考研考博-英語-天津廣播影視職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天津廣播影視職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Wedon't（

）anydifficultiesincompletingtheprojectsolongaswekeepwithinourbudget.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.foresee

B.fabricate

C.infer

D.inhibit

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)foresee“預(yù)見；預(yù)知”；B選項(xiàng)fabricate“制造；偽造；裝配”；C選項(xiàng)infer“推斷；推論”；D選項(xiàng)inhibit“抑制；禁止”。句意：只要我們不超出預(yù)算，我們就無法……完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目就沒有什么困難。完成項(xiàng)目的困難在于預(yù)算不夠，不超預(yù)算則不應(yīng)有困難，也就是現(xiàn)在“看不到有什么困難”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.翻譯題

PassageOne

Abeachedwhaleisawhalewhichhasbecomestrandedonland,usuallyonabeach.Beachingisoftenfatalforwhales,astheybecomedehydratedanddie.Whaleshavebeenfoundbeachedthroughouthumanhistoryandsomanystandingscanbeattributedtonaturalandenvironmentalfactors.Therecouldbemanynaturalreasonslikeroughweather,weaknessduetooldageorinfection,difficultygivingbirth,huntingtooclosetoshoreandnavigationalmistakes.Asinglestrandedanimalcanprompttheentirepodtorespondtoitsdistresssignalsandbecomestranded.In2004,scientistsattheUniversityofTasmaniafoundalinkbetweenwhalestandingsandtheweather.ItishypothesizedthatwhencoolAntarcticwatersrichinsquidandfishflownorth,whalesfollowtheirpreyclosertowardslandmakingthemmorepronetostranding.Insomecasespredators(suchaskillerwhales)havebeenknowntopanicwhales,herdingthemtowardstheshoreline.Strandingscanbegroupedintoseveraldifferenttypes.Themostobviousdistinctionsarebetweensingleandmultiplestandings.Singlelivestrandingsareoftentheresultofanillnessorinjury,whichwouldalmostinevitablyendindeathunlessapasser-byknowshowtoreact.

Multiplestrandingsofdeadanimalsinonelocalityarerareandoftencauseagreatdealofmediacoverageaswellasrescueeffortsbysympathetichumans.Evenmultipleoffshoredeathsareunlikelytoleadtomultiplestrandingsduetothevariablewindsandcurrentsscatteringtheanimalsacrossthesea.Akeyfactorinmanyofthesecasesappearstobethestrongsocialcohesionamongsttoothedwhales.Ifonewhalegetsintotrouble,itsdistresscallsmayprompttherestofthegrouptofollowandbecomebeachedthemselves.Thereisnodefinitivespecificcauseformassstrandings.Insteadtheymayhappenduetonumerousfactorsthatcanactincombination.Manyhavebeenproposed,withsomeseekingtoexplainonlyasubsetofcases;however,theyaredifficulttoproveconclusivelyandaresometimescontroversial.

PassageTwo

Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofaJaguarXK4.2-S.Somight“PrideandPrejudice”havestartedhadJaneAusten,whowaspaid￡110(￡3,200,or$5,700,intoday’smoney)foroneofthebestsellingnovelsever,beenluckyenoughtoliveinanerawhichofferedthemutuallybeneficialpartnershipbetweencreativetalentandcommercialsponsorshipknownasproductplacement.

Seehowswiftlytheherorunsinhisflashnewtrainers?Noticehowluxuriantlytheshowergelfoamsontheheroine’sback?That’sprobablybecausethecompaniesthatmakethoseproductshavepaidtheproducersofthoseprogramsfatfeestoportraytheirwaresnicely.Productplacement,whichgavebirthtotheoriginalsoapoperascreatedtosellwashingpowders,isback.

Digitaltechnologyisthereason.Viewerscannoweffortlesslyskiptheads,sobroadcastersandthecompaniesthatusedtobuyairtimeforcommercialsaretryingtofindbetterwaystocatchpeople’sattention.Productplacementisonepromisingoption,butitiscontroversial.ItisallowedinAmericabutmostlybannedintheEuropeanUnion.ConsumerorganizationsacrossEuropeopposetheintroductionofproductplacement,savingitwouldunderminetrustinbroadcasters.EuropeanproducersandbroadcasterscomplainthatthisisunfairbecausetheirAmericanrivalsbenefitfromasourceofincomedeniedtothem,andsenselessbecauseAmericanprogramsanywayappearonEuropeanscreens.TheEUisthereforeplanningtolegalizeproductplacement,buttheproposalfacessomeopposition,viewerswatchingads,saythecritics,arefairgamebecausetheyknowthey’rebeingsoldstuff.Whenthey’rewatchingprograms,bycontrast,theydon’trealizethatproductsarebeingpromoted.

Butifadvertisingthatslipsimperceptiblyintopeople’sbrainsweretobebanned,agreatdealofwhatgoesonnowwouldbeoutlawed.Afterall,driversspinningpastbillboardsdon’tnecessarilyconsciouslyclockthemessagethey’veseen;oftentheyfileitunconsciously—asyoubrowsingthroughthesepages,maywellabsorbthenotionthatanexpensivewatchoranewphonewillchangeyourlifeinsomevaguebutenticingway.Asforpeoplewhobelievetheliteraltruthofwhattheyseeinsoapoperas—well,noamountofregulationcanprotectthemfromthemselves.

Anyhow,governmentsdon’tneedtopoliceentertainmentcontent-producerswilldoitthemselves.WhenFayWeldon,anovelist,wroteabookforBulgari,ajewelrymanufacturer,afewyearsago,itwasnotwidelyviewedasaliterarygem.Neithershe,noranybodyelsewithareputationworthkeeping,hastriedthatagain.Whichisjustaswell:theworldwouldhavebeenapoorerplacehadMr.BingleybeenmoreinterestedinhisridethanintheBennetgirls.

Directions:Eachofthefollowingtwopassageshassomeunderlinedparts.TranslatetheunderlinedpartsintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.

【答案】（1）【參考譯文】擱淺的鯨魚是擱淺在陸地（通常是在海灘上）的鯨魚。擱淺對鯨魚來說通常是致命的，因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)脫水死亡。在整個(gè)人類歷史中，鯨魚一直被發(fā)現(xiàn)擱淺，有很多擱淺是由于自然和環(huán)境因素。可能有許多自然原因，比如惡劣的天氣、年老或感染導(dǎo)致的身體虛弱、分娩困難、獵食離海岸太近以及導(dǎo)航錯(cuò)誤。

（2）【參考譯文】在一個(gè)地方多次擱淺死去的動(dòng)物是罕見的，經(jīng)常引起大量媒體報(bào)道和同情的人們的救援努力。由于多變的風(fēng)和洋流將這些動(dòng)物分散在海中，即使是多次離岸死亡也不太可能導(dǎo)致多次擱淺。其中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素就是齒鯨之間強(qiáng)大的社會(huì)凝聚力。如果一頭鯨魚遇到麻煩，它發(fā)出的求救信號(hào)可能會(huì)促使其他鯨魚跟隨并擱淺。

PassageTwo

（1）【參考譯文】看到男主穿著他的新運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋跑得有多快了嗎？注意到女主角背上的沐浴露泡沫有多豐富嗎？這可能是因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品的公司已經(jīng)向這些節(jié)目的制作者支付了大筆費(fèi)用，以使他們的產(chǎn)品能被很好地描繪出來。讓被創(chuàng)造來銷售洗衣粉的最初肥皂劇產(chǎn)生的產(chǎn)品植入又回來了。

（2）【參考譯文】數(shù)字技術(shù)是原因。觀眾現(xiàn)在可以毫不費(fèi)力地跳過廣告，所以以前為商業(yè)廣告而購買廣告時(shí)間的廣播電臺(tái)和公司，正在試圖找到更好的方法來引起人們的關(guān)注。產(chǎn)品植入是一個(gè)有前途的選擇，但它卻有爭議。盡管植入式廣告在美國被允許，但是在歐盟卻通常被禁止?？紤]到可能危害廣播電臺(tái)的信用，歐洲的消費(fèi)者組織反對產(chǎn)品植入。

（3）【參考譯文】但是，如果不知不覺地溜進(jìn)人們大腦的廣告將被禁止，那么如今大量進(jìn)行著的廣告將是不合法的。畢竟，轉(zhuǎn)過廣告牌的司機(jī)沒必要有意識(shí)地注視他們所見的廣告詞：他們經(jīng)常無意識(shí)地對廣告詞進(jìn)行歸檔——因?yàn)椋ㄟ^瀏覽這些廣告頁面，你可能很好地吸收這樣的概念，即一塊昂貴的手表或一部新的手機(jī)將以一些模糊但卻誘人的方式來改變你的生活。對于相信自己所看肥皂劇中字面真理的人而言，即使再多的監(jiān)管也不能讓他們免于來自自己本人的傷害。

3.單選題

Thesenator'sattempttoconvincethepublicthatsheisnotinterestedinrunningforasecondtermisfutile.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.laudable

B.sincere

C.authentic

D.useless

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。句意：這位參議員試圖讓公眾相信她對競選連任沒有興趣，但這只是徒勞。A選項(xiàng)laudable“值得贊賞的”；B選項(xiàng)sincere“真誠的”；C選項(xiàng)authentic“真正的，真實(shí)的”；D選項(xiàng)useless“無用的，無效的”。futile意為“無用的，無效的”，選項(xiàng)D與之意思相近，代入符合語境。

4.單選題

13.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Shewillbecomeafamoussingersoon.

B.ShewillbecomeanAmericanidol.

C.Shewillsignupforatalentshow.

D.Shewillsurelystandoutfromthecrowd.

【答案】C

【解析】W:Dad,I’vedecidedtosignupforAmericanIdolinordertobecomeafamoussinger.

M:Oh,honey,don’tyouknowthatit’sreallyhardtostandoutfromthecrowd.

W:Butwherethereisaroadthereisaway.

Q:Whatistrueaboutthewoman?

【解析】常用習(xí)語。女孩說：wherethereisaroadthereisaway，表明她已經(jīng)下定決心參加比賽。

5.單選題

Iftheinvestmenttaxcreditis()asapartoftaxreformplan,thecapital-intensivebusinessessuchassteel-makersandairlinerswillfaceahardtime.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.repealed

B.inferred

C.induced

D.appealed

【答案】A

【解析】repealed廢止，撤銷；inferred推測；induced引誘，說服；appealed呼吁，求助。句意：如果投資抵稅被取消來作為稅收改革計(jì)劃的一部分，鋼鐵制造商和航空公司等資本密集型企業(yè)將面臨艱難時(shí)期。選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

6.單選題

Ifyoukeeponoverworkingyourself,yourhealthwill（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.degenerate

B.deteriorate

C.degrade

D.deform

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。degenerate“使退化，惡化，墮落”；deteriorate“惡化”；degrade“貶低，使丟臉”；deform“使變形，使成畸形”。句意：如果你繼續(xù)過度工作，你的健康狀況會(huì)變壞。B項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.填空題

A:Isn’tthatyourcar?

B:No,it（1）.Mineis（2）redoneoverthere

【答案】1.isn’t

2.the

【解析】1.語法分析。此處是否定回答。

2.語法分析。句意:我的是紅色那輛。此處為特指,所以用定冠詞the。

8.單選題

Fromthelivingroomandfamilyautotothesupermarketandoffice,it'simpossibletoescapetheelectronicrevolutionthatis（）thewaypeopleliveandwork.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.resuming

B.transforming

C.preparing

D.seeking

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。resuming重新開始,繼續(xù);transforming轉(zhuǎn)化,轉(zhuǎn)變;preparing準(zhǔn)備;seeking尋找,謀求。句意：從起居室和家用汽車到超市和辦公室,人們不可能逃脫正在改變?nèi)藗兩詈凸ぷ鞣绞降碾娮痈锩＿x項(xiàng)B符合句意。

9.單選題

Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould（）hisownplanforimprovingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.puton

B.putforward

C.putout

D.putin

【答案】B

【解析】句意:如果這里有人不同意我的意見，他應(yīng)該提出自己的計(jì)劃，改善這些人的生活條件。

考查短語辨析。Putforward表示“提出”，符合句意。

10.翻譯題

40.地球快速變暖到了非常嚴(yán)峻的程度，而世界上最貧窮的國家成了極端氣候的最大受害者。未來的氣候變化可能帶來更頻繁和更嚴(yán)重的洪澇、旱災(zāi)和其他極端氣候事件，發(fā)展中國家至今還沒有良好的能力對付它們。

41.即使現(xiàn)在，地球上最貧窮的十億人口所產(chǎn)生的排放只占全球排放的3%，而最富有的十億人口占了全球排放的50%。全球還有16億人口無法獲得現(xiàn)代能源，沒有能源，國家就不能繁榮。富國只有采取強(qiáng)有力的行動(dòng)以騰出一些大氣層的“污染空間”，當(dāng)?shù)褪杖雵以趯黹_始更多排放時(shí)，才可能使全球排放達(dá)到重新平衡。

42.未來十年發(fā)生的事情將深刻影響可供我們后代進(jìn)行的選擇。延遲或不采取行動(dòng)的代價(jià)是非常高的，我們必須現(xiàn)在就行動(dòng)，必須用全人類的聰明才智和合作精神，來對付氣候危機(jī)。

43.雖然越來越多的人都知道氣候變暖，相信需要采取行動(dòng)，但很少有人把它放在首位，太多的人在機(jī)會(huì)面前并沒有采取行動(dòng)。所以，最大的挑戰(zhàn)在于改變行為方式和制度，尤其是富國。

【答案】40.Theplanetiswarmingrapidlytoseverelevels,andtheworld’spoorestcountriesarethebiggestvictimsofextremeweather.Futureclimatechangeislikelytobringmorefrequentandseverefloods,droughtsandotherextremeweathereventsthatdevelopingcountriesarenotyetwellequippedtodealwith.

41.Evennow,thepoorestbillionpeopleontheplanetaccountforonly3%ofglobalemissions,whiletherichestbillionpeopleaccountfor50%.Andtherearestill1.6billionpeopleintheworldwhodonothaveaccesstomodernenergy.Acountrycannotprosperwithoutenergy.Rebalancingglobalemissionswillbepossibleonlyifrichcountriestakestrongactiontofreeupsomeatmospheric“pollutionspace”,thuslow-incomecountriesstarttoemitmoreinthefuture.

42.Whathappensinthenextdecadewillprofoundlyaffectthechoicesavailabletofuturegenerations.Thecostsofdelayorinactionaretoohigh,andwemustactnowtotackletheclimatecrisiswiththeingenuityandcooperationofallhumanity.

43.Althoughagrowingnumberofpeopleareawareofglobalwarmingandbelievethatactionisneeded,fewputitfirst,andtoomanypeopledonottakeactioninthefaceofopportunity.Sothebiggestchallengeisaboutchangingbehaviorandsystem,especiallyinrichcountries.

11.單選題

Hemanagedto（）hiswayintoheraffection.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tail

B.worm

C.wolf

D.rocket

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)tail“尾隨，裝上尾巴”；B選項(xiàng)worm“使蠕動(dòng)，使緩慢、曲折前進(jìn)”；wormone’swayinto“隱藏真正的意圖混入某個(gè)地區(qū)或組織，混入，費(fèi)一番功夫打入”，例如：Hemanagetowormhiswayintoherlife.（他設(shè)法騙取信任進(jìn)入了她的生活。）；C選項(xiàng)wolf“大吃，狼吞虎咽地吃”；D選項(xiàng)rocket”迅速增加，飛速移動(dòng)”。句意：他設(shè)法贏得他的喜愛。由選項(xiàng)意思和固定搭配可知，B選項(xiàng)符合句意。

12.單選題

26-30

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Hewastheownerofagrocerystore.

B.Hewasaconvictlaboringatajunkyard.

C.Hestruggledunderthestrainofpoverty.

D.Helivedhappilywithhiswifeandthreekids.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Heisastockbroker.

B.Heisaninvestmentadvisor.

C.Heisthemanagerofamutualfund.

D.Heisateacheratlocalcommunitycollege.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Indecision.

B.Arrogance.

C.Ignorance.

D.Fear.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Hebeganteachingoninvestmentatcollege.

B.Hebeganreadinginvestmentbooksandthenbeganpracticing.

C.Hebeganlearninghowtobecomeasuccessfulstockbroker.

D.Hebeganinvestingbigmoneyinamutualfundeachmonth.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Manerrsaslongashestrives.

B.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.

C.Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.

D.Thegoodseamanisknowninbadweather.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】Twentyyearsago,JeffHarrishardlyseemedontheroadtowealth.(26)Hewasacollegedropoutwhostruggledtosupporthiswife,DeAnn,andthreekids,workingasagrocerystoreclerkandatajunkyardwherehemeltedscrapmetalalongsideconvicts.“Attimesweweresobrokethatwewashedourclothesinthebathtubbecausewecouldn'taffordthelaundromat.”(27)Nowhe’sa49-year-oldinvestmentadvisorandmultimillionaireinYork,SouthCarolina.

TherewasonebigreasonJeffpulledaheadofthepack:Healwaysknewhe’dberich.Therealityisthat80percentofAmericansworthatleast$5milliongrewupinmiddle-classorlesserhouseholds,justlikeJeff.

“Wantingtobewealthyisacrucialfirststep,”saysHarvEker,authorofSecretsoftheMillionaireMind.“(28)Thebiggestobstacletowealthisfear.Peopleareafraidtothinkbig,butifyouthinksmall,you’llonlyachievesmallthings.”

ItallstartedforJeffwhenhemetastockbrokerataChristmasparty.“Talkingtohim,itfeltlikediscoveringfire,”hesays.(29)“Istartedreadingbooksaboutinvestingduringmybreaksatthegrocerystore,andIbeganputting$25amonthinamutualfund.”Nexthetaughtaclassatalocalcommunitycollegeoninvesting.Hisstudentsbecamehisfirstclients,whichledtohisinvestmentpractice.(30)“Therewerelotsofstruggles,”saysJeff,“butwhatgotmethroughwasbelievingwithallmyheartthatIwouldsucceed.”

26.WhatwastrueaboutJeffHarrisdonow?

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。文中講到他在廢品站和雜貨鋪工作來支持家庭生活，故選C。

27.WhatdoesJeffHarrisTwentyyearsago?

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。文中講到現(xiàn)在他是一個(gè)49歲的investmentadvisor。

28.AccordingtoHarvEker,authorofSecretsoftheMillionaireMind,whatisthebiggesthurdletowealth?

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。文中講到獲取財(cái)富最大的障礙是fear。

29.WhatdidJeffHarrisdoafterhemethisluckystar—astockbroker?

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。他首先在雜貨店里開始學(xué)習(xí)投資方面的書，然后在本地社區(qū)大學(xué)里教投資課程，他的學(xué)生成了他的第一撥客戶。

30.WhichofthefollowingmottoswouldyouassociateJeffHarriswith?

【解析】主旨題。通過全文推理可知，Jeff最開始貧困潦倒，通過不懈努力獲得成功。

13.單選題

Itwasacloseboxinggame,buttheboxerinbluewas______tobethewinnerbythreeofthefourreferees.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.destined

B.deemed

C.doomed

D.adapted

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)destined“指定”；B選項(xiàng)deemed“認(rèn)為”；C選項(xiàng)doomed“注定”；D選項(xiàng)adapted“適應(yīng)；改裝”。句意：這是一場勢均力敵的拳擊比賽，但4名裁判中有3名______穿藍(lán)衣服的拳擊手獲勝。根據(jù)語境，這里指有三位裁判判穿藍(lán)衣服的拳擊手獲勝，B選項(xiàng)deemed“認(rèn)為”符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Davidtendstofeeluselessandunwantedinasocietythatgivessomuch（）tothosewhoareaggressiveandcompetewell.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.regime

B.prestige

C.superiority

D.legislature

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)regime“政權(quán)；政體；社會(huì)制度；管理體制”；B選項(xiàng)prestige“威望；聲望；聲譽(yù)”；C選項(xiàng)superiority“優(yōu)越；優(yōu)勢”；D選項(xiàng)legislature“立法機(jī)關(guān)；立法機(jī)構(gòu)”。句意：在一個(gè)給予那些有進(jìn)取心且相當(dāng)有競爭力的人很多聲譽(yù)的社會(huì)里，大衛(wèi)傾向于認(rèn)為自己無用且不被該社會(huì)所需要。根據(jù)句意可知B選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Topartiallyovercometheproblemoffundsandtospeedthe（）ofWesterntechnology,Hungarysolda30%stakeinitsnationalphonecompanytotwoWesterncompanies.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.auction

B.harmony

C.sacrifice

D.import

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。auction“拍賣，競賣”；harmony“和睦”；sacrifice“犧牲，獻(xiàn)祭”；import“進(jìn)口”；句意：為了部分解決資金問題和加速西方技術(shù)的引進(jìn)，匈牙利將其國家電話公司30%的股份出售給了兩家西方公司。匈牙利通過售賣國家電話公司的股份來獲得資金以此來引進(jìn)西方技術(shù)。故D項(xiàng)正確。

16.單選題

Sobadly（

）inthecaraccidentthathehadtostayinhospitalforafewmonths.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.didheinjure

B.injuredhim

C.washeinjured

D.hewasinjured

【答案】C

【解析】考查部分倒裝。句意：他在車禍里傷得太厲害了，以至于他不得不在醫(yī)院待了幾個(gè)月。sothat句子中，so位于句首時(shí)句子需要部分倒裝，B、D排除；答案選C。

17.單選題

Wemusteffectivelypromotethe______ofhungerbecauseeverydayinAfricaandinmanyareasinAsiachildrenaredyingofhunger.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.awareness

B.pressure

C.consciousness

D.relief

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。awareness“意識(shí)”，指人對某事物的認(rèn)識(shí)；pressure“壓力”；consciousness“意識(shí)”，指人的清醒程度；relief“減輕，救濟(jì)”。句意：我們必須要提高對饑餓的認(rèn)識(shí)，因?yàn)樵诜侵藓蛠喼拊S多地區(qū)每天都有孩子死于饑餓。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

18.填空題

TheoriginofcontemporarysociologicalreferencestosocialstructurecanbetracedtoEmileDurkheim,whoarguedthatpartsofsocietyareinterdependentandthatthisinterdependencyimposesstructureforthebehaviorofinstitutions

A

B

C

D

andtheirmembers.

【答案】Dfor改為on

【解析】【考查點(diǎn)】固定搭配。

【解題思路】imposesth.onsb./sth.意思為“把……強(qiáng)加于……”，此題正確用法為imposestructureonthebehavior。

【句意】當(dāng)代社會(huì)學(xué)對社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)可以追溯到埃米爾?迪爾凱姆，他認(rèn)為社會(huì)的各個(gè)部分相互依賴的，這種相互依賴將結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)加在機(jī)構(gòu)及其成員的行為。

19.單選題

Somesociologistsareworriedaboutthe（）throughoutthewholesociety.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fraudulent

B.generous

C.dynamic

D.compulsive

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。fraudulent“欺詐的”；generous“慷慨的”；dynamic“動(dòng)態(tài)的”;compulsive“極有趣的”。句意：一些社會(huì)學(xué)家擔(dān)心整個(gè)社會(huì)的欺詐問題。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

20.單選題

WithsomuchfocusontheOhioenergyfirmwhoselapsesmayhavetriggeredtheblackoutof2003,it’sbeenhardtorememberthattherealquestionisnothowitstarted,butwhyitspreadsofarandsofast.Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.Alloftheseareborrowedfromthephysicalsciences.Maybeabetterwaytolookatitisinbiologicalterms.

Wealreadyusethelanguageofepidemiologywhenwespeakof“viruses”propagatingacrosstheInternet,“infecting”ourcomputer.Likewise,it’stemptingtoviewtheblackout,spreadingfromlinktolinkalongthepowergrid,asaperniciouskindofelectricalcontagion.Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.

Justasthesymptomsofasevereallergicreactionarecausednotbytheoffendingbeewhostingsitselfbutbytheoverzealousresponseofthebody’simmunesystemtoit,sotheblackoutwasaggravatedbythegrid’sattempttodefenditself,onepowerstationatatime.Threatenedbyatorrentofelectricalenergygoneberserkeroverwhelmedbythesuddenloadsplacedonit,eachpowerplantinturntrippeditscircuitbreakers,detachingitselffromthegrid.Thoughthisstrategyachieveditsdesiredaim-savingeachplant’sgeneratorfrombeingdamaged—itwastoomyopictoservethebestinterestsofthegridasawhole.

Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.Whenourownimmunesystemsareperformingattheirbest,theyorchestratetheirdefensesthroughcountlesschemicalconversationsamongT-cellsandantibodies,enablingthesedefenderstocalibratetheirresponsetopathogens.Inthesameway,thethousandsofpowerplantssubstationsinthegridneedtobeabletocommunicatewithoneanotherwhenanypartofthesystemisbreached,sotheycancollectivelydecidewhichcircuitbreakersshouldbetrippedandwhichcansafelyremainintact.

Thetechnologynecessarytoachievethishasexistedforaboutadecade.Itreliesoncomputer,sensorsandprotectivedevicestiedtogetherbyopticalfibersothatallpartsofthegridwouldbeabletotalktooneanotheratthespeedoflight-fastenoughtogetaheadofanonrushingblackoutandconfineit.

Thesensorswouldcontinuouslymonitorthevoltage,frequencyandotherimportantcharacteristicsoftheelectricitycoursingthroughthetransmissionlines.Whenalineappearedatriskofbeingoverloaded,acomputerwoulddecidewhethertoswitchonaprotectivedevice.Atpresent,suchdecisionsaremadepurelyparochially.Powerplantsdefendthemselvesfirst,anddon’tworryabouttheconsequencesforneighboringplantsonthegrid.Nordotheyconsideranypotentiallyhelpfulorharmfulactionsthatthoseneighborsmightbetakingatthesametime.

Inthenewapproach,eachplantwouldhavenearlyinstantaneousinformationaboutalltheotherplantsandpowerlinesinitsextendedneighborhood.Everyonewouldknowwhateveryoneelsewasdoingandthinking.Asthreatsarose(eitherfromrandomfailuresormaliciousattacks),thesensorswouldfireaflurryofwarningsignalsdowntheopticalfibers,andthenetworkedcomputerswoulddecidewhichprotectivedevicestoactivatetocontainthethreatmosteffectively.Thegridwouldthenberespondingasanintegratedentity,notasaragtagcollectionofselfishunits.Itwouldlookalotlikeanorganismdefendingitself.

Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.Buttheconstructionofasystemwideimmunenetworkwouldbewellworththecost.Withoutit,ouroverburdenedgridislikelytofailmoreandmoreoften,andmightevencollapse,withcoststhatwouldbeincalculable,botheconomicallyandintermsofnationalsecurity.Stateandfederalgovernmentsneedtostepinandprovideincentivesforutilitiestodotherightthing.

Ofcourse,evenifthisnewkindofsmartdefensesystemweretobebuiltsomeday,onecanalreadyimagineaninsidiousdisorderthatmighteventuallyoutsmartitandafflictit,acatastrophicdisruptionoftheimmunesystemitself,ratherthanthegridit’ssupposedtoprotect.SuchathingwouldbethetechnologicalanalogofAIDS.

Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.Weneedtostoppretendingthatthegridisevergoingtobeaperfectiblemachine.Justasbacteriaeventuallydevelopresistancetotheantibioticsusedtokillthem,thedefenseofthegridwillrequireever-moreinventivestrategiesonourpart.Weshouldrecognizethatthepowergridneedstoevolveandadapt,justlikeanyothersuccessfullivingcreature.

1.Intheauthor’sopinion,whichofthefollowingisanappropriatedescriptionforwhytheblackoutof2003spreadsofarandsofast?（）

2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheviewsmadebymostcommentatorsontheblackoutof2003is

（）.

3.Thearticlesaysthebestwaytopreventsuchablackoutfromhappeninginthefutureisto（）.

4.Settingupadistributedcontrolsystemforthegridwouldbe（）.

5.Thearticlepointsoutthattheproposedpreventivemeasuresagainstblackouts（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Acascadingfailure.

B.Anelectricalcontagion.

C.Asevereallergicreaction.

D.Anattackbyviruses.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.positive

B.negative

C.neutral

D.sarcastic

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.developanewsystemtocoordinateallplants

B.buildabettersystemtomakeeachplantmoresensitive

C.makeeachplantmoreindependentofotherplants

D.suspendpowerwhenthesystemisoverloaded

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.welcomedbyallenergycompanies

B.unattractivetoenergycompanies

C.uselesstopreventsuchablackout

D.harmfultonationalsecurity

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.mustcauseacatastrophicdisruptionofthepowergrid

B.aregoingtobeperfectthroughrepeatedpractice

C.appeartoberealisticbutinfactarenotfeasible

D.areejectedtoimproveastimegoesby

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.（這是一個(gè)連鎖反應(yīng)，一個(gè)連鎖失敗的多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)。）”和第二段“Theblackoutwasnotcausedbyaninfectiouselectricaldisease;itwascausedbythegrid’simmuneresponsetothethreatofsuchadisease.Inotherwords,thegridsufferedaviolentallergicreaction,asortofanaphylacticshock.（這次停電并不是由傳染性電疾病引起的；它是由網(wǎng)格對這種疾病威脅的免疫反應(yīng)引起的。換句話說，電網(wǎng)遭受了劇烈的過敏反應(yīng)，一種過敏性休克。）”由此可知這次停電是一次過敏反應(yīng)。A選項(xiàng)“連鎖故障”；B選項(xiàng)“電傳染病”；D選項(xiàng)“病毒攻擊”說法都不正確，只有C選項(xiàng)“嚴(yán)重的過敏反應(yīng)”符合題意，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.作者意圖題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Ratherthantacklethatquestionhead-on,mostcommentatorshavereachedfortheusualmetaphors:itwasachainreaction,acascadingfailuresdominoeffect.（大多數(shù)評(píng)論家沒有正面回答這個(gè)問題，而是用了一些常見的比喻：這是一個(gè)連鎖反應(yīng)，一個(gè)連鎖失敗的多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)。）”以及第二段作者說到“Butthat’snotquitetherightmetaphor,either.（但這也不是一個(gè)正確的比喻。）”，由此可知作者并不認(rèn)同多數(shù)評(píng)論家的比喻。A選項(xiàng)“積極的”不正確；B選項(xiàng)“消極的”正確；C選項(xiàng)“中立的”以及D選項(xiàng)“諷刺的”都不是作者的態(tài)度，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第四段“Whatisneededisamoresubtle,coordinatedmodeofresponse.（現(xiàn)在需要的是一種更微妙、更協(xié)調(diào)的反應(yīng)模式。）”。A選項(xiàng)“開發(fā)一個(gè)新的系統(tǒng)來協(xié)調(diào)所有的發(fā)電廠”；C選項(xiàng)“讓每個(gè)發(fā)電廠獨(dú)立于其他電廠”和D選項(xiàng)“系統(tǒng)過載時(shí)暫停供電”都不符合題意，只有B選項(xiàng)“建立一個(gè)更好的系統(tǒng)，使每個(gè)發(fā)電廠更加靈敏”符合題意，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第八段“Granted,suchadistributedcontrolsystemwouldcostbillionsofdollarsand,inthiseraofderegulation,therewouldbelittleincentiveforenergycompaniestojoinforcesandbuildit,especiallywhenthebigmoneyisinpowergeneration.（誠然，這樣一個(gè)分布式控制系統(tǒng)將花費(fèi)數(shù)十億美元，而且在這個(gè)放松管制的時(shí)代，能源公司將沒有什么動(dòng)力聯(lián)合起來建設(shè)它，尤其是當(dāng)最大的錢在發(fā)電上的時(shí)候。）”，由此可知該分布式控制系統(tǒng)并不受能源公司的歡迎。A選項(xiàng)“受到所有能源公司的歡迎”說法錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“對能源公司沒有吸引力”說法正確；C選項(xiàng)“阻止這樣的停電是沒有用的”以及D選項(xiàng)“危害國家安全”文中均沒有提到。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第十段“Agrimprospect,perhaps,butarealisticone.（也許前景黯淡，但卻是現(xiàn)實(shí)的。）”，由此可知雖然該措施看起來可行，但是前景黯淡。A選項(xiàng)“一定會(huì)對電網(wǎng)造成災(zāi)難性的破壞”；B選項(xiàng)“通過反復(fù)的練習(xí)會(huì)變得完美”；D選項(xiàng)“隨著時(shí)間的推移被逐出改善”都不符合題意，只有C選項(xiàng)“看似現(xiàn)實(shí)，實(shí)則不可行”符合題意，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

21.單選題

Inthiscountryitisagainstthe（）nottowearseatbeltsinacar.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rule

B.regulation

C.law

D.order

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)rule“規(guī)則”；B選項(xiàng)regulation“管理，校準(zhǔn)”；C選項(xiàng)law“法律”；D選項(xiàng)order“指示，命令”。句意：在這個(gè)國家，在汽車?yán)锊幌蛋踩珟莀____的。這里考查固定搭配againstthelaw“違反法律”，句子表達(dá)的意思是，不系安全帶在這個(gè)國家是違法的，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

22.單選題

Aspoliticalfanatic,hehasfoughtwithrevolutionariesallovertheworld.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.incumbent

B.candidate

C.zealot

D.jealousy

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)incumbent“在職者，現(xiàn)任者”，B項(xiàng)candidate“候選人，候補(bǔ)者”，C項(xiàng)zealot“狂熱者，猶太教狂熱信徒”，D項(xiàng)jealousy“嫉妒，猜忌”。句意：作為一個(gè)政治狂熱分子，他曾與世界各地的革命者斗爭過。根據(jù)句意可知，fanatic在句中表示“狂熱分子”。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

23.翻譯題

(1)Sciencefictioncanhelptoexplainwhatscienceandscientistareallabouttothenon-scientists.Itisnoaccidentthatseveralhundreduniversitiesandpublicschoolsarenowofferingsciencefictioncoursesanddiscoveringthattheseclassesareameetinggroundforthescientist-engineersandthehumanists.Scienceandfiction.Reasonandemotion.

Theessenceofthescientificattitudeisthatthehumanmindcansucceedinunderstandingtheuniverse.Bytakingthought,mencanmovemountains—andhave.Inthissense,scienceisanutterlyhumanisticpursuit.

Muchofsciencefictioncelebratesthisspirit.(2)Veryfewsciencefictionstoriespicturehumanityasapassivespecies,allowingthetidalforcesofnaturetoflowfreely.Theheroesofsciencefictionstories—thegodsofthenewmythology—strugglemanfullyagainstthedarkness,whetherit’sgeologicaldoomforthewholeplanetortheevilofgraspingpoliticians.Theymaynotalwayswin.Buttheyalwaystry.

Perhaps,however,themostimportantaspectofsciencefiction’sroleinthemodernworldisbestsummedupinasingleword.Change.

Afterall,sciencefictionistheliteratureofchange.Eachandeverystorypreachesfromthesamegospel:tomorrowwillbedifferentfromtoday,violentlydifferentperhaps.

(3)Sciencefictionveryclearlyshowsthatchanges—whethergoodorbad—areaninherentDartoftheuniverse.Resistancetochangeisanarchaic,andnowadaysdangerous,habitofthought.Humanity’smostfruitfulcourseofactionistodeterminehowtoshapethesechanges,howtoinfluencethemandproduceanenvironmentwherethechangesthatoccurarethosewewant.

Perhapsthisistheultimateroleofsciencefiction:toactasaninterpreterofsciencetohumanity.Thisisatwo-edgedweapon,ofcourse.Itisnecessarytowarnaswellasevangelize.(4)Sciencecankillaswell