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書(shū)山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天水師范學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題
Allthepartsofthewashingmachineare(),sothatitisveryconvenienttoreplacethem.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.normalized
B.standardized
C.mechanized
D.modernized
【答案】B
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)normalize“正?;?,常規(guī)化,規(guī)格化”;B選項(xiàng)standardize“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”;C選項(xiàng)mechanize“使機(jī)械化,機(jī)械化”;D選項(xiàng)modernize“使現(xiàn)代化”,句意:這臺(tái)洗衣機(jī)的所有零件都標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化了,所以要更換它們很方便。由選項(xiàng)意思和句意可知,B選項(xiàng)符合句意。
2.單選題
Therearetwomethodsoffighting,theonebylaw,theotherbyforce;thefirstmethodisthatofmen,thesecondofbeasts;butasthefirstmethodisofteninsufficient,onemusthaverecoursetothesecond.Itis,therefore,necessaryforaprincetoknowwellhowtouseboththebeastandtheman.Thiswascovertlytaughttorulersbyancientwriters,whorelatedhowAchillesandmanyothersofthoseancientprincesweregiventoChironthecentaurtobebroughtupandeducatedunderhisdiscipline.Theparableofthissemi-animal,semi-humanteacherismeanttoindicatethataprincemustknowhowtousebothnatures,andthattheonewithouttheotherisnotdurable.Aprince,beingthusobligedtoknowwellhowtoactasabeast,mustimitatethefox,andthelion,forthelioncannotprotecthimselffromtraps;andthefoxcannotdefendhimselffromwolves.Thosethatwishtobeonlylionsdonotunderstandthis.Therefore,aprudentruleroughtnottokeepfaithwhenbydoingsoitwouldbeagainsthisinterest,andwhenthereasonswhichmadehimbindhimselfnolongerexist,ifmenwereallgood,thispreceptwouldnotbegood;butastheyarebad;andwouldnotobservetheirfaithwithyou,soyouarenotboundtokeepfaithwiththem.Norhavelegitimategroundseverfailedaprincewhowishedtoshowcolorableexcuseforthenonfulfillmentofhispromise.Ofthisonecouldfurnishaninfinitenumberofexamples,andshowhowmanytimespeacehasbeenbroken,andhowmanypromisesrenderedworthless,bythefaithlessnessofprinces,andthosethathavebestbeenabletoimitatethefoxhavesucceededbest.Butitisnecessarytobeabletodisguisethischaracterwell,andtobeagreatfeigneranddissembler,andmenaresosimpleandsoreadytoobeypresentnecessities,thattheonewhodeceiveswillalwaysfindthosewhoallowthemselvestobedeceived.
1.Theauthorofthepassagedoesnotbelievethat(
).
2.Thelionrepresentsthosewhoare
(
).
3.Thefox,inthispassage,is
(
).
4.Thewritersuggeststhatasuccessfulleadermust
(
).
5.Thewriterwouldapproveanunsuccessfulpoliticalcandidate(
).
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.peoplecanprotectthemselves
B.thetruthmakesmenfree
C.leadershavetobeconsistent
D.princesatehuman
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.toiltrusting
B.strongandcareful
C.reliantonforce
D.lackinginintelligence
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.admiredforhistrickery
B.nomatchforthelion
C.pitiedforhistrick
D.consideredworthless
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.beprudentandfaithful
B.cheatandlie
C.haveprincipletoguidehisactions
D.tellthepeoplethetruthabouthisopponent
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.gaveupallhisopportunities
B.promisedtotryagainnexttime
C.overthrewthegovernmentbyforce
D.toldthepeoplethetruthabouthisopponent
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:C
第3題:A
第4題:B
第5題:C
【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“作者不認(rèn)為……”。文章提到有兩種方式來(lái)戰(zhàn)斗,一是法律,即文斗,一是暴力,即武斗。并且用狐貍來(lái)比喻文斗,獅子比喻武斗,而一個(gè)成功的王子必須在這兩種方法中自由切換,但是并沒(méi)有提及到“吃人”,因此選項(xiàng)D“王子吃人”的說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的,符合題意。
2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“獅子代表的是哪類人”。文章提到“王子應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)像野獸一樣管理國(guó)家,要模仿狐貍和獅子,因?yàn)楠{子無(wú)法避免陷阱,而狐貍無(wú)法從狼群中脫身”(Aprince,beingthusobligedtoknowwellhowtoactasabeast,mustimitatethefox,andthelion,forthelioncannotprotecthimselffromtraps;andthefoxcannotdefendhimselffromwolves),獅子代表的是力量,即武斗,因此選項(xiàng)C“依賴武力”符合題意。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“文章中狐貍是……”。文章提到管理者必須要學(xué)會(huì)文斗與武斗,狐貍代表的是文斗,可知作者對(duì)狐貍是贊賞的,因此選項(xiàng)A“因它的計(jì)謀而受到贊賞”符合題意。
4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問(wèn)的是“作者暗示一個(gè)成功的統(tǒng)治者應(yīng)該……”。文章提到“當(dāng)守誠(chéng)信會(huì)讓自己的利益受損時(shí),精明的統(tǒng)治者可以不講誠(chéng)信”(Therefore,aprudentruleroughtnottokeepfaithwhenbydoingsoitwouldbeagainsthisinterest),因此選項(xiàng)B“欺騙與撒謊”符合題意。
5.判斷推理題。題目問(wèn)的是“作者會(huì)贊成一個(gè)失敗的政治候選人……”。文章提到“當(dāng)文斗行不通的時(shí)候,人們會(huì)選擇第二種方式,即武斗”(butasthefirstmethodisofteninsufficient,onemusthaverecoursetothesecond),選項(xiàng)C“用武力推翻政府”符合題意。
3.單選題
U.S.PresidentRonaldReaganhasaconvincingandheart-warmingsmile.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.abewildering
B.apersuasive
C.afactitious
D.anempathetic
【答案】B
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.abewildering一個(gè)讓人困惑的(微笑)B.apersuasive一個(gè)讓人信服的(微笑)
C.afactitious一個(gè)虛假的(微笑)D.anempathetic一個(gè)共情的(微笑)
【答案】B
【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義銜接
【解題思路】劃線部分修飾的是smile“微笑”,并且與heart-warming“暖心的;感人的”并列,原詞convincing“令人信服的”,因此,B選項(xiàng)apersuasive“一個(gè)讓人信服的(微笑)”最符合原句句意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)abewildering“一個(gè)讓人困惑的(微笑)”,與heart-warming“暖心的;感人的”語(yǔ)義不搭,且不符合原句句意;
C選項(xiàng)afactitious“一個(gè)(虛假的)微笑”,與heart-warming“暖心的;感人的”語(yǔ)義不搭,且不符合原句句意;
D選項(xiàng)anempathetic“一個(gè)共情的(微笑)”,不符合原句句意。
【句意】美國(guó)總統(tǒng)羅納德?里根(RonaldReagan)的笑容令人信服,令人感動(dòng)。
4.單選題
Priortothepurchaseoftheflat,thecouplewantedtomakesurethattheywouldhavecompatibleneighbors.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.harmonious
B.energetic
C.capable
D.harsh
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)harmonious“和諧的”;B選項(xiàng)energetic“精力充沛的”;C選項(xiàng)capable“有能力的”;D選項(xiàng)harsh“嚴(yán)厲的”。句意:在購(gòu)買這套公寓之前,這對(duì)夫婦想要確保他們有能和諧相處的鄰居。劃線部分compatible是和諧相處的意思。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
5.單選題
Wemustlearntomeetmisfortunegracefully.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.adversity
B.famine
C.enormity
D.nuance
【答案】A
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.adversity逆境;不幸B.famine饑荒
C.enormity巨大;暴行D.nuance細(xì)微差別
【答案】A
【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。
【解題思路】根據(jù)句意:我們必須學(xué)會(huì)優(yōu)雅地面對(duì)不幸。劃線詞misfortune意為“厄運(yùn);不幸”。因此A選項(xiàng)與之意思相近,選A。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)均不符合句意。
【句意】我們必須學(xué)會(huì)優(yōu)雅地面對(duì)不幸。
6.單選題
“MayIspeaktoyourmanagerMr.Jensonat2o’clockthisafternoon?”
“I’msorry.Mr.Jenson(
)toaconferencelongbeforethen.”
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.willhavegone
B.hadgone
C.wouldhavegone
D.hasgone
【答案】A
【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)?!斑@個(gè)下午兩點(diǎn)”表示將來(lái)時(shí)間,根據(jù)“beforethen”可知要用將來(lái)完成時(shí),選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
7.單選題
Thelawondrinkinganddrivingis(
)stated.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.extravagantly
B.empirically
C.explicitly
D.exceptionally
【答案】C
【解析】【試題解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)extravagantly“揮霍無(wú)度地”;B選項(xiàng)empirically“以經(jīng)驗(yàn)為主地”;C選項(xiàng)explicitly“明確地,明白地”;D選項(xiàng)exceptionally“例外地,特殊地”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“l(fā)aw法律”和“stated被表明,被解釋”,可知“明確地”符合題意,句意為:有關(guān)醉酒駕駛的法律規(guī)定得很清楚。故正確答案選C。
8.單選題
Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLike,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.
Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.
Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,"doingourownthing",hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwell-regardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyform,thatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.
Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle:WhyWeShould,Like,Care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.
Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.
1.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish(
).
2.Theword“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes
(
).
3.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?
4.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s
(
).
5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as(
).
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms
B.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment
C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture
D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.modesty
B.personality
C.liveliness
D.informality
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.
B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.
C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.
D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.interestintheirlanguage
B.appreciationoftheirefforts
C.admirationfortheirmemory
D.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.‘"temporary’’isto“permanent”
B.“radical”isto“conservative”
C.“functional”isto“artistic”
D.“humble”isto“noble”
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:D
第3題:A
第4題:B
第5題:C
【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.(Mr.McWhorter的學(xué)術(shù)專長(zhǎng)是語(yǔ)言的歷史和變化,例如,他認(rèn)為“誰(shuí)”這一詞的逐漸消失是自然的,并不比失去古英語(yǔ)中的詞格尾綴的消失更令人遺憾)可知Mr.McWhorter認(rèn)為正式英語(yǔ)的衰變是一種自然的現(xiàn)象,因此選B。
2.詞義題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞talking定位到文章第三段中的InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.(在英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)和書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,交談戰(zhàn)勝了演講,自然表達(dá)勝過(guò)了精雕細(xì)琢),分析句子可知talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft是對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,talking對(duì)應(yīng)的spontaneity,specking對(duì)應(yīng)craft,可推測(cè)演講是需要精心準(zhǔn)備的,而談話則是自然隨意的,因此D選項(xiàng)“非正式的”符合題意。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第四段中heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas(他承認(rèn),人類語(yǔ)言的所有種類,包括非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言,包括黑人英語(yǔ)這樣非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)言,都具有很強(qiáng)的表達(dá)力。世界上沒(méi)有一種語(yǔ)言或方言不能表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想)可知A選項(xiàng)“邏輯思維不一定與我們說(shuō)話的方式有關(guān)”符合題意。
4.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.(Mr.McWhorter承認(rèn),正式的語(yǔ)言并不是絕對(duì)必要的,他并沒(méi)有提出任何激進(jìn)的教育改革——他其實(shí)只是為那些美好而不是實(shí)用品的消逝而感到遺憾)可知Mr.McWhorter認(rèn)同俄羅斯記住詩(shī)歌的做法,認(rèn)為是somethingbeautiful,對(duì)其做法是贊同的,因此B選項(xiàng)“贊賞他們的努力”。
5.推理判斷題。由heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful(他其實(shí)只是為那些美好而不是實(shí)用品的消逝而感到遺憾)可推測(cè)paperplates(紙盤(pán))指的是實(shí)用性,而china(瓷盤(pán))指美,具有藝術(shù)性,因此選C。
9.單選題
VI.(Jurisprudence)
AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.
ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.
BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism
71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.
72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.
73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.
74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Americanlegaleducation
B.Americanlegalscholarship
C.Americanlawreform
D.Americanlawyers
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.werephilosophers
B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines
C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”
D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”
B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations
C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary
D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.
B.Methodofempiricaltesting.
C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.
D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:C
【解析】71.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.(美國(guó)法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)是20世紀(jì)美國(guó)最重要的本土法學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng),不僅對(duì)美國(guó)的法學(xué)教育和學(xué)術(shù)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響,而且對(duì)美國(guó)的法律改革和律師業(yè)也產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響)可知A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)法律教育”,B選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)法律學(xué)術(shù)”,C選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)法律改革”符合原文;D選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)律師”原文未提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。
72.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Scandinavian”定位到原文第一段UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.(與它的斯堪的那維亞表親不同,美國(guó)法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主要不是從語(yǔ)義學(xué)和認(rèn)識(shí)論的實(shí)質(zhì)哲學(xué)學(xué)說(shuō)的法律的延伸?,F(xiàn)實(shí)主義者是律師(加上一些社會(huì)科學(xué)家),而不是哲學(xué)家,因此,他們的動(dòng)機(jī)是不同的)可以推測(cè)出斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者們是哲學(xué)家,選A選項(xiàng)“是哲學(xué)家”,同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“主要是實(shí)質(zhì)性哲學(xué)理論對(duì)法律的延伸”錯(cuò)誤,原文只是說(shuō)美國(guó)法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義主要不是從語(yǔ)義學(xué)和認(rèn)識(shí)論的實(shí)質(zhì)哲學(xué)學(xué)說(shuō)的法律的延伸,沒(méi)有說(shuō)斯堪的那維亞的法律現(xiàn)實(shí)主義是否是實(shí)質(zhì)性哲學(xué)理論對(duì)法律的延伸,B選項(xiàng)偷換概念;第一段Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).(作為律師,他們(指的是美國(guó)的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者)與當(dāng)時(shí)占主導(dǎo)地位的“機(jī)械法學(xué)”或“形式主義”相抗衡。這里所指的“形式主義”認(rèn)為,法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由來(lái)判決案件,這些規(guī)則和理由在大多數(shù)案件(也許是每一個(gè)案件)中證明一個(gè)獨(dú)特的結(jié)果是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狢選項(xiàng)“與‘機(jī)械法學(xué)’相抵觸”和D選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為法官根據(jù)不同的法律規(guī)則和理由判決案件”也屬于偷換概念。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
73.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段最后一句BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.(由于現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者從未對(duì)法律的性質(zhì)或法律理論的概念作出明確的哲學(xué)預(yù)設(shè),因此,現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者今天的重要法理學(xué)任務(wù)之一就是對(duì)這些觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行哲學(xué)重構(gòu)和辯護(hù),尤其是反對(duì)法律哲學(xué)家的批評(píng),尤其是H.L.A.Hart)可知C選項(xiàng)“這些觀點(diǎn)的哲學(xué)重建和辯護(hù)是必要的”符合原文;第一段Realistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.(相反,現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者認(rèn)為,對(duì)法院如何真正判決案件進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的實(shí)證研究表明,法院的判決主要不是因?yàn)榉?,而是基于(粗略地說(shuō))他們對(duì)案件事實(shí)的判斷)可知A選項(xiàng)“法院判決案件主要不是基于法律,而是基于他們的‘公平感’”以及D選項(xiàng)“仔細(xì)的實(shí)證研究表明,法院決定案件主要是因?yàn)榉伞卞e(cuò)誤;第一段Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.(法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的事后合理化)可知B選項(xiàng)“法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據(jù)非法律考慮做出的決定的臨時(shí)合理化”錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
74.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段開(kāi)頭ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture…wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge…(但現(xiàn)實(shí)主義也帶有知識(shí)文化的印記,它確實(shí)與它的斯堪的納維亞表親有共同之處。這種文化……是非?!皩?shí)證主義”的,因?yàn)樗炎匀豢茖W(xué)視為所有真知的范式……)可知選C選項(xiàng)“以自然科學(xué)為所有真知的范式”;A選項(xiàng)“‘法律’的現(xiàn)有條文并沒(méi)有通過(guò)對(duì)法院實(shí)際行動(dòng)的實(shí)際觀察而得到‘確認(rèn)’”,B選項(xiàng)“實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)方法”以及D選項(xiàng)“所有學(xué)科都應(yīng)該仿效自然科學(xué)的方法”并不符合題意,排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
10.單選題
Davidlikescountrylifeandhasdecidedto(
)farming.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.goinfor
B.gothroughwith
C.gobackon
D.goalongwith
【答案】A
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。goinfor意為“從事,喜歡”;gothroughwith意為“完成,把……進(jìn)行到底”;gobackon意為“違背,背棄”;goalongwith意為“贊同,接受,服從”。
句意:大衛(wèi)喜歡鄉(xiāng)村生活,并決定從事耕作。
11.單選題
The()ofthespringwaterattractsalotofvisitorsfromotherpartsofthecountry.
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.clash
B.clarify
C.clarity
D.clatter
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)clash“沖突,不協(xié)調(diào)”;B選項(xiàng)clarify“澄清,闡明”;C選項(xiàng)clarity“清楚,明晰”;D選項(xiàng)clatter“嘩啦聲,嘈雜的談笑聲”。句意:泉水的()吸引了這個(gè)國(guó)家其他地方的許多游客。本句表達(dá)的意思是“泉水的嘩啦啦聲吸引了人們的注意”,因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。
12.單選題
StandingontherimoftheGrandCanyon,gazingacrossthisgiantwoundintheEarth’ssurface,avisitormightassumethatthecanyonhadbeencausedbysomeancientconvulsion.Infacttheeventsthatproducedthecanyon,farfrombeingsuddenandcataclysmic,simplyadduptotheslowandorderlyprocessoferosion.
ManymillionsofyearsagotheColoradoPlateauintheGrandCanyonareacontained10,000morefeetofrockthanitdoestodayandwasrelativelylevel.Theadditionalmaterialconsistedofsome14-layeredformationsofrock.IntheGrandCanyonregiontheselayerswerelargelywornawayoverthecourseofmillionsofyears.
Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateau’sflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressure;geologistsrefertothisbulgingactionasupwarping;itwasfollowedbyageneralelevationofthewholeColoradoPlateau,aprocessthatisstillgoingon.Astheplateaugraduallyrose,shallowriversthatmeanderedacrossitbegantorunmoreswiftlyandcutmoredefinitecourses.Oneoftheserivers,locatedeastoftheupwarp,wastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapai,flowingwestoftheupwarp,extendeditselfeastwardbycuttingbackintotheupwarp;iteventuallyconnectedwiththeancientColoradoandcaptureditswaters.Thenewriverthenbegantocarveoutthe277-miIe-longtrenchthateventuallybecametheGrandCanyon.Geologistsestimatethatthisinitialcuttingactionbegannoearlierthan10millionyearsago.
Sincethen,thecanyonforminghasbeencumulative.Tothecorrosiveforceoftheriveritselfhavebeenaddedotherfactors.Heatandcold,rainandsnow,alongwiththevaryingresistanceoftherocks,increasetheopportunitiesforerosion.Thecanyonwallscrumble;theriveracquiresacuttingtool,tonsofdebris,rainfallrunningoffthehighplateaucreatesfeederstreamsthatcarvesidecanyons.Pushingslowlybackwardintotheplateau,thesidecanyonsexposenewrocks,andthepatternoferosioncontinues.
1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
2.Inthefirstsentence,theauthorreferstotheGrandCanyonasa“wound”toindicatethat().
3.Accordingtothepassage,thefirstphenomenontocontributetotheformationoftheGrandCanyonwas().
4.Whatwasthegeographicpositionoftheupwarpapproximately65millionyearsago?
5.WhichofthefollowingconclusionsabouttheGrandCanyoncanbedrawnfromthepassage?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Patternsoferosionindifferentmountainranges.
B.ForcesthatmadetheGrandCanyon.
C.TheincreasingpollutionoftheColoradoRiver.
D.ThesuddenappearanceoftheGrandCanyon.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.itwascausedbysomeancientconvulsion
B.itspresenceisanembarrassmenttothestateofColorado
C.itlookslikeaninjuryontheEarth'ssurface
D.ithascausedmanyvisitorstoinjurethemselves.
問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)
A.aseriesofvolcaniceruptions
B.thecollapseofrockformationsintheColoradoPlateau
C.asuccessionoffloodsfromtheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver
D.theEarth’sinternalpressureliftingtheColoradoPlateauregion
問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)
A.TotheeastofwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver’
B.TothewestoftheHualapaiRiver
C.AtthesourceoftheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver
D.BetweentheHualapaiRiverandwhatisnowtheColoradoRiver
問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)
A.Itscontoursareconstantlychanging
B.Thecuttingactionscarvenewstreamsalongitssides
C.Itseruptionshaveincreasedinrecentyears
D.Itisbeingerodedbytoxicwasteandpollutants
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:D
第4題:D
第5題:A
【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。首段提出大峽谷的形成是一個(gè)緩慢而有序的侵蝕過(guò)程,中間兩段則是對(duì)大峽谷的形成原因和過(guò)程進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析,最后一段指出大峽谷的形成原因還包括其他一些外力因素。因此B項(xiàng)“導(dǎo)致大峽谷產(chǎn)生的各種力量”符合文章主旨。
第2題:判斷推理題。對(duì)于“wound”的理解可參考:thisgiantwoundintheEarth’ssurface(地球表面上的這道巨大的傷痕)。因此這里使用了比喻的修辭手法。C項(xiàng)“它(即大峽谷)看起來(lái)像地球表面上的一個(gè)傷口”正確。
第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:Approximately65millionyearsagotheplateau’sflatsurfaceintheGrandCanyonareabulgedupwardfrominternalpressure(大約6500萬(wàn)年前,大峽谷地區(qū)的高原平面由于內(nèi)部壓力而向上隆起)。因此D項(xiàng)“地球的內(nèi)部壓力抬起了科羅拉多高原地區(qū)”正確。
第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。Oneoftheserivers,locatedeastoftheupwarp,wastheancestoroftheColorado.AnotherriversystemcalledtheHualapai.flowingwestoftheupwarp(位于該上翹東邊的這些河中的一條是科羅拉多河的前身。另一條被稱為華拉派河的河流在該上翹的西邊……)。由此可知,大約6500萬(wàn)年前,上翹的地理位置在華拉派河和如今的科羅拉多河之間。
第5題:判斷推理題。最后一段指出:Sincethen,thecanyonforminghasbeencumulative(從那以后,大峽谷的形成一直是累積的),因此,A項(xiàng)“它的輪廓是不斷變化的”正確。
13.單選題
StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealtocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdives,whichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.
Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygen,anditsarteriesbecomeconstricted,ensuringthattheseal’sbloodremainsconcentratednearthoseorgansmostcrucialtoitsabilitytonavigateunderwater.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthepHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sblood-stream.
Recentfieldstudies,however,revealthatondivesinthewild,thesealusuallyheadsdirectlyforitspreyandreturnstothesurfaceinlessthantwentyminutes.Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthem,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Butwhydotheseal’slaboratorydivesalwaysevokethisresponse,regardlessoftheirlengthordepth?Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.
36.Thepassageprovidesformationtosupportwhichofthefollowinggeneralizations?
37.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringlaboratorydives,thepHoftheWeddellseal’sbloodisnotadverselyaffectedbytheproductionoflacticacidbecause______.
38.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?
39.TheauthorciteswhichofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheWeddellseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorduringdivesobservedinthelaboratory?
I.Adecreaseintherateatwhichtheseal’sheartbeats.
II.Aconstrictionoftheseal’sarteries.
III.Adecreaseinthelevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sblood.
IV.Atemporaryhaltinthefunctioningofcertainorgans.
40.ThepassagesuggeststhatbecauseWeddellsealsareforciblysubmergedduringlaboratorydives,theydowhichofthefollowing?
問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)
A.Observationsofanimals’physiologicalbehaviorinthewildarenotreliableunlessverifiedbylaboratorystudies.
B.Itisgenerallylessdifficulttoobservethephysiologicalbehaviorofananimalinthewildthaninthelaboratory.
C.Thephysiologicalbehaviorofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisnotalwaysconsistentwiththeirphysiologicalbehaviorinthewild.
D.Theleveloflacticacidinananimal’sbloodislikelytobelowestduringthoseperiodsinwhichitexperiencesoxygendeprivation.
問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)
A.onlythoseorgansthatareessentialtotheseal’sabilitytonavigateunderwaterreverttoananaerobicmechanism
B.thesealtypicallyrevertstoananaerobicmetabolismonlyattheveryendofthedive
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