers,truckers,andtheenvironmentwhile,atthesametime,reducingdependenceonforeignpetroleum.

WithhighpetrolpricescausingtroublesinWashington,D.C.,everyoneistryingtofindoutalternatives.Soyabeans,canola(rapeseed),switchgrass,anything,isbeinginvestigated.EvenGeorgeBush,aformeroilmanwhosupportsloyallytheindustrialdevelopment,calledlastweekformoreresearchintoethanolandbio-diesel-twokeytypesofbio-fuelsandboldlypredictedthat“ethanolwillreplacegasolineconsumption”.JimWoolsey,aformerheadoftheCIAnotesthatdevelopingbio-fuelsisinthenationalinterest,sinceitishightimeAmericastoppeditsrelianceonpetroleumfromforeigncountriesandsostoppedfundingsomefanaticalreligiousorganizations.

Future:convenienceandpains

Thefederalgovernmentisbeginningtoformulatepolicytopromotetheuseofbio-fuels.InMontana,HawaiiandMinnesotaallpetrolmustcontain10%ethanol,whileWashingtonStaterequirespetrolanddieseltocontain2%renewablefuelbyvolume.Forbothethanolandbio-diesel,Congresshasrequiredanear-doublingofproductionby2012.BothblendsnotesMr.Woolseyapprovingly,needlittlenewinfrastructuretosupportthem(unlike,say,hydrogenfuel-cellcars).Ethanolcanbedispensedatregularpetrolstationsandworks,withinlimits,intoday’scars.Bio-dieselfuellingstations,suchasthoseforBioWillie,arepoppinguparoundAmerica.

UnfortunatelyforMr.Bush’spoliticalfortunes,abio-fuelsrevolutionwillnothappenintimetoeaseAmerica’scurrentpainatthepump.Rightnow,ethanol—aclean-burning,high-octanealcoholtypicallyderivedfromcorninAmerica,orsugarinBrazil—accountsforjust3%ofAmerica’spetroluse,thoughAmericancarscanhandlea10%ethanolblend.Bio-dieselisusedevenless.

Moreover,ethanolistypicallyblendedwithregularfuel,andawidespreadshifttoanethanolblend(aresultofanotherprovisionoflastyear’senergybill)hascontributedtosomepetrolshortagesinTexasandelsewhere,asthesupplychaincreaksintolife.Skepticsarguethatgrowingcropsforethanolwillburnmorepetrolthanitwillsave.

Butothersarepersuaded,despitethepainsatthebeginningstage.“IfIhadtobet$100,I’dbetonbio-fuels,saysHunterLovins,co-authorof“NaturalCapitalism”,addingthatshewouldfavorthemevenoverotherrenewableenergysources.Richinvestorsalsobelieveitsgrowth.RichardBran