考研考博-英語-寧夏葡萄酒與防沙治沙職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-寧夏葡萄酒與防沙治沙職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Theauthorofthebookhasshownhisremarkablykeen（）intohumannature.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.intellect

B.insight

C.perception

D.understanding

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)intellect“智力，理解力”；B選項(xiàng)insight“洞察力，洞悉”；C選項(xiàng)perception“知覺，感覺”；D選項(xiàng)understanding“理解”。句意：這本書的作者對(duì)人性有非常敏銳的洞察力。選項(xiàng)B符合語境。

2.單選題

Darkmatterintheuniverseis,believedbysomescientists,substancethatisnotreadilyobservablebecauseitdoesnotdirectlyrefractlightorenergy.Itsexistencecanonlybededucedbecauseoftheeffectthatithasonsurroundingmatter.Infact,somemembersofthescientificcommunityhavearguedthatdarkmatterdoesnotactuallyexist.Others,however,believeinitsexistence,inpartbecausethescientificcommunitydoesnothaveacompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.Ontheotherhand,somewouldarguethatitistheunderstandingofgravitationalsciencethatleadsmostscientiststobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatter,becausewithoutdarkmatter,therearemanycosmologicalphenomenathataredifficulttoexplain.

Forexample,darkmatterintheuniversemayhaveapeculiareffectontheMilkyWaygalaxy.Somescientistsbelievethattheinteractionbetweendarkmatterandothersmaller,nearbygalaxiesiscausingtheMilkyWaygalaxytotakeonawarpedprofile.Ithasbeenassertedthatnotonlydoesdarkmatterexist,itmayalsoberesponsiblefortheMilkyWay’sunusualshape.TheinteractionreferencedinvolvestwosmallergalaxiesneartheMilkyWay,calledMagllanicClouds,movingthroughanenormousamountofdarkmatter,which,ineffect,enhancesthegravitationalpullthatthetwoMagellanicCloudscouldhaveontheMilkyWayandothersurroundingbodies.Withouttheexistenceofthedarkmatter,theMagellanicCloudswouldnothavesufficientmasstohavesuchastrongeffectonthebendoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.

ThestrongestevidenceforthevalidityofthishypothesisrestsinNewtonianphysicsandthehypothesisthatanythingwithmasswillexertagravitationalpull.TheMilkyWayandothergalaxieswithpeculiarwarpedshapesarebeingmoldedbyagravitationalforce.However,thereisnothingreadilyobservablewithsufficientmassthatcouldcausesuchahighlevelofdistortionviagravitationalpullinthevicinityoftheMilkyWay,Therefore,somethingthatisnoteasilyobservedmustbeexertingthenecessaryforcetocreatethewarpedshapeofthegalaxy.

AaronRomanowskyandseveralcolleagueshavequestionedtheeffectthatdarkmattermighthaveongalaxies.Theypointtotheexistenceofseveralellipticalgalaxiessurroundedbyverylittledarkmatterasevidencethatdarkmatterisnot,infact,thecauseofthewarpedgalaxies.Whiletheydonotclaimthattheirfindingsshouldbeinterpretedtoconcludethatdarkmatterdoesnotexist,theyapparentlybelievethattheresultsoftheirstudiescastdoubtonsomeoftheconventionaltheoriesofgalaxyformationandmanipulation.

SeveralmodelsconstructedbyresearchersfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,however,pointtotheideathatdarkmatteristhemostlikelyexplanationforthedistortedshapeoftheMilkyWayandothergalaxies.Usingcomputermodels,theyhavemappedthelikelyinteractionsbetweencertaingalaxiesandthesurroundingdarkmatter,andthosemodelshaveshownnotonlythepossibilitythatdarkmatterisresponsibleforthewarpedshapeoftheMilkyWay,butthattherelationshipbetweenthedarkmatterandtheMagllanicCloudsisdynamic;themovementofthecloudsthroughthedarkmatterseemstocreateawakethatenhancestheirgravitationalinfluenceontheMilkyWay.

1.Thepassagestatesthatsomemembersofthescientificcommunityarereluctanttobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatterbecause______.

2.Whatdoesthepassageofferasevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatter?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatisAaronRomanowsky’stheoryregardingdarkmatter?

4.Thelastparagraphsupportsthegeneralhypothesisprovidedearlierinthepassagethat______.

5.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdarkmatter?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thereisabsolutelynoevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatter

B.nooneunderstandshowtoapplygravitationalscience

C.darkmattercannotbedirectlyobserved

D.darkmatterhaslittleeffectonsurroundingmatter

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Acompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.

B.TheenormousmassofMagellanicClouds.

C.TheshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.

D.Aphotographtakenwiththeaidofarefractingtelescope.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itcannotbeconclusivelyproventhatdarkmatteraffectstheshapeandformationofgalaxies.

B.Thediscoveryofcertaingalaxiesdisprovesthetheorythatdarkmatterexistsintheuniverse.

C.Computermodelssuggestthatdarkmatterisresponsibleforwarpedgalaxies.

D.Darkmatterhasnoeffectatallontheshapeofgalaxy.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theeffectofMagllanicCloudsongalaxiesisenhancedbydarkmatter

B.computermodelsarenecessaryforanunderstandingofgravitationalscience

C.darkmatterhaslittletonoeffectontheformationofcertaincosmologicalphenomena

D.theshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxycanbededucedbyobservingthemattersurroundingit

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Itsexistencehasbeenconclusivelyprovenbycomputermodels.

B.Itsexistenceisinferredbysomeresearchersbasedonobservationsofcosmologicalbodiescomposedofordinarymatter.

C.Ifitdoesnotexist,theuniverseislargelyempty.

D.Itspresenceisreadilyobservabletoresearcherswhocompletelyunderstandhowtoapplygravitationalscience.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.Thepassagestatesthatsomemembersofthescientificcommunityarereluctanttobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatterbecause______.1.這篇文章指出，一些科學(xué)團(tuán)體的成員不愿意相信暗物質(zhì)的存在，因?yàn)開_____。

A.thereisabsolutelynoevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatterA.完全沒有證據(jù)證明暗物質(zhì)的存在

B.nooneunderstandshowtoapplygravitationalscienceB.沒有人知道如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)

C.darkmattercannotbedirectlyobservedC.不能直接觀測(cè)到暗物質(zhì)

D.darkmatterhaslittleeffectonsurroundingmatterD.暗物質(zhì)對(duì)周圍的物質(zhì)幾乎沒有影響

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段最后三句“事實(shí)上，科學(xué)界的一些成員認(rèn)為暗物質(zhì)實(shí)際上并不存在。然而，另一些人相信它的存在，部分原因是科學(xué)界對(duì)引力科學(xué)沒有一個(gè)完整的理解。另一方面，一些人會(huì)認(rèn)為，正是對(duì)引力科學(xué)的理解使大多數(shù)科學(xué)家相信暗物質(zhì)的存在，因?yàn)闆]有暗物質(zhì)，就有許多難以解釋的宇宙現(xiàn)象。”由此可知，一些人相信暗物質(zhì)，部分原因是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)界對(duì)引力科學(xué)還沒有一個(gè)完整的理解，所以只能用暗物質(zhì)來解釋宇宙現(xiàn)象，那么可以推斷，一些科學(xué)團(tuán)體的成員不愿意相信暗物質(zhì)的存在是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)界對(duì)引力科學(xué)沒有完整的理解，不知道如何運(yùn)用引力科學(xué)。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)“沒有人知道如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“完全沒有證據(jù)證明暗物質(zhì)的存在”與原文中“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)銀河星系的形成造成影響”這一說法不符，屬于反向干擾；

C項(xiàng)“不能直接觀測(cè)到暗物質(zhì)”并不是科學(xué)家不相信暗物質(zhì)存在的原因，屬于出處錯(cuò)位；

D項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)周圍的物質(zhì)幾乎沒有影響”根據(jù)第一段第二句“只能根據(jù)它對(duì)周圍物質(zhì)的影響來推斷暗物質(zhì)的存在”可知，該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。

2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Whatdoesthepassageofferasevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatter?2.這篇文章為暗物質(zhì)的存在提供了什么證據(jù)？

A.Acompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.A.對(duì)引力科學(xué)的完全理解。

B.TheenormousmassofMagellanicClouds.B.麥哲倫星云的巨大質(zhì)量。

C.TheshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.C.銀河系的形狀。

D.Aphotographtakenwiththeaidofarefractingtelescope.D.用折射望遠(yuǎn)鏡拍攝的照片。

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】文章第二段和第三段對(duì)暗物質(zhì)的存在提供了論據(jù)，根據(jù)第二段最后一句“如果沒有暗物質(zhì)的存在，麥哲倫星云就不會(huì)有足夠的質(zhì)量對(duì)銀河系的彎曲產(chǎn)生如此強(qiáng)烈的影響”以及第三段的內(nèi)容“這一假設(shè)的最有力證據(jù)來自牛頓物理學(xué)和任何有質(zhì)量的物體都會(huì)產(chǎn)生引力的假設(shè)。銀河系和其他具有奇特扭曲形狀的星系正在被引力塑造。然而，在銀河系附近并沒有足夠大質(zhì)量的物體能夠通過引力引起如此高程度的扭曲。因此，一定是一些不容易觀測(cè)到的物體施加了必要的力，才造成了星系的扭曲形狀?！?，從中我們可知，銀河系和其他具有奇特扭曲形狀的星系正在被引力塑造，但是在銀河系附近沒有足夠大質(zhì)量的物體，所以可以推斷，暗物質(zhì)的存在的依據(jù)就是銀河系的形狀。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)“銀河系的形狀”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“對(duì)引力科學(xué)的完全理解”，文章第一段就指出人們對(duì)引力科學(xué)沒有完全的了解，所以該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

B項(xiàng)“麥哲倫星云的巨大質(zhì)量”和D項(xiàng)“用折射望遠(yuǎn)鏡拍攝的照片”沒有提到，屬于無中生有。

3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatisAaronRomanowsky’stheoryregardingdarkmatter?3.根據(jù)這篇文章，亞倫˙羅曼諾斯基關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)的理論是什么？

A.Itcannotbeconclusivelyproventhatdarkmatteraffectstheshapeandformationofgalaxies.A.暗物質(zhì)會(huì)影響星系的形狀和形成，這一點(diǎn)還無法得到確鑿的證明。

B.Thediscoveryofcertaingalaxiesdisprovesthetheorythatdarkmatterexistsintheuniverse.B.某些星系的發(fā)現(xiàn)證明宇宙中存在暗物質(zhì)的理論是錯(cuò)誤的。

C.Computermodelssuggestthatdarkmatterisresponsibleforwarpedgalaxies.C.計(jì)算機(jī)模型表明暗物質(zhì)是扭曲星系的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>

D.Darkmatterhasnoeffectatallontheshapeofgalaxy.D.暗物質(zhì)對(duì)星系的形狀沒有任何影響。

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至文章第四段，根據(jù)最后兩句的內(nèi)容“他們指出，存在著幾個(gè)橢圓星系，周圍幾乎沒有暗物質(zhì)，這證明了暗物質(zhì)并不是導(dǎo)致星系變形的原因。雖然他們沒有聲稱他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)該被解釋為暗物質(zhì)不存在，但他們顯然相信，他們的研究結(jié)果對(duì)一些星系形成和操縱的傳統(tǒng)理論提出了質(zhì)疑?！笨芍?，亞倫?羅曼諾斯基關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)的觀點(diǎn)就是，星系變形的原因并不是由于暗物質(zhì)。因此，D項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)星系的形狀沒有任何影響”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)會(huì)影響星系的形狀和形成，這一點(diǎn)還無法得到確鑿的證明”和C項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)模型表明暗物質(zhì)是扭曲星系的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住备鶕?jù)解題思路可知，這兩項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

B項(xiàng)“某些星系的發(fā)現(xiàn)證明宇宙中存在暗物質(zhì)的理論是錯(cuò)誤的”，文中提到“他們沒有聲稱他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)該被解釋為暗物質(zhì)不存在”，所以他的理論并不是推翻暗物質(zhì)的存在，該項(xiàng)屬于過度推斷。

4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.Thelastparagraphsupportsthegeneralhypothesisprovidedearlierinthepassagethat______.4.最后一段支持了文章前面提出的假設(shè)，即______。

A.theeffectofMagllanicCloudsongalaxiesisenhancedbydarkmatterA.暗物質(zhì)增強(qiáng)了麥哲倫星云對(duì)星系的影響

B.computermodelsarenecessaryforanunderstandingofgravitationalscienceB.計(jì)算機(jī)模型對(duì)于理解引力科學(xué)是必要的

C.darkmatterhaslittletonoeffectontheformationofcertaincosmologicalphenomenaC.暗物質(zhì)對(duì)某些宇宙現(xiàn)象的形成幾乎沒有影響

D.theshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxycanbededucedbyobservingthemattersurroundingitD.銀河系的形狀可以通過觀察它周圍的物質(zhì)推斷出來

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。

【解題思路】定位至最后一段第二句中的“他們已經(jīng)繪制了某些星系和周圍暗物質(zhì)之間可能的相互作用，這些模型不僅顯示了暗物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致銀河系扭曲形狀的可能性，而且還顯示了暗物質(zhì)和麥哲倫星云之間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系”可知，這一段與前文提到的“暗物質(zhì)影響銀河系的形狀”的假設(shè)一致。因此，D項(xiàng)“銀河系的形狀可以通過觀察它周圍的物質(zhì)推斷出來”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)增強(qiáng)了麥哲倫星云對(duì)星系的影響”是暗物質(zhì)影響銀河系的形狀的假設(shè)的內(nèi)容，該項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全；

B項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)模型對(duì)于理解引力科學(xué)是必要的”在文章前文并沒有提到，屬于無中生有；

C項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)某些宇宙現(xiàn)象的形成幾乎沒有影響”根據(jù)解題思路可知，該項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文。

5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

5.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdarkmatter?5.這篇文章支持下面關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)的哪一種說法？

A.Itsexistencehasbeenconclusivelyprovenbycomputermodels.A.它的存在已經(jīng)被計(jì)算機(jī)模型證實(shí)。

B.Itsexistenceisinferredbysomeresearchersbasedonobservationsofcosmologicalbodiescomposedofordinarymatter.B.它的存在是由一些研究人員根據(jù)對(duì)由普通物質(zhì)組成的宇宙天體的觀察推斷出來的。

C.Ifitdoesnotexist,theuniverseislargelyempty.C.如果它不存在，宇宙基本上是空的。

D.Itspresenceisreadilyobservabletoresearcherswhocompletelyunderstandhowtoapplygravitationalscience.D.對(duì)于完全了解如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)的研究人員來說，它的存在是很容易觀察到的。

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】文章第二段對(duì)于暗物質(zhì)存在所做的假設(shè)就是它能改變銀河系的形狀，該段描述了暗物質(zhì)是如何影響銀河系附近的麥哲倫星云，并增強(qiáng)了兩個(gè)麥哲倫星云對(duì)銀河系和其他周圍天體的引力，從而使銀河系的形狀發(fā)生改變，所以B項(xiàng)“它的存在是由一些研究人員根據(jù)對(duì)由普通物質(zhì)組成的宇宙天體的觀察推斷出來的”最能支持關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)存在的說法。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A項(xiàng)“它的存在已經(jīng)被計(jì)算機(jī)模型證實(shí)”，根據(jù)最后一段第二句中的“這些模型不僅顯示了暗物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致銀河系扭曲形狀的可能性，而且還顯示了暗物質(zhì)和麥哲倫云之間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系”，可知，文章并沒有證實(shí)暗物質(zhì)的存在，只是顯示暗物質(zhì)存在的可能性，該項(xiàng)屬于過度推斷；

C項(xiàng)“如果它不存在，宇宙基本上是空的”文中未提及，屬于無中生有；

D項(xiàng)“對(duì)于完全了解如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)的研究人員來說，它的存在是很容易觀察到的”與第一段第一句提到的“宇宙中的暗物質(zhì)被一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為是不易觀察到的物質(zhì)，因?yàn)樗荒苤苯诱凵涔饣蚰芰俊毕嗝?，屬于反向干擾。

3.單選題

ManyFineArtgraduatestake()professionalpracticeasartists,andthiscourseencouragesthemtoconsidertheirroleasartistsinthecommunitybyprovidingopportunitiesforshort-termplacementsoutsidetheFaculty.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.down

B.up

C.out

D.in

【答案】B

【解析】考查短語辨析。takedown“記下”；takeup“開始從事”；takeout“取出”；takein“欺騙；吸收”。句意：許多美術(shù)專業(yè)畢業(yè)生把自己看作藝術(shù)家來進(jìn)行職業(yè)訓(xùn)練，本課程鼓勵(lì)他們考把自己當(dāng)做社會(huì)藝術(shù)工作者，為他們提供在學(xué)院之外的短期實(shí)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

Tous,itseemssonaturaltoputupanumbrellatokeepthewateroffwhenitrains.Butactuallytheumbrellawasnotinventedasprotectionagainstrain.Itsfirstusewasasashadeagainstthesun.

Nobodyknowswhofirstinventedit,buttheumbrellawasusedinveryancienttimes.ProbablythefirsttouseitweretheChinese,waybackintheeleventhcenturyBC.

WeknowthattheumbrellawasusedinancientEgyptandBabylonasasunshade.Andtherewasastrangethingconnectedwithitsuse:itbecameasymbolofhonorandauthority.IntheFarEastinancienttimes,theumbrellawasallowedtobeusedonlybyroyaltyorbythoseinhighoffices.

InEurope,theGreekswerethefirsttousetheumbrellapracticallydisappeared.ThenitappearedagaininItalyinthelatesixteenthcentury.Andagainitwasconsideredasymbolofpowerandauthority.By1680,theumbrellaappearedinFranceandlateroninEngland.

Bytheeighteenthcentury,theumbrellawasusedagainstrainthroughoutmostofEurope.Umbrellashavenotchangedmuchinstyleduringallthistime,thoughtheyhavebecomemuchlighterinweight.Itwasn'tuntilthetwentiethcenturythatwomen’sumbrellasbegantobemadeinawholevarietyofcolors.

1.Thefirstuseofumbrellawasas（）.

2.（）werethepeoplewhofirstusedumbrellas.

3.Theumbrellawasusedonlybyroyaltyorbythoseinhighoffices（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisnottrue?

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassages?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.protectionagainstrain

B.ashadeagainstthesun

C.asymbolofpower

D.asymbolofhonor

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Chinese

B.Romans

C.Greeks

D.Egyptians

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.inEuropeinthe18thcentury

B.inancientEgyptandBabylon

C.intheFarEastinancienttimes

D.duringtheMiddleAges

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Womenenjoyusingumbrellaswithvariedkindsofcolorsnowadays.

B.Theinventoroftheumbrellaisunknown.

C.Onceordinarypeoplehadnorighttouseumbrellas.

D.Umbrellaswerepopularandcheapinancienttimes.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.WhenWastheUmbrellaInvented?

B.TheHistoryofUmbrella

C.Umbrella-ASymbolofHonor

D.WhoUsedUmbrellaFirst?

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段指出:Butactuallytheumbrellawasnotinventedasprotectionagainstrain.Itsfirstusewasasashadeagainstthesun(實(shí)際上，傘的發(fā)明不是為了躲雨。它的第一個(gè)用途是為了遮蔽太陽)。因此選B項(xiàng)“遮蔽太陽”。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干定位至第二段:ProbablythefirsttouseitweretheChinese,waybackintheeleventhcenturyB.C(可能，第一個(gè)使用傘的人是中國人，可以追溯到公元前11世紀(jì))，因此選A項(xiàng)。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:IntheFarEastinancienttimes,theumbrellawasallowedtobeusedonlybyroyaltyorbythoseinhighoffices(在古代遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)，只允許皇室的人或者身居高位的人使用傘)，因此選C項(xiàng)“在古代遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)”。

4.判斷推理題。A:如今，女性享用各色的傘。最后一句指出:Itwasn'tuntilthetwentiethcenturythatwomen’sumbrellasbegantobemadeinawholevarietyofcolors(直到二十世紀(jì)，婦女雨傘才開始有各種各樣的顏色)，因此A項(xiàng)正確。B:傘的發(fā)明者不知道是誰，第二段第一句指出:Nobodyknowswhofirstinventedit...(不知道最初誰發(fā)明了傘)，因此B項(xiàng)正確。C:曾經(jīng)，普通人沒有權(quán)利使用傘，第三段倒數(shù)第二句指出:Andagainitwasconsideredasymbolofpowerandauthority(雨傘再次被認(rèn)為是權(quán)力和權(quán)威的象征)。因此C項(xiàng)正確。D:雨傘在古代很流行也很便宜。此項(xiàng)在文中并未有所體現(xiàn)。因此選D。

5.主旨大意題。本文主要談及傘的歷史發(fā)展，和傘在古代的使用人群等，以及傘的使用現(xiàn)狀。因此B項(xiàng)“傘的歷史”比較適合做文章標(biāo)題。

5.單選題

Thepressisconstantlyremindingusthatthedramaticincreaseintheageofourpopulationoverthenext30orsoyearswillcausenationalhealthcaresystemstocollapse,economiestocrumpleunderthestrainofpensiondemandsanddisintegratingfamiliestobuckleunderincreasingcarecommitments.YetresearchatOxfordisbeginningtoexposesomeofthewidespreadmythsthatunderliethisrhetoric.Demographicagingisundoubtedlyareality.Lifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieshasrisencontinuouslyoverthepastcentury,increasingthepercentageofthoseovertheageof60relativetothoseundertheageof15.By2030halfthepopulationofWesternEuropewillbeovertheageof50,withapredictedaveragelifeexpectancyofafurther40years.Bythen,aquarterofthepopulationwillbeover65andby2050theUK’scurrentnumbersof10,000centenariansarepredictedtohavereachedaquarterofamillion.SomedemographershaveevensuggestedthathalfofallbabygirlsbomintheWesttodaywilllivetoseethenextcentury.

（1）

Indeed,ifthiscouldbeachievedthroughouttheworld,itwouldsurelycountasthesuccessofcivilization,forthenwewouldalsohaveconqueredthekillersofpoverty,disease,famineandwar.

Decreasingmortalityratesincreasinglongevityanddecliningfertilitymeansmallerpercentagesofyoungpeoplewithinpopulations.Overthepast20yearslifeexpectancyatbirthintheUKhasrisenbyfouryearsformen(to75)andthreeyearsforwomen(to80).MeanwhilefertilityratesacrossEuropehavedeclinedmoreorlesscontinuouslyoverthepast40yearsandremainwellbelowthelevelsrequiredforEuropeanpopulationstobeabletoreplacethemselveswithoutsubstantiveimmigration.Butagain,ratherthanseeingthisasadoomandgloomscenario,weneedtoexplorethepositiveaspectsofthesedemographics.Thenext50yearsshouldprovideuswithallopportunitytoenjoythemanyadvantagesofasocietywithamaturepopulationstructure.

（2）

ThefirstoftheseisthecurrentpoliticalrhetoricwhichclaimsthathealthservicesacrosstheWesternWorldarecollapsingunderthestrainofdemographicageing.

（3）

Thesecondmythistheviewthattheratioofworkerstonon-workerswillbecomesoacutethatWesterneconomieswillcollapse,compoundedbyamassivegrowthinpensiondebt,Whilethereareundoubtedconcernsovercurrentpensionshortfalls,itisalsoclearthatworkingliveswillthemselveschangeoverthenextfewdecades,withapredictedincreaseinflexibleandpart.Timeworkandtheprobableextensionofworkinglifeuntiltheageof70.Indeed,wehavetorecognizethatwecannotexpecttoretireattheageof50andthenbeabletosupportourselvesforanother40orsoyear.Neitherasolidpensionschemenorsavingscancarrypeoplethatlong.

（4）

Afurthermythisthatwewillallliveinloose,multigenerationalfamilies,experiencingincreasedemotionaldistancingfromourkin.Evidencefromavarietyofstudiesacrossthedevelopedworldsuggeststhat,ifanything,themodernfamilyisactuallybecomingmoreclose-knit.WorkcarriedoutbytheOxfordInstituteinScandinaviaandinaPan-EuropeanFamilyCareStudy,forexample,showsthatdespitetheinfluenceofthewelfarestate,overthepast10years,peoplehavecometovaluefamilyrelationshipsmorethanpreviously.

（5）

Inthedevelopedworldtherefore,wecanseeactualbenefitsfrompopulationaging:abetterbalancebetweenagegroups,matureandlessvolatilesocieties,withanemphasisonageintegration.Theissueswillbeverydifferentinotherpartsoftheworld.

Hereinlaysanothermyth:thatthelessdevelopedworldwillescapeformdemographicaging.Instead,themassiveincreaseintheageofpopulationsfacingthesecountries-predictedtobeuptoonebillionolderpeoplewithin30years-ispotentiallydevastating.TheproblemisnotonlythatdemographicagingisoccurringatafargreaterpacethanwehaveseeninWesternnations,butalsothatfewifanydevelopingcountrieshavetheeconomicdevelopmentandinfrastructurenecessarytoprovidewidespreadpublicpensionsandhealthcaretothesegrowingelderlypopulations.

Asaresult,olderpeopleareamongthepoorestineverydevelopingcountry.Theyhavethelowestlevelsofincome,educationandliteracy,theylacksavingsandassets,haveonlylimitedaccesstowork,andevenintimesofcrisisareusuallythelasttobecaredforunderemergencyaidprograms.Perhapsofmostconcernishealthcare,forasweconqueracutediseases,wearegoingtoseearapidincreaseinlevelsofchronicillnessanddisability,butnolong-termcareprogrammesorfacilitiestotacklethis.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustu