考研考博-英語(yǔ)-保定幼兒師范高等專(zhuān)科學(xué)?？荚囇侯}三合一+答案詳解2

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-保定幼兒師范高等專(zhuān)科學(xué)?？荚囇侯}三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.問(wèn)答題

ByaboutA.D.500theMoundBuilderculturewasdeclining,perhapsbecauseofattacksfromothertribesorperhapsbecauseofsevereclimaticchangesthatunderminedagriculture.Tothewest,anotherculture,basedonintensiveagriculture,wasbeginningtoflourish.ItscenterwasbeneathpresentdaySt.Louis,anditradiatedouttoenclosemostoftheMississippiwatershed,fromWisconsintoLouisianaandOklahomatoTennessee.Thousandsofvillageswereincludedinitsorbit.ByaboutA.D.700thisMississippianculture,asitisknowntoarchaeologists,begantosenditsinfluenceeastwardtotransformthelifeofmostofthelesstechnologicallyadvancedwoodlandtribes.LiketheMoundBuildersoftheOhioregion,thesetribes,probablyinfluencedbyMeso-Americanculturesthroughtradeandcommerce,builtgiganticmoundsasburialandceremonialplaces.Thelargestofthem,risinginfourterracestoaheightofonehundredfeet,hasarectangularbaseofnearlyfifteenacres,largerthanthatoftheGreatPyramidofEgypt.BuiltbetweenA.D.900and1,100,thishugeearthworkfacesthesiteofacliffyIndiancitywhichcontainedmorethanonehundredsmallartificialmoundsmarkingburialsites.Spreadamongthemwasavastsettlementcontainingsome30,000peoplebycurrentestimations.ThefinelycraftedornamentsandtoolsrecoveredatCahokis,asthiscenterofMississippicultureiscalled,includeelaborateceramicsfinelysculptedstonework,carefullyembossedandengravedcopperandmicasheets,andonefuneralblanketfashionedfrom12,000shellbeads.TheyindicatethatCahokiawasatrueurbancenter,withclusteredhousing,markets,andspecialistsintool-making,hide-dressing,potting,jewelry-making,weaving,andsalt-making.

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?

2.InrelationtotheMississippianculture,theMoundBuilderculturewaslocated（

）.

3.Fromthispassage,wecaninferthatMeso-Americancultureshadatraditionof（

）.

【答案】1.主旨大意題。文章以MoundBuilderculture開(kāi)頭，進(jìn)而引出對(duì)MississippiCulture的介紹。

試題答案：

ThepassagemainlyintroducesthedevelopmentandachievementofMississippiCulture.

2.推理怕斷題。由文章開(kāi)頭中的“ByaboutA.D.500theMoundBuilderculturewasdeclining...Tothewest,anotherculture”可知MoundBuilderculture位于東方。

試題答案：

intheeast

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章中的“probablyinfluencedbyMeso-Americanculturesthroughtradeandcommerce”可推測(cè)Meso-Americancultures有商業(yè)貿(mào)易的傳統(tǒng)。

試題答案：

tradeandcommerce

2.翻譯題

很多情況下人們談話時(shí)，總是爭(zhēng)著表現(xiàn)自己，這類(lèi)交談對(duì)雙方鮮有裨益。當(dāng)人們談話時(shí)，不要花時(shí)間思考你接著要說(shuō)什么，而要設(shè)法搞懂他們說(shuō)的是什么，什么樣的經(jīng)歷才使他們說(shuō)了那些話，你從那些話中能學(xué)到什么，你對(duì)說(shuō)那些話的人又能了解到什么等等。長(zhǎng)輩們成長(zhǎng)的世界和你成長(zhǎng)的世界迥然不同，那個(gè)世界也許你不大了解。他們和來(lái)自我國(guó)其他地區(qū)及其他國(guó)家的人們都有重要的觀察事物的方法，它們可以豐富你的生活。

【答案】Inmanycases,peopleinaconversationoftenstrivetorevealoneself,suchconversationwillhavefewbenefitstoeachother.Duringaconversation,don’tspendthetimethinkingaboutwhatyou’regoingtosaynext,insteadtrytounderstandwhatthey’resaying,whatexperienceisbehindtheirremarks,whatyoucanlearnfromthem,etc.Olderpeoplegrowupinaworldwhichisverydifferentfromyours,youmaynotknowverywellaboutthatworld.Boththemandpeoplefromotherpartsofourcountryaswellasfromothernations,haveimportantwaysoflookingatthingswhichcanenrichyourlife.

3.單選題

Thelegislationofacountryrecentlyconsideredabilldesignedtoreducetheuncertaintyinherentintheownershipofartbyspecifyingcertainconditionsthatmustbemetbeforeanallegedlystolenworkofartcanbereclaimedofbyaplaintiff.Thebillplacestheburdenofproofinreclamationlitigationentirelyontheplaintiff,whomustdemonstratethattheholderofanitemknewatthetimeofpurchasethatithadbeenstolen.Additionally,thebillcreatesauniformnationalstatuteoflimitationsforreclamationofstolenculturalproperty.

Testifyinginsupportofthebill,JamesD.Burke,acitizenofthecountryandoneofitsleadingartmuseumdirectors,specificallypraisedtheinclusionofastatuteoflimitations;otherwise,hesaid,othercountriescouldseektoreclaimvaluableartobjects,nomatterhowlongtheyhavebeenheldbythecurrentownerorhowlegitimatelytheywereacquired.Anycountrycouldenactapatrimonylawstatingthatanythingevermadewithintheboundariesofthatcountryisitsculturalproperty.Burkeexpressedthefearthatwidespreadreclamationlitigationwouldleadtoruinouslegaldefensecostsformuseums.

However,becausesuchreclamationsuitshavenotyetbeenaproblem,thereislittlebasisforBurke’sconcern.Infact,theproposedlegislationwouldestablishtoomanyunjustifiablebarrierstothelocationandrecoveryofstolenobjects.Themainbarrieristhatthebillconsiderstheannouncementofanarttransactioninamuseumpublicationtobeadequateevidenceofanattempttonotifyapossibleowner.Therearefartoomanysuchpublicationsforthevictimofathefttosurvey,andwithonlythisformofdisclosure,astolenobjectcouldeasilyremaintheobjecttoascholarforverificationthatitisnotstolen,butitisarareacademicwhoisawareofanybutthemostpublicizedartthefts.Moreover,thetimelimitspecifiedbythestatuteoflimitationsisveryshort,andtherequirementthattheplaintiffdemonstratethattheholderhadknowledgeofthetheftisunrealistic.Typically,stolenartchangeshandsseveraltimesbeforerisingtothelevelinthemarketplacewhereacuratororcollectorwouldseeit.Atthatpoint,theobjectbearsnotraceoftheinitialtransactionbetweenthethiefandthefirstpurchaser,perhapstheonlyoneinthechainwhoknowinglyacquiredastolenworkofart.

Thus,theneedfornewlegislationtoprotectholdersofartisnotobvious.Rather,whatisnecessaryislegislationremedyingthedifficultiesthatlegitimateownersofworksofart,andcountriesfromwhichsuchworkshavebeenstolen,haveinlocationandreclaimingthesestolenworks.

51.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelysummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?

52.WhichoneofthefollowingisanexampleofthekindofactionthatBurkefearedwouldposeaseriousthreattomuseumsinhiscountry?

53.Accordingtothepassage,Burkeenvisagedthemostformidablepotentialadversariesofhiscountry’smuseumsinreclamationlitigationtobe______.

54.Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardtheproposedbill?

55.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexemplifiesthesortoflegislationconsiderednecessarybytheauthorofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Variouslegaldisputeshaverecentlyarisenthatdemonstratetheneedforlegislationclarifyingthelegalpositionofmuseumsinsuitsinvolvingtherepossessionofculturalproperty.

B.Abillintendedtopreventothergovernmentsfromrecoveringculturalpropertywasrecentlyintroducedintothelegislatureofacountryatthebehestofitsmuseumdirectors.

C.Abillintendedtoprotectgood-faithpurchasersofworksofartfromreclamationlitigationisunnecessaryandfailstoaddresstheneedsoflegitimateownersattemptingtorecoverstolenartworks.

D.Clashesbetweenmuseumprofessionalsandmembersoftheacademiccommunityregardinggovernmentallegislationoftheartscanbestberesolvedbynegotiationandarbitration,notbylitigation.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thepassageofalawbyanothercountryforbiddingthefutureexportofanyarchaeologicalobjectsuncoveredatsitswithinitsterritory.

B.Aninternationalaccordestablishingstrictcriteriafordeterminingwhetheraworkofartcanbeconsideredstolenandspecifyingthecircumstancesunderwhichitmustbereturnedtoitscountryoforigin.

C.Anincreaseintheacquisitionofculturallysignificantworksofartbyprivatecollectors,whoaremorecapablethanmuseumsofbearingthecostoflitigationbutwhorarelydisplaytheircollectionstothepublic.

D.Thepassageofalawbyanothercountrydeclaringthatallobjectscreatedbyitsaboriginalpeoplearethesolepropertyofthatcountry.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.commercialdealersinart

B.lawenforcementofficialsinhisowncountry

C.privatecollectorsofart

D.governmentsofothercountries

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Reasonedopposition

B.Measuredadvocacy

C.Fearfulapprehension

D.Impassionedsupport

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Alawrequiringmuseumstonotifyforeigngovernmentsandculturalinstitutionsofallthecatalogsandscholarlyjournalsthattheypublish.

B.Alawrequiringthatacentralarchivebeestablishedforcollectinganddistributinginformationconcerningallreportedtheftsofculturalproperty.

C.Alawprovidingforthecreationofanationalwarehouseforstorageofworksofartthatarethesubjectoflitigation.

D.Alawinstitutinganationalfundforassistingmuseumstobeartheexpensesofdefendingthemselvesagainstreclamationsuits.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】51.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干的意思是“以下哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最準(zhǔn)確地總結(jié)了文章的要點(diǎn)？”。通讀全文可知，文章的話題主要是討論一項(xiàng)新的法案對(duì)藝術(shù)作品持有者的保護(hù)和追回被盜物品方面的作用。通過(guò)文章最后一段的總結(jié)Thus,theneedfornewlegislationtoprotectholdersofartisnotobvious.Rather,whatisnecessaryislegislationremedyingthedifficultiesthatlegitimateownersofworksofart,andcountriesfromwhichsuchworkshavebeenstolen,haveinlocationandreclaimingthesestolenworks.（因此，新的立法保護(hù)藝術(shù)持有者的必要性并不明顯；相反，需要的是用立法彌補(bǔ)藝術(shù)品的合法擁有者和被盜藝術(shù)品的國(guó)家已經(jīng)找到并收回被盜藝術(shù)品所面臨的困難），可以推斷新的立法保護(hù)藝術(shù)品持有者是沒(méi)有必要的，而是要去解決藝術(shù)品持有者或者國(guó)家在追回被盜藝術(shù)品種所面臨的困難和需求；所以C項(xiàng)“一項(xiàng)旨在保護(hù)藝術(shù)品善意購(gòu)買(mǎi)者免受回收訴訟的法案是沒(méi)有必要的，而且未能解決試圖追回被盜藝術(shù)品的合法所有者的需求”正確。A項(xiàng)“最近出現(xiàn)的各種法律糾紛表明，在涉及收回文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的訴訟中，有必要立法澄清博物館的法律地位”，根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句Burkeexpressedthefearthatwidespreadreclamationlitigationwouldleadtoruinouslegaldefensecostsformuseums.（伯克表達(dá)了一種擔(dān)憂，即廣泛的回收訴訟將導(dǎo)致博物館毀滅性的法律辯護(hù)費(fèi)用）和第三段第一句However,becausesuchreclamationsuitshavenotyetbeenaproblem,thereislittlebasisforBurke’sconcern.（然而，因?yàn)檫@樣的回收訴訟還沒(méi)有成為一個(gè)問(wèn)題，伯克的擔(dān)心幾乎沒(méi)有根據(jù)）可知，A項(xiàng)不符合題意；B項(xiàng)“在一個(gè)國(guó)家博物館館長(zhǎng)的要求下，一項(xiàng)旨在阻止其他國(guó)家政府收回文化財(cái)產(chǎn)的法案最近被提交到該國(guó)的立法機(jī)構(gòu)”內(nèi)容在文中沒(méi)有提到，B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“博物館專(zhuān)業(yè)人員和學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體成員之間關(guān)于政府對(duì)藝術(shù)品的立法的沖突最好通過(guò)談判和仲裁來(lái)解決，而不是通過(guò)訴訟”，文中也未提到該內(nèi)容，D項(xiàng)不選。因此該題選C。

52.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。題干的意思是“下面哪一個(gè)是伯克擔(dān)心會(huì)對(duì)他國(guó)家的博物館造成嚴(yán)重威脅的行為的例子？”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第二段，第二句otherwise,hesaid,othercountriescouldseektoreclaimvaluableartobjects,nomatterhowlongtheyhavebeenheldbythecurrentownerorhowlegitimatelytheywereacquired.（他說(shuō)，否則，其他國(guó)家可能會(huì)尋求收回有價(jià)值的藝術(shù)品，不管它們被當(dāng)前所有者持有了多久，也不管它們獲得的合法性如何）和最后一句Burkeexpressedthefearthatwidespreadreclamationlitigationwouldleadtoruinouslegaldefensecostsformuseums.（伯克表達(dá)了一種擔(dān)憂，即廣泛的回收訴訟將導(dǎo)致博物館毀滅性的法律辯護(hù)費(fèi)用）有提到相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，伯克贊同法案中包含的訴訟時(shí)效，因?yàn)槌^(guò)了這個(gè)訴訟時(shí)效其他國(guó)家無(wú)法收回有價(jià)值的藝術(shù)品，不管這件藝術(shù)品的持有時(shí)間多長(zhǎng)和合法性如何；不然的話，博物館就會(huì)花費(fèi)巨大的法律辯護(hù)費(fèi)用；D項(xiàng)“另一個(gè)國(guó)家通過(guò)一項(xiàng)法律，宣布其土著人民所創(chuàng)造的一切物品都是該國(guó)的唯一財(cái)產(chǎn)”，這一例子更能很好的描述題干的內(nèi)容，所以D項(xiàng)符合題意。A項(xiàng)“另一個(gè)國(guó)家通過(guò)了一項(xiàng)法律，禁止未來(lái)出口任何在其領(lǐng)土內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的考古物品”，文中沒(méi)有提到考古物品的內(nèi)容；B項(xiàng)“一項(xiàng)國(guó)際協(xié)定，為確定一件藝術(shù)品是否可被認(rèn)為是被盜的確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并具體規(guī)定在何種情況下必須將其歸還原籍國(guó)”，內(nèi)容與原文相反，原文中伯克贊同的是訴訟的時(shí)效性，一旦過(guò)了時(shí)效，不管是否合法持有其他國(guó)家都不能追回，B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“私人收藏家對(duì)具有文化意義的藝術(shù)作品的購(gòu)買(mǎi)增加，他們比博物館更有能力承擔(dān)訴訟費(fèi)用，但他們很少向公眾展示他們的收藏”，文中沒(méi)有提到相關(guān)內(nèi)容，C項(xiàng)不選。因此該題選D。

53.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。題干的意思是“根據(jù)文章，伯克設(shè)想他的國(guó)家博物館在回收訴訟中最可怕的潛在對(duì)手將是……”。根據(jù)文章第二段最后兩句話Anycountrycouldenactapatrimonylawstatingthatanythingevermadewithintheboundariesofthatcountryisitsculturalproperty.Burkeexpressedthefearthatwidespreadreclamationlitigationwouldleadtoruinouslegaldefensecostsformuseums.（任何國(guó)家都可以頒布一項(xiàng)遺產(chǎn)法，規(guī)定任何在該國(guó)境內(nèi)做出的東西都是其文化財(cái)產(chǎn)；伯克表達(dá)了一種擔(dān)憂，即廣泛的回收訴訟將導(dǎo)致博物館毀滅性的法律辯護(hù)費(fèi)用）可知，國(guó)家博物館在回收訴訟中最可怕的潛在對(duì)手將是其他國(guó)家的政府，因此D項(xiàng)“其他國(guó)家政府”正確。A項(xiàng)“藝術(shù)商人”，根據(jù)第三段第五句Moreover,thetimelimitspecifiedbythestatuteoflimitationsisveryshort,andtherequirementthattheplaintiffdemonstratethattheholderhadknowledgeofthetheftisunrealistic.Typically,stolenartchangeshandsseveraltimesbeforerisingtothelevelinthemarketplacewhereacuratororcollectorwouldseeit.（此外，訴訟時(shí)效規(guī)定的期限很短，要求原告證明持有人知曉盜竊行為的要求也不現(xiàn)實(shí)；通常情況下，被偷的藝術(shù)品會(huì)幾經(jīng)易手，才會(huì)在市場(chǎng)上升至館長(zhǎng)或收藏家能看到的水平）可知，因?yàn)橛胁煌慕?jīng)手藝術(shù)品的商人，所以原告在證明持有人知曉盜竊行為方面會(huì)有困難，這不是博物館在訴訟中的潛在對(duì)手，A項(xiàng)不選；B項(xiàng)“他自己國(guó)家的執(zhí)法人員”和C項(xiàng)“私人藝術(shù)品收藏家”也不是國(guó)家博物館在回收訴訟中最可怕的潛在對(duì)手。因此該題選D。

54.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】作者態(tài)度題。題干的意思是“下列哪一項(xiàng)最好地描述了作者對(duì)提案的態(tài)度？”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章最后一段第一句Thus,theneedfornewlegislationtoprotectholdersofartisnotobvious.（因此，新的立法保護(hù)藝術(shù)持有者的必要性并不明顯），從notobvious可以看出作者對(duì)該提案的態(tài)度是理性的反對(duì)，所以A項(xiàng)“理性的反對(duì)”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“慎重的擁護(hù)”和D項(xiàng)“慷慨激昂的支持”錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“可怕的憂慮”有點(diǎn)過(guò)度解讀。因此該題選A。

55.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干的意思是“下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最好地說(shuō)明了文章作者認(rèn)為有必要的那一類(lèi)立法？”。根據(jù)最后一段Rather,whatisnecessaryislegislationremedyingthedifficultiesthatlegitimateownersofworksofart,andcountriesfromwhichsuchworkshavebeenstolen,haveinlocationandreclaimingthesestolenworks.（相反，需要的是用立法彌補(bǔ)藝術(shù)品的合法擁有者和被盜藝術(shù)品的國(guó)家已經(jīng)找到并收回被盜藝術(shù)品的困難）可知，作者認(rèn)為建立一項(xiàng)幫助藝術(shù)品合法擁有者和擁有國(guó)家找到并收回被盜品的法案是有必要的，所以B項(xiàng)“要求建立中央檔案，收集和分發(fā)有關(guān)所有已報(bào)告的文化財(cái)產(chǎn)盜竊的資料的一項(xiàng)法律”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“要求博物館將其出版的所有目錄和學(xué)術(shù)期刊通知外國(guó)政府和文化機(jī)構(gòu)的一項(xiàng)法律”，內(nèi)容與原文無(wú)關(guān)，A項(xiàng)不選；C項(xiàng)“規(guī)定建立國(guó)家倉(cāng)庫(kù)以儲(chǔ)存作為訴訟主體的藝術(shù)品的一項(xiàng)法律”，儲(chǔ)存作為訴訟主體的藝術(shù)品與幫助藝術(shù)品合法擁有者和擁有國(guó)家找到并收回被盜品不相干，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“設(shè)立國(guó)家基金，以協(xié)助博物館承擔(dān)在回收訴訟中自衛(wèi)的費(fèi)用的一項(xiàng)法律”，根據(jù)第三段第一句However,becausesuchreclamationsuitshavenotyetbeenaproblem,thereislittlebasisforBurke’sconcern.（然而，因?yàn)檫@樣的回收訴訟還沒(méi)有成為一個(gè)問(wèn)題，伯克的擔(dān)心幾乎沒(méi)有根據(jù)）可知，關(guān)于廣泛的回收訴訟還沒(méi)有成為一個(gè)問(wèn)題，設(shè)立國(guó)家基金是沒(méi)有必要的，所以D項(xiàng)不選。因此該題選B。

4.案例題

Thisweeksometopscientists,includingNobelPrizewinners,gavetheirvisionofhowtheworldwilllookin2056,fromgas-poweredcarstoextraordinaryhealthadvances,JohnInghamreportsonwhattheworld'sfinestmindsbelieveourfutureswillbe.

Forthoseofusluckyenoughtolivethatlong,2056willbeaworldofalmostperpetualyouth,whereobesityisaremotememoryandrobotsbecomeourcompanions.

Wewillberubbingshoulderswithaliensandcolonizingouterspace.Betterstill,ourdescendantsmightatlastliveinaworldatpeacewithitself.

Thepredictionisthatwewillhavefoundasourceofinexhaustible,safe,greenenergy,andthatsciencewillhavekilledoffreligion.Iftheyarerightwewillhaveremovedtwoofthemaincausesofwar-ourdependenceonoilandreligiousprejudice.

Willwereally,astoday'sscientist'sclaim,beabletoliveforeveroratleastcheattheageingprocesssothattheaveragepersonlivesto150?

Ofcourse,allthesepredictionscomewithascientifichealthwarning.HarvardprofessorStevenPinkersays:“Thisisaninvitationtolookfoolish,aswiththepredictionsofdomedcitiesandnuclear-poweredvacuumcleanersthatweremade50yearago.”

Livinglonger

AnthonyAttala,directoroftheWakeForestInstituteinNorthCarolina,believesfailingorganswillberepairedbyinjectingcellsintothebody.Theywillnaturallytostraighttotheinjuryandhelphealit.Asystemofinjectionswithoutneedlescouldalsoslowtheageingprocessbyusingthesameprocessto“tune”cells.

BruceLehn,professorofhumangeneticsattheUniversityofChicago,anticipatestheabilitytoproduce”unlimitedsupplies”oftransplantablehumanorganswithouttheneededaneworgan,suchaskidney,thesurgeonwouldcontactacommercialorganproducer,givehimthepatient'simmune-logicalprofileandwouldthenbesentakidneywiththecorrecttissuetype.

Theseorganswouldbeentirelycomposedofhumancells,grownbyintroducingthemintoanimalhosts,andallowingthemtodevelopintoandorganinplaceoftheanimal'sown.ButProf.Lehnbelievesthatfarmedbrainswouldbe“offlimits”.Hesays:“Veryfewpeoplewouldwanttohavetheirbrainsreplacedbysomeoneelse'sandweprobablydon'twanttoputahumanbrainingananimalbody.”

RichardMiller,aprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan,thinksscientistcoulddevelop”authenticanti-ageingdrugs”byworkingouthowcellsinlargeranimalssuchaswhalesandhumanresistmanyformsofinjuries.Hesays:”It'sisnowroutine,inlaboratorymammals,toextendlifespanbyabout40%.Turningonthesameprotectivesystemsinpeopleshould,by2056,createthefirstclassof100-year-oldswhoareasvigorousandproductiveastoday'speopleintheir60s”

Aliens

ConlinPillinger,professorofplanetarysciencesattheOpenUniversity,says:”IfancythatatleastwewillbeabletoshowthatlifedidstarttoevolveonMarswellasEarth.”Within50yearshehopesscientistswillprovethatalienlifecamehereinMartianmeteorites（隕石）.

ChrisMcKay,aplanetaryscientistatNASA'sAmesResearchCenter.Believesthatin50yearswemayfindevidenceofalienlifeinancientpermanentfortsofMarsoronotherplaners.

Headds:”ThereisevenachancewewillfindalienlifeformshereonEarth.ItmightbeasdifferentasEnglishistoChinese.

PrincetonprofessorFreemanDysonthinksit“l(fā)ikely”thatlifeformouterspacewillbediscovereddeform2056becausethetoolsforfindingit,suchasopticalandradiodetectionanddataprocessing,areimproving.

Hesays:”Assoonasthefirstevidenceisfound,wewillknowwhattolookforandadditionaldiscoveriesislikelytofollowquickly.Suchdiscoveriesarelikelytohaverevolutionaryconsequencesforbiology,astronomyandphilosophy.Theymaychangethewaywelookatourselvesandourplaceintheuniverse.

Coloniesinspace

RichardGottprofessorofastrophysicsatPrinceton,hopesmanwillsetupaself-sufficientcolonyonMars,whichwouldbea“l(fā)ifeinsurancepolicyagainstwhatevercatastrophes,naturalorotherwise,mightoccuronEarth.

“TherealspaceraceiswhetherwewillcoloniesoffEarthontootherworldsbeforemoneyforthespaceprogrammedrunsout.”

Spinalinjuries

EllenHeber-Katz,aprofessorattheWistarInstituteinPhiladelphia,foreseescuresforinjuriescausingparalysissuchastheonethatafflictedSupermanstarChristopherReeve.

Shesays:''Ibelievethatthedayisnotfaroffwhenwewillbeabletoprescribedrugsthatcausesevered（斷裂的）spinalcordstoheal,heartstoregenerateandlostlimbstoregroup.''

‘‘Peoplewillcometoexpectthatinjuredordiseasedorgansaremeanttoberepairedfromwithin,inmuchthesamewaythatwefixanapplianceorautomobile:byreplacingthedamagedpartwithamanufacturer-certifiednewpart.”Shepredictsthatwithin5to10yearsfingersandtoeswillberegroundandlimbswillstarttoberegroundafewyearslater.Repairstothenervoussystemwillstartwithopticnervesand,intime,thespinalcord.”Within50yearswholebodyreplacementwillberoutine,''Prof.HeberKatzadds.

Obesity

SydneyBrenner,seniordistinguishedfellowoftheCrick-JacobsCenterinCalifornia,wonthe2002NobelPrizeforMedicineandsaysthatifthereisaglobaldisastersomehumanswillsurvive-andevolutionwillfavorsmallpeoplewithbodieslargeenoughtosupporttherequiredamountofbrainpower.”O(jiān)besity，”hesays.”willhavebeensolved.”

Robots

RodneyBrooks,professorofroboticatMitosestheproblemsofdevelopingartificialintelligenceforrobotswillbeatleastpartlyovercome.Asaresult,”thepossibilitiesforrobotsworkingwithpeoplewillopenupimmensely”

Energy

BillJoy,greentechnologyexpertinCalifornia,says:"Themostsignificantbreakthroughwouldbetohaveaninexhaustiblesourceofsafe,greenenergythatissubstantiallycheaperthananyexistingenergysource.”

Ideally,suchasourcewouldbesafeinthatitcouldnotbemadeintoweaponsandwouldnotmakehazardousortoxicwasteorcarbondioxide,themaingreenhousegasblamedforglobalwarning.

Society

GeoffreyMiller,evolutionarypsychologistattheUniversityofNewMexico,says^"TheUSwillfollowtheUKinrealizingthatreligionisnoraprerequisite（前提）forordinaryhumandecency.

“This,sciencewillkillreligion-notbyreasonchallengingfaithbutbyofferingamorepractical,universalandrewardingmoralframeworkforhumaninteraction.”

Healsopredictsthat“absurdlywasteful”displaysofwealthwillbecomeunfashionablewhiletheimportanceofclose-knitcommunitiesandfamilieswillbecomeclearer.

Thisthreechanger,hesays,willhelpmakeusallbrighter,wiser,happierandkinder”.

1.WhatisJohnLingam'sreportabout?

A.Asolutiontotheglobalenergycrisis.

B.Extraordinaryadvancesintechnology.

C.Thelatestdevelopmentsofmedicalscience.

D.Scientists'visionoftheworldinhalfcentury.

2.AccordingtoHarvardprofessorStevenPinker,predictionsaboutthefuture（）.

A.Mayinvitetrouble

B.Maynotcometrue

C.Willfoolthepublic

D.Domoreharmthangood

3.ProfessorBruceLehnoftheUniversityofChicagopredictsthat（）.

A.Humanswon'thavetodonateorgansfortransplantation

B.Morepeoplewilldonatetheirorgansfortransplantation

C.Animalorganscouldbetransplantedintohumanbodies

D.Organtransplantationwon'tbeasscaryasitistoday

4.AccordingtoProfessorRichardMilleroftheUniversityofMishear,propelwill（）.

A.Lifeforaslongastheywish

B.Berelievedfromallsufferings

C.Lifeto100andmorewithvitality

D.Beabletolivelongerthanwhales

5.PrincetonprofessorFreemanDysonthinksthat（）.

A.Scientistswillfindalienlifesimilartoours

B.HumanswillbeabletosettleonMars

C.Alienlifewilllikelybediscovered

D.LifewillstarttoevolveonMars

6.AccordingtoPrincetonprofessorRichardGott,bysettingupaself-sufficientcolonyonMars,Humans（）.

A.Mightsurviveallcatastrophesonearth

B.Mightacquireamplenaturalresources

C.WillbeabletotraveltoMarsfreely

D.Willmovetheretoliveabetterlife

7.EllenHeber-Katz,professorattheWistarInstituteinPhiladelphia,predictsthat（）.

A.Humanorganscanbutmanufacturedlikeappliances

B.Peoplewillbeasstronganddynamicassupermen

C.Humannervescanbereplacedbyopticfibers

D.Lostfingersandlimbswillbeabletoregroup

8.RodneyBrookssaysthatitwillbepossibleforrobotstoworkwithhumansasaresultorthedevelopmentofartificialintelligencefor（）.

9.ThemostsignificantbreakthroughpredictedbyBilljoywillbeaninexhaustiblegreenenergysourcethatcan'tbeusedtomake（）.

10.AccordingtoGeoffreyMiller,sciencewillofferamorepractical,universalandrewardingmoralframeworkinplaceof（）.

【答案】1.D

2.B

3.A

4.C

5.C

6.A

7.D

8.artificialintelligence

9.weapons

10.religion

【解析】1.

根據(jù)第一段的最后一句"JohnInghamreportsonwhattheworld'sfinestmindsbelieveourfutureswillbe."以及文章的首句可推斷出，"theworld'sfinestminds"指的是前面提到的頂尖科學(xué)家們,他們對(duì)2056年，也就是半個(gè)世紀(jì)后的世界做出了一些預(yù)測(cè)，所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

2.

根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“StevenPinker”定位到第六段。"Thisisaninvitation...made50yearsago."也就是說(shuō)，這個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)可能實(shí)現(xiàn)不了，選項(xiàng)B正確。"invitation"在這里指"vision"，而非"邀請(qǐng)"，所以選項(xiàng)A和C錯(cuò)誤。

3.

根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“BruceLehn”定位到Livinglonger這一部分的第二段"BruceLahn...anticipatestheabilitytoproduce'unlimitedsupplies'oftransplantablehumanorganswithouttheneedforhumandonors."題干中的predict和句中的anticipate同義，而"withouttheneedforhumandonors"和A選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)，所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

4.

根據(jù)Livinglonger這一部分的第四段的最后一句"Their60s."選項(xiàng)C符合原文。選項(xiàng)B文中沒(méi)有提及，選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)D與原文含義不符，可以排除。

5.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“FreemanDyson”定位到Aliens這一部分的第四段的內(nèi)容。"lifefromouterspacewillbediscoveredbefore2056..."所以選項(xiàng)C與原文相符。

6.

根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“RichardGott”定位到Coloniesinspace這一部分的第一段。"...whichwouldbea'lifeinsurancepolicyagainstwhatevercatastrophes,naturalorotherwise,mightoccuronEarth'."Lifeinsurancepolicy為比喻用法，意為"可以保護(hù)人類(lèi)免于地球上災(zāi)難的侵襲"，選項(xiàng)A與原文一致。

7.

根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“EllenHeber-Katz”定位到Spinalinjuries這一部分的第二段的首句"Ibelievethat...regenerateandlostlimbstoregroup"，選項(xiàng)D與原文含義相符。

8.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“RodneyBrooks”定位到Robots這一部分的內(nèi)容“theproblemsofdevelopingartificialintelligenceforrobotswillbeatleastpartlyovercome.”。

9.

根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“BillJoy”定位到Energy這一部分第二段的內(nèi)容“suchasourcewouldbesafeinthatitcouldnotbemadeintoweapons.”動(dòng)詞make后面要接名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。

10.

根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“GeoffreyMiller”定位到Society這一部分第二段的內(nèi)容"Thus,sciencewillkillreligion-notbyreasonchallengingfaithbutbyofferingamorepractical,universalandrewardingmoralframeworkforhumaninteraction."介詞短語(yǔ)inplaceof后面需接名詞，在這里inplaceof與kill意義相近，故答案為religion。

5.單選題

Thebeliefthatthemindplaysanimportantroleinphysicalillnessgoesbacktotheearliestdaysofmedicine.FromthetimeoftheancientGreekstothebeginningofthe20thcentury,itwasgenerallyacceptedbybothphysicianandpatientthatthemindcanaffectthecourseofillness,anditseemednaturaltoapplythisconceptinmedicaltreatmentsofdisease.Afterthediscoveryofantibiotics,anewassumptionarosethattreatmentofinfectiousorinflammatorydiseaserequiresonlytheeliminationoftheforeignorganismoragentthattriggerstheillness.Intherushtodiscoverantibioticsanddrugsthatcurespecificinfectionsanddiseases,thefactthatthebody’sownresponsescaninfluencesusceptibilitytodiseaseand-itscoursewaslargelyignoredbymedicalresearchers.

Itisironicthatresearchintoinfectiousandinflammatorydiseasefirstled20th-centurymedicinetorejecttheideathatthemindinfluencesphysicalillness,andnowresearchinthesamefield—includingtheworkofourlaboratoriesandofourcollaboratorsattheNationalInstitutesofHealth一isprovingthecontrary.Newmolecularandpharmacologicaltoolshavemadeitpossibleforustoidentifytheintricatenetworkthatexistsbetweentheimmunesystemandthebrain，anetworkthatallowsthetwosystemstosignaleachothercontinuouslyandrapidly.Chemicalsproducedbyimmunecellssignalthebrain,andthebraininturnsendschemicalsignalstorestraintheimmunesystem.Thesesamechemicalsignalsalsoaffectbehaviorandtheresponsetostress.Disruptionofthiscommunicationnetworkinanyway,whetherinheritedorthroughdrugs,toxicsubstancesorsurgery,exacerbatesthediseasesthatthesesystemsguardagainst:infectious,inflammatory,autoimmune,andassociatedmooddisorders.

Theclinicalsignificanceofthesefindingsislikelytoproveprofound.Theyholdthepromiseofextendingtherangeoftherapeutictreatmentsavailableforvariousdisorders,asdrugspreviouslyknowntoworkprimarilyfornervoussystemproblemsareshowntobeeffectiveagainstimmunemaladies,andviceversa.Theyalsohelptosubstantiatethepopularlyheldimpression(stilldiscountedinsomemedicalcircles)thatourstateofmindcaninfluencehowwellweresistorrecoverfrominfectiousorinflammatorydiseases.

Thebrain’sstressresponsesystemisactivatedinthreateningsituations.Theimmunesystemrespondsautomaticallytopathogensandforeignmolecules.Thesetworesponsesystemsarethebody’sprincipalmeansformaintaininganinternalsteadystatecalledhomeostasis.Asubstantialproportionofhumancellularmachineryisdedicatedtomaintainingit.

Whenhomeostasisisdisturbedorthreatened,arepertoireofmolecular,cellularandbehavioralresponsescomesintoplay.Theseresponsesattempttocounteractthedisturbingforcesinordertoreestablishasteadystate.Theycanbespecifictotheforeigninvaderoraparticularstress,orth