考研考博-英語-北京科技大學(xué)天津?qū)W院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京科技大學(xué)天津?qū)W院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Shedidn’topenlyattacktheplan,butheroppositionwas（

）inherfailuretosayanythinginsupportofit.

問題1選項

A.explicit

B.implicit

C.internal

D.immortal

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項explicit“清楚的，明確的”；B選項implicit“含蓄的，不直接言明的”；C選項internal“內(nèi)部的，里面的”；D選項immortal“長生的，永世的，不朽的”。由Shedidn’topenlyattacktheplan（她沒有公開抨擊計劃）和轉(zhuǎn)折詞but可知B選項符合語境。句意：她沒有公開抨擊這項計劃，但她的反對暗示著她沒有說任何支持這項計劃的話。

2.單選題

Franklyspeaking,I'dratheryou（）anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.

問題1選項

A.do

B.don'tdo

C.did

D.didn'tdo

【答案】D

【解析】wouldrather引導(dǎo)的從句用虛擬語氣,動詞用過去時態(tài)表示,所以首先排除選項A和B；根據(jù)anything可指本句應(yīng)該為否定語氣,所以選項D正確。

3.單選題

（）energyundertheearthmustbereleasedinoneformoranother,forexample,anearthquake.

問題1選項

A.Accumulated

B.Gathered

C.Assembled

D.Collected

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。accumulated“累積的”；gathered“聚集的”;assembled“組合的，安裝的”；collected“收成全集的，合訂的”。句意：地下累計的能量一定會以某一種形式釋放，比如地震。A項符合題意。

4.單選題

Present-dayphilosophersusuallyenvisiontheirdisciplineasanendeavorthathasbeensinceantiquity,distinctfromandsuperiortoanyparticularintellectualdiscipline,suchastheologyorscience.Suchphilosophicalconcernsasthemind-bodyproblemor,moregenerally,thenatureofhumanknowledge,theybelieve,arebasichumanquestionswhosetentativephilosophicalsolutionshaveservedasthenecessaryfoundationsonwhichallotherintellectualspeculationhasrested.

Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast,aprojectionofmodernconcernsontopastevents.Theideaofautonomousdisciplinecalled"philosophy",distinctfromandsittinginjudgmentonsuchpursuitsastheologyandscience,turnsout,oncloseexamination,tobeofquiterecentorigin.When,intheseventeenth,century,DescartesandHohbesrejectedmedievalphilosophy,theydidnotthinkofthemselves,asmodernphilosophersdo,asproposinganewandbetterphilosophy,butratherasfurthering"thewarfarebetweenscienceandtheology".Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiastical-philosophy,andenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscience,provokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.

Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy'scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething:ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatlesstoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltinto

thestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.Withouttheideaofepistemology,thesurvivalofphilosophyinanageofmodernscienceishardstoimagine.Metaphysicsphilosophy'straditionalcore-consideredasthemostgeneraldescriptionofhowtheheavensandtheearthareputtogether-hadbeenrenderedalmostcompletelymeaninglessbythespectacularprogressofphysics.Kant,however,byfocusingphilosophyontheproblemofknowledge,managedtoreplacemetaphysicswithepistemology,andthustotransformthenotionofphilosophyas"queenofsciences"intothenewnotionofphilosophyasaseparate,foundationaldiscipline:Philosophybecame"primarynolongerinthesenseof"highest"butinthesenseof"underlying".AfterKant,philosopherswereabletoreinterpretseventeenth-andeighteenth-centurythinkersasattemptingtodiscover"Howisourknowledgepossible"andtoprojectthisquestionbackevenontheancients.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,philosophybecamedistinctfromscienceandtheologyduringthe（）.

2.TheauthorsuggeststhatDescartes'supportforthenewscienceoftheseventeenthcenturycanbecharacterizedas（）.

3.Theauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingindiscussingthedevelopmentofphilosophyduringthenineteenthcentury?

4.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthewritingofhistorywouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

5.Theprimaryfunctionofthepassageasawholeisto（）.

問題1選項

A.ancientperiod

B.medievalperiod

C.seventeenthcentury

D.nineteenthcentury

問題2選項

A.pragmaticandhypocritical

B.cautiousandinconsistent

C.daringandopportunistic

D.strongbutprudent

問題3選項

A.Nineteenthcenturyphilosophytookscience'asitsmodelforunderstandingthebasesof

B.Theroleofacademicinstitutionsinshapingmetaphysicalphilosophygrewenormouslyduringthenineteenthcentury.

C.NineteenthcenturyphilosopherscarriedoutaprogramofinvestigationexplicitlylaidoutbyDescartesandSpinoza

D.Kanthadanoverwhelmingimpactonthedirectionofnineteenthcenturyphilosophy.

問題4選項

A.Historyshouldnotemphasizetheroleplayedbyideasovertheroleplayedbyindividuals

B.Historyshouldnotbedistortedbyattributingpresent-dayconsciousnesstohistoricalfigures

C.Historyshouldnotbefocusedprimarilyonthosepasteventsmostrelevanttothepresent

D.History,shouldbeconcernedwithdescribingthoseaspectsofthepastthatdiffermostfromthoseofthepresent

問題5選項

A.comparetwocompetingmodels.

B.analyzeadifficulttheory

C.presentnewevidenceforatheory

D.correctanerroneousbeliefbydescribing

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章中“Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.”中文翻譯為：哲學(xué)家關(guān)注科學(xué)實踐，這種聯(lián)系一直持續(xù)到十九世紀(jì)，教會對學(xué)術(shù)的影響力衰退以及自然科學(xué)界的變化，導(dǎo)致哲學(xué)與二者的最終分道揚(yáng)鑣。”以及“Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,...”，中文翻譯為：哲學(xué)與科學(xué)的分家，得益于十九世紀(jì)早期發(fā)展起來的一種新觀點……可以得知D選項符合題意。

2.觀點態(tài)度題。因此，此題用排除法可以選出D項。文中說到笛卡爾和霍布斯對中世紀(jì)哲學(xué)的態(tài)度是拒斥的rejected，因為當(dāng)時的哲學(xué)受神學(xué)影響太大，后來的人類歷史證明科學(xué)是人類的發(fā)展方向，所以說笛卡爾當(dāng)年的支持是prudent的，至于strong，找不到直接的證據(jù)，只知道他們是明確反對神學(xué)的，推測和妥協(xié)地選了strong。

3.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章中“ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.”中文翻譯為：現(xiàn)代的哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為這個概念至少可以追溯到笛卡爾和斯賓諾莎，但十八世紀(jì)晚期的康德是第一個明確表述這種觀點的人，且這個概念進(jìn)入學(xué)術(shù)體系結(jié)構(gòu)以及哲學(xué)教授普遍將其加入自述，要等到十九世紀(jì)晚期。以及“Withouttheideaofepistemology,thesurvivalofphilosophyinanageofmodernscienceishardtoimagine.”，中文翻譯為：沒有認(rèn)識論的概念，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)時代可能就沒有哲學(xué)了。可以得知D選項符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。原文最開始寫道：哲學(xué)自古就獨(dú)立于或高于其他學(xué)科，這觀點是一種對歷史的誤讀，是現(xiàn)代觀點對歷史的投射。因此說明作者并不認(rèn)同這種理解歷史的方式，后面作者詳細(xì)說明了為什么哲學(xué)并非一直高于和獨(dú)立于其他學(xué)科，以及是誰給哲學(xué)的定位帶來了它今天被公認(rèn)的地位。由此綜合而知，B項“歷史(研究或?qū)懽?不該把當(dāng)代觀點歸于(投射)歷史人物”正確。

5.推理判斷題。原文寫道：當(dāng)今的哲學(xué)家經(jīng)常把自己的學(xué)科想象成，從古代起就一直獨(dú)立于和高于其他任何一門知識學(xué)科。然而這種觀點基于一種對歷史的嚴(yán)重誤讀，是一種現(xiàn)代觀點對歷史事件的投射。作者在后文對哲學(xué)晚期才興起進(jìn)行解釋分析。因此，綜合考慮，文章主要是為了D項“通過描述糾正錯誤的信念”。

5.單選題

Architectsarehopelesswhenitcomestodecidingwhetherthepublicwillviewtheirdesignsasmarvelsormonstrosities,accordingtoastudybyCanadianpsychologists.Theysaydesignersshouldgobacktoschooltolearnaboutordinarypeople’stastes.

Manybuildingsthatappealtoarchitectsgetthethumbsdownfromthepublic.RobertGiffordoftheUniversityofVictoriainBritishColumbiadecidedtofindoutwhetherarchitectsunderstandpublicpreferencesandsimplydisagreewiththem,orfailtounderstandthelayperson’sview.

WithhiscolleagueGrahamBrown,heasked25experiencedarchitectstolookatphotosof42largebuildingintheUS,Canada,EuropeandHongKong.Thearchitectspredictedhowthepublicwouldratethebuildingonascaleof1to10,where1represented“terrible”and10“excellent”.Afurther27peoplewhowerenotarchitectsalsoscoredthebuildingsoutof10.Inaddition,eightarchitectsgavetheirownpersonalratingsofthebuildings.

Thethreegroupstendedtoagreeamongthemselvesonabuilding’smerits.Andarchitectscorrectlypredictedthatlaypeoplewouldonaverageratebuildingshigherthantheydidthemselves.Butforindividualbuildings,thearchitects’perceptionsofwhatthelaypeoplewouldthinkwereoftenwayoffthemark.“Somearchitectsarequitegoodatpredictinglaypreferences,butothersarenotonlypooratit,theygetitbackwards.”SaysGifford.

Forinstance,architectsgavetheStockleyParkBuildingB-3officesinLondonamoderateratingof5.2.Theythoughtthepublicwouldlikeitmuchbetter,predictingaratingof6.3.Butthepublicactuallydislikedtheoffices,andgaveit4.7.Giffordthinksthatlaypeoplerespondtospecificfeaturesofbuildings,suchasdurabilityandoriginality,andhopestopindownwhattheyare.

“Architectsinarchitectureschoolneedtobetaughthowlaypeoplethinkaboutbuildings,”Giffordconcludes.Hedoesn’tthinkdesignersshouldpandertothelowestcommondenominator,butsuggeststheyshouldaspiretowardsbuildingsthatappealtothepublicandarchitectsalike,suchastheBankofChinabuildinginHongKong.

MarcoGoldschmidtoftheRichardRogersPartnership,designersoftheMillenniumDomeinLondon,thinksthestudyisflawed.“Theauthorshaveassumed,wrongly,thatbuildingscanbemeaningfullyjudgedfromphotographsratherthanactualvisits,”hesays.Goldschmidtthinkitwouldbemoresignificantandinterestingtolookatthedivergenceofpublictastebetweengenerations.

1.Whatdosethefirstparagraphofthispassageimply?

2.Throughhisstudy,RobertGiffordfoundthat（

）.

3.FromthepassagewecanlearnthattheBankofChinabuildinginHongKong（

）.

4.MarcoGoldschmidtthinksthatGifford’sstudyisflawedbecause（

）.

5.Whatdosethepassagemainlydealwith?

問題1選項

A.Architectshaveadarkfutureindesigningmarvelousbuildings.

B.Architectsdon'tcareabouthowordinarypeopleviewtheirdesigns.

C.Itisverydifficultforarchitectstopleasethegeneralpublic.

D.Architectsdon'tknowmuchaboutthepublictastesforbuildings.

問題2選項

A.thethreegroupshadsimilarresponsestothephotosof42largebuildings

B.thearchitectsgenerallyratedbuildingslowerthanlaypeople

C.thearchitectspredictedpreciselythepreferencesoflaypeople

D.noarchitectcouldpredictthepublictastestowardsbuildingsaccurately

問題3選項

A.panderstothelowestcommondenominator

B.getsalowratefromthearchitects

C.appealstothepublicaswellasthearchitects

D.givesthearchitectsalotofaspiration

問題4選項

A.itusesphotosinsteadofactualvisits

B.itignoresthepublictastesbetweengenerations.

C.itlacksthenecessarysignificanceandinterests

D.itdoesn'ttakeintoaccountthedifferenceswithinthepublic

問題5選項

A.Howtodesignattractivebuildings.

B.Architectsneedtounderstandpublictastes.

C.Howlaypeopleviewbuildings.

D.Differenttastesbetweenarchitectsandthepublic.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的最后一句“Theysaydesignersshouldgobacktoschooltolearnaboutordinarypeople'stastes.”公眾認(rèn)為設(shè)計師應(yīng)該回到學(xué)校去了解普通人的品味，由此說明，設(shè)計師很難取悅大眾。選項C符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第四段的第一句“Thethreegroupstendedtoagreeamongthemselvesonabuilding'smerits.”可知選項A正確；根據(jù)第四段的第三句“Butforindividualbuildings,thearchitects’perceptionsofwhatthelaypeoplewouldthinkwereoftenwayoffthemark.”可知選項B和C錯誤；根據(jù)第四段的最后一句“Somearchitectsarequitegoodatpredictinglaypreferences,butothersarenotonlypooratit,theygetitbackwards.”可知選項D錯誤。

3.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“BankofChinabuildinginHongKong”定位到倒數(shù)第二段，Gifford認(rèn)為建筑學(xué)校的建筑師需要學(xué)習(xí)外行人如何看待建筑。他不認(rèn)為設(shè)計師應(yīng)該迎合最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但建議他們應(yīng)該追求吸引公眾和建筑師的建筑，比如香港的中國銀行大廈。選項D符合原文。

4.根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Goldschmidtthinkitwouldbemoresignificantandinterestingtolookatthedivergenceofpublictastebetweengenerations.”選項B符合原文。

5.結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要是講建筑師和公眾對建筑不同的看法。選項D正確。

6.單選題

Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,（）theyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.

問題1選項

A.be

B.being

C.were

D.are

【答案】A

【解析】考查謂語動詞的形式。句意：我們使用的Church這個詞指的是所有的宗教機(jī)構(gòu)，無論是基督教、伊斯蘭教、佛教、猶太教等等。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，前半句中出現(xiàn)了as，其謂語動詞多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，并且需要倒裝，所以選項A正確。

7.單選題

Thereisawidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventionsweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefindings,weareurgedtosupportmonopolypoweronthegroundthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlythehugeassetsofthegiantcorporationorconglomeratecanaffordthekindofexpendituresthatcanproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatmorethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlong-standingconceptionoftheprocessdrivenforwardbycompetition.Thepricevariableonceperceivedasthedominantaspectofthecompetitiveprocessisnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholderswhomightbemoreconcernedwithcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeashockingerrortoassumethatthemonopolisticproducershouldbeequatedwithbountifulexpendituresforresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusandresistthethreatimpliedinchange.Furthermore,thefirmwithasmallshareofthemarketwillaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesanddifferentproducts,sincewithlittleinterestincapitalequipmentorplantitisnotdeterredfrominvestmentininnovation.Insomecaseswhereinter-industrycompetitionisreducedorevenentirelyeliminated,theindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallossbydeliberatelypreventingtechnologicalprogress.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexemptfromstrongcompetitivepressures;thereareinstancesinwhichthey,too,mustcompete,asagainstanotherindustrialleviathan,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresoninnovation.

36.AccordingtoParagraph1,importantinventionsofthe20thcentury_______.

37.FromParagraph2,wecanlearnthat________.

38.Managementandstockholdersmightbeconcernedwithcost-cuttingratherthaninnovationif________.

39.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisimpliedinthetext?

40.Thepurposeofthistextisto_______.

問題1選項

A.hadgreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolyindustries

C.reducedourstandardoflivinganddiminishedournaturalresources

D.wereoftenproducedbyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

問題2選項

A.itisreasonabletosupportindependentinventorsbecausetheylackcapital

B.itisobviousthatsmallfirmsalonecontributetopromotethelivingstandard

C.itisbeyondanydoubtthatmilitaryresearchcanprotectresourceseffectively

D.itstillremainsdoubtfulwhetherdefenseresearchisthecauseofbetterliving

問題3選項

A.theyhavelittlevestedinterestincapitalequipmentorplant

B.theyareverystableandsecureandholdamonopolypositionintheirindustry

C.theyhaveproducedsomeoftheimportantinventionsofthiscentury

D.theyaremetcompetitioninfieldsnotruledbyoneoftheindustrialgiants

問題4選項

A.Importantinventionswereproducedbybothindividualsandcorporateteams.

B.Forabetterliving,themoneyspentonmilitaryresearchshouldbereduced.

C.Thegrowthoftheautomatictransmissionisnotcreditedtoorganizedindustrialresearch.

D.Industrialgiantsmaydeliberatelysuppressinnovationstoavoidcapitalloss.

問題5選項

A.encouragefree-marketcompetition

B.advocateanincreaseingovernmentalsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

C.pointoutamisconceptionabouttheindustrialresearchandthemonopolisticpower

D.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】36.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。題干“根據(jù)第一段，20世紀(jì)的重要發(fā)明____”，可定位到原文第1段第2句Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.（最近一項關(guān)于世紀(jì)之交以來的重要發(fā)明的研究表明，超過一半的發(fā)明是個體發(fā)明家，獨(dú)立于有組織的工業(yè)研究，獨(dú)自工作的產(chǎn)物。）由此可知，20世紀(jì)的重要發(fā)明中超過一半是獨(dú)立發(fā)明家的產(chǎn)物，D選項“通常是由獨(dú)立發(fā)明家和研究團(tuán)隊制作的”表述符合原文，而B選項“主要來自壟斷行業(yè)的大型實驗室”表述錯誤，排除；A選項“對小公司的影響大于對大企業(yè)集團(tuán)的影響”原文并未談及這些發(fā)明對大公司或小公司的影響，排除；C選項“降低了我們的生活水平，減少了我們的自然資源”原文并未提及，排除。因此，本題最佳選項為D。

37.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。題干“從第2段我們可以了解到____”可定位到原文第2段。第2段第2句…theindependentinventor…vitaltoeconomicprogress.（……獨(dú)立發(fā)明家和小公司無法承擔(dān)既能保護(hù)日益減少的資源又能提高我們的生活水平的重要研究；只有大型企業(yè)的巨額資產(chǎn)才能負(fù)擔(dān)得起這種技術(shù)進(jìn)步的支出，這些技術(shù)進(jìn)步對經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。）由此可知，“既能保護(hù)我們?nèi)找鏈p少的資源又能提高我們的生活水平的重要研究”需要巨額的研究資金，而獨(dú)立發(fā)明家的資金不夠支持他們進(jìn)行這些研究。A選項“支持獨(dú)立發(fā)明家是合理的，因為他們?nèi)狈Y金”表述與原文不符，原文只是說他們的資金不夠從事“既能保護(hù)我們?nèi)找鏈p少的資源又能提高我們的生活水平的重要研究”，并沒有說他們?nèi)狈Y金，他們的資金還是可以支持他們做其他研究的，排除；B選項“很明顯，只有小公司才能促進(jìn)生活水平的提高”表述不正確，能夠提高生活水平的研究不是小公司的研究內(nèi)容，排除；第2段最后一句Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,domuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.（這些與國防有關(guān)的研究項目是否能改善人們的生活水平，或者是否在保護(hù)日益減少的資源方面起到很大作用，這是值得懷疑的。）根據(jù)句意，C選項“毫無疑問，軍事研究可以有效地保護(hù)資源”，“毫無疑問”與原文表述不符，排除；D選項“國防研究是否是改善生活的原因仍然值得懷疑”與原文表述相符。因此，本題最佳選項為D。

38.判斷推理題。題干“管理層和股東可能關(guān)心的是成本削減而非創(chuàng)新，如果____”可定位到第3段。A選項“他們在重要的設(shè)備或工廠幾乎沒有既得利益”可定位到第3段倒數(shù)第2句thefirmwithasmallshareofthemarket…itisnotdeterredfrominvestmentininnovation.（市場份額小的公司將積極追求新技術(shù)和不同的產(chǎn)品，因為在重要設(shè)備和工廠沒有利益，它不會阻止創(chuàng)新投資。）由此判斷，“在重要的設(shè)備或工廠幾乎沒有既得利益”的公司追求創(chuàng)新，與題意不符，排除；B選項“他們非常穩(wěn)定和安全，在行業(yè)中擁有壟斷地位”可定位到第3段第4句Large-scaleenterprises…tendtopromotethestatusandresistthethreatimpliedinchange.（大型企業(yè)傾向于更舒適地在穩(wěn)定和安全的環(huán)境中經(jīng)營，它們的管理官僚機(jī)構(gòu)傾向于提高地位并抵制變化所隱含的威脅。）由此可知，在行業(yè)擁有壟斷地位的企業(yè)管理層不鼓勵創(chuàng)新，B選項與原文相符；C選項“他們創(chuàng)造了本世紀(jì)的一些重要發(fā)明”與題目無關(guān)，原文并未提及，排除；干擾D選項“他們在沒有任何工業(yè)巨頭的領(lǐng)域遭遇了競爭”可定位到第3段最后一句Insomecaseswhereinter-industrycompetitionisreducedorevenentirelyeliminated,theindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallossbydeliberatelypreventingtechnologicalprogress.（在某些行業(yè)間競爭減少甚至完全消除的情況下，工業(yè)巨頭可能有意阻止技術(shù)進(jìn)步以避免資本損失。）由此可知，在競爭少或沒有競爭的行業(yè)，行業(yè)巨頭會為了避免資本損失而阻止創(chuàng)新，D選項指的是一個競爭激烈且沒有行業(yè)壟斷的情況，與原文不符，排除；注意不能被第3段第3句Whileitcanbeassumedthat…largeadvertisingbudgets（雖然可以假設(shè)……）誤導(dǎo)，這只是一種可能存在的假設(shè)，并不一定正確，而且根據(jù)第3段第2句Thepricevariableonceperceivedasthedominantaspectofthecompetitiveprocessisnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology（價格變量曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是競爭過程中占主導(dǎo)地位的方面，現(xiàn)在卻屈從于新產(chǎn)品、新業(yè)務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)和新技術(shù)的競爭）可知，當(dāng)今時代創(chuàng)新在競爭中起著很重要的作用，所以D選項“他們在沒有任何工業(yè)巨頭的領(lǐng)域遭遇了競爭”，企業(yè)管理層應(yīng)該是鼓勵創(chuàng)新的，與題干不符，排除。因此，本題最佳選項為B。

39.判斷推理題。題干“下列哪一項陳述隱含在文中？”A選項“重要的發(fā)明是由個人和公司團(tuán)隊共同創(chuàng)造的”，可定位到第1段最后兩句Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributed…,independentinventors...Stillotherinventions...（當(dāng)工業(yè)實驗室貢獻(xiàn)了諸如尼龍和晶體管這樣的重要產(chǎn)品時，獨(dú)立的發(fā)明家們開發(fā)了空調(diào)、自動傳輸、噴氣發(fā)動機(jī)、直升機(jī)、胰島素和鏈霉素。還有一些發(fā)明是通過個人和實驗室團(tuán)隊的共同努力開發(fā)出來的。）由此可以推斷，重要的發(fā)明一部分是工業(yè)實驗室發(fā)明的，一些是獨(dú)立發(fā)明家發(fā)明的，還有一些是共同發(fā)明的，選項A的表述不符合原文；B選項“為了更好的生活，應(yīng)該減少用于軍事研究的資金”，可定位到第2段最后一句Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethat...（這些與國防有關(guān)的研究項目是否能改善人們的生活水平，或者是否在保護(hù)日益減少的資源方面起到很大作用，這是值得懷疑的）由此可知，與國防軍事有關(guān)的研究是否能帶來更好的生活值得懷疑，但是這并不能說明它就是不能帶來更好的生活，B選項的表述不太符合原文，排除；C選項“自動傳輸?shù)陌l(fā)展并不歸功于有組織的工業(yè)研究”，可定位到原文第1段倒數(shù)第2句independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission…（獨(dú)立發(fā)明家開發(fā)了空調(diào)、自動傳輸……）由此可知，自動傳輸是由獨(dú)立發(fā)明家發(fā)明的，但它的發(fā)展是否與“有組織的工業(yè)研究”有關(guān)無從得知，排除；D選項“工業(yè)巨頭可能會故意抑制創(chuàng)新以避免資本損失”可定位到第3段最后一句Insomecaseswhereinter-industrycompetitionisreducedorevenentirelyeliminated,theindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallossbydeliberatelypreventingtechnologicalprogress.（在某些行業(yè)間競爭減少甚至完全消除的情況下，工業(yè)巨頭可能有意阻止技術(shù)進(jìn)步以避免資本損失。）D選項表述與原文一致。因此，本題最佳選項為D。

40.作者意圖題。A選項“鼓勵自由市場競爭”；B選項“提倡政府增加對有組織的工業(yè)研究的支持”；C選項“指出對產(chǎn)業(yè)研究和壟斷權(quán)力的一種誤解”；D選項“表明美國的力量依賴于個人的聰明才智”。本文一共4段，第1段主要內(nèi)容——人們普遍認(rèn)為，工業(yè)巨頭的出現(xiàn)伴隨著同等工業(yè)研究的激增的。近期的研究表明20世紀(jì)以來，實際上，超過一半的發(fā)明是獨(dú)立于有組織的工業(yè)研究的個體發(fā)明家獨(dú)立工作的產(chǎn)物，其他是實驗室或者實驗室和個人合作發(fā)明的。第2段主要內(nèi)容——我們?nèi)员灰笾С謮艛嗔α?，因為這種力量創(chuàng)造了一個支持創(chuàng)新的環(huán)境。但一半的政府支出被用于軍事研究和產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，這能否改善人們的生活水平，能否在保護(hù)我們?nèi)找鏈p少的資源方面起到很大作用，值得懷疑。第3段主要內(nèi)容——我們長期以來關(guān)于競爭的看法可能是錯的，在當(dāng)今時代創(chuàng)新而非價格變化才是創(chuàng)新的重要因素。行業(yè)巨頭出于既得利益，不傾向于創(chuàng)新，相反，小公司鼓勵創(chuàng)新。第4段主要內(nèi)容——處于壟斷地位的企業(yè)也不能避免競爭，也會需要在創(chuàng)新上投入大量資金。綜合來看，作者的行文邏輯是提出一個存在的觀點，然后用事實證明該觀點是錯的，而這些觀點是關(guān)于工業(yè)研究和行業(yè)巨頭的。因此，C選項“指出對產(chǎn)業(yè)研究和壟斷權(quán)力的一種誤解”最符合作者意圖。本題最佳選項為C。

8.單選題

Asyouallknow,theUnitedStatesisacountryonwheels.Nearlyeightmillionnewcarsaremadeeachyear;fourhouseholdsoutoffiveownatleastoneear,andmorethanaquarterhavetwoeach.Yetyou’llbesurprisedtolearnthatsomeofthecar-ownersevensufferfrommalnutrition.

In1968,anation-widesurveyofmalnutritionwasmadeforthefirsttime.Itfoundthat10millionpeoplearesufferinginhealththroughinadequatefeeding;thecausesoftheirplightwerevaried.Unemploymentoveralongperiodshouldbeconsideredasthemainfactor.Andunemployment,strangetosay,ninetimesoutoftenresultsfromautomation,bothinindustrialandagriculturalareas.Forexample,intheruralSouthwhenacottonplantationsuddenlycutsitsforcefrom100peopletothree,theproblemtohelpthedisplacedarises.Soisthecasewithindustrialautomation.Infact,probably2millionjobsaremadeunnecessaryeachyearinthewholecountryasaresultoftheautomationprocess,thusmakingunemploymentachiefsocialconcern.Accordingtogovernmentstatistics,thenumberofpeopleunemployedwasover5percentfortheperiodfrom1958to1963.InJuly1981,itroseto7.8percent.Asamatteroffact,ithaslongbeenknownthatevenduringthemostprosperousperiodstherehavebeenpeoplewithoutenoughtoeat.SoIthinkthat’swhyPresidentKennedysaidinhisinaugurationspeechin1961,ifthegovernmentdidnothelpthepoor,itcouldnotsavetherich.

In1966,theSocialSecurityAdministrationcalculatedthatafamilyoffourneededanincomeof$3,355ayeartobeabovethelineofpoverty.Andin1977,theaveragepovertylineofthecountrywasslightlymorethan$6,200annualincomeforanon-farmfamilyoffour.AccordingtotheSocialSecurityAct,familiesofthatsizebelowpovertylineareeligibletoreceivebenefitsfromthespecialwelfareprogram.Theaverageweeklypaymentofbenefitsnowisequivalentto36percentoftheworker’snormalwage.Andthenumberofpeoplewhoreceivegovernmentbenefitsisincreasing.In1973,socialinsurancepaymentsbygovernments,mainlytooldagepensionersandpeoplewhohadlosttheirjobsorwereoffworkthroughillness,amountedto$86,000million.Thosenotfullyqualifiedforinsurancepaymentsreceived$29,000millioninpublicaid.

Butproblemsstillexist.Manypeoplearenotreachedbytheanti-povertyprogram,becauselocalauthoritiesandagenciesdonotwanttoplaytheirpartordonotgavetheresourcestodoso.Somepoorpeoplewillnotaccepthelpforvariousreasons.Ofcourse,therearesomemoreimportantfactorswhichlieinthestructureofthesociety,butIdon’tconsideritnecessarytodigintothemhere.Yetwewillperhapsagreethatsocialwelfareprogramshavesolvedtosomeextenttheproblemsoffeeding,clothingandhousingthosebelowthepovertyline.Onthewhole,itperhapsmightbesaidthatAmericanpeoplearelivingabetterlifethanpeopleinmostothercountries.

1.TheUnitedStatesiscalledacountryonwheelsbecause（）.

2.Accordingtoa1968survey,tenmillionAmericansfoundthemselvesinadifficulthealthsituationchieflydueto（）.

3.Theauthoruse“thedisplaced”(Para.2,Line6)torefertothosewhoare（）.

4.Theword“eligible”(Para.3,Line4)issynonymouswith（）.

5.Americansarelivingabetterlifethanthoseinmostofothercountriesbecause,tosomedegree,（）.

問題1選項

A.aboutone-fourthAmericansowntwocars

B.abitoveroneoutoffourhouseholdsaretheownersoftwocars

C.nearly8millionnewcarsdriveinthecountryeveryyear

D.80%Americanshaveatleastonecar

問題2選項

A.inadequatefeeding

B.malnutrition

C.unemployment

D.automation

問題3選項

A.unemployed

B.disabled

C.sick

D.poor

問題4選項

A.necessary

B.urgent

C.needed

D.worthy

問題5選項

A.manyAmericansreceivebenefitsfromthespecialwelfareprogram

B.somepoorpeoplecanreceivehelpforsomereasonorother

C.thereistheanti-povertyprogramintheU.S.

D.socialwelfareprogramshavesomemeasuresettledtheproblemsofthosebelowthepovertyline

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第一段說到了原因“Nearlyeightmillionnewcarsaremadeeachyear…”，不僅汽車產(chǎn)量大，平均家庭持有量也很大，這就是原因。B選項“超過四分之一的家庭擁有兩輛車”由“morethanaquarterhavetwoeach”得出。

第2題:2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。本題要求找出“一千萬美國人發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的健康狀況很糟糕”的主要原因。文章第二段第三句說到“Unemploymentoveralongperiodshouldbeconsideredasthemainfactor”，長期失業(yè)應(yīng)被視為主要因素，C選項正確。

第3題:3.詞義推測題。第二段是在說造成一千萬美國人健康狀況糟糕的原因，且說到失業(yè)是主要因素，關(guān)鍵詞所處句子只是個例子，為了說明上一句中“十分之九的失業(yè)是由工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的自動化造成的”，說明thedisplaced就是指由自動化導(dǎo)致失業(yè)的人。A選項正確。

第4題:4.詞義推測題。該詞出現(xiàn)在第三段第三句中“AccordingtotheSocialSecurityAct,familiesofthatsizebelowpovertylineareeligibletoreceivebenefitsfromthespecialwelfareprogram”，本句表示“根據(jù)《社會保障法》，貧困線以下的家庭……從特別福利計劃中獲得福利”，既然是《社會保障法》中的條款，則保障的對象應(yīng)為貧困線以下的家庭，及這些家庭是“有資格的”，D選項worthy“配得上的；值得的”更合適。

第5題:5.推理判斷題。本題問的是美國人比大多數(shù)其他國家人生活更好的原因，這一結(jié)論出現(xiàn)在文章最后一段最后一句，其前面一句給出了原因“socialwelfareprogramshavesolvedtos