考研考博-英語-山東英才學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東英才學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Thejoysoftravel,havinglong（）thedisabled,areopeninguptovirtuallyanyonewhohasthemeans.

問題1選項

A.omitted

B.missed

C.neglected

D.discarded

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項omitted“遺漏，省略”；B選項missed“錯過，投偏”；C選項neglected“忽視，疏忽”；D選項discarded“丟棄”。句意：長期以來被忽視的殘疾人旅行的樂趣正在向任何有辦法的人開放。這里表示的是“之前殘疾人士的旅行樂趣被忽視了”，因此C選項符合題意。

2.單選題

Themostimmediateeffecthasbeentheadversepublicityattendantwiththereportingofthedecision.

問題1選項

A.appalling

B.shocking

C.negative

D.provoking

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.appalling駭人聽聞的B.shocking令人發(fā)指的

C.negative消極的；負面的D.provoking刺激的；令人生氣的

【答案】C

【考查點】形容詞辨析

【解題思路】原句語義為“最直接的影響是在報告該決定時引起的____效果”，原詞adverse“不利的；有害的；反面的”，C選項negative“消極的；負面的”最符合原句語義。

【干擾項排除】

A選項appalling“駭人聽聞的”，側重于指非常糟糕或令人不快，不符合原句語義；

B選項shocking“令人發(fā)指的”，側重于指非常壞、不道德，不符合原句語義；

D選項provoking“刺激的；令人生氣的”，不符合原句語義。

【句意】最直接的影響是在報告該決定時引起的負面效果。

3.單選題

Amanwhocould（

）suchtreatmentwasamanofremarkablephysicalcourageandmoralstrength.

問題1選項

A.bearupon

B.standupto

C.insiston

D.persistin

【答案】B

【解析】bearupon有關，瞄準，對...施加壓力；standupto經得起，抵抗，勇敢地面對；insiston堅持，堅決要求；persistin堅持，固執(zhí)于。句意：能夠經得起這種對待的人是很有膽量和勇氣的人。選項B符合句意。

4.單選題

Johncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages___inthedictionary.

問題1選項

A.missing

B.losing

C.dropping

D.leaking

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項missing“丟失，缺失”；B選項losing“浪費；使沉溺于；使迷路；遺失；錯過”；C選項dropping“推動；幫助；宣揚；下降；終止”；D選項leaking“使?jié)B漏，泄露；漏，滲；泄漏出去；透露”。句意：約翰向書商抱怨這本字典___幾頁。本句表達“字典缺失幾頁”，現(xiàn)在分詞做后置定語，因此A選項正確。

5.單選題

TheUnitedStatesisacountrymadeupofmanydifferentraces.Usuallytheyaremixedtogetherandcan’tbetoldfromoneanother.Butmanyofthemstilltalkaboutwheretheirancestorscamefrom.Itissomethingtheyareproudof.

TheoriginalAmericans,ofcourseweretheIndians.Theso-calledwhitemenwhothencameweremostlyfromEngland.ButmanycamefromothercountrieslikeGermanyandFrance.

OneproblemtheUnitedStateshasalwayshadisdiscrimination.AsnewgroupscametotheUnitedStatestheyfoundtheywerediscriminatedagainst.FirstitwastheIrishandItalians.Lateritwastheblacks.Almosteverygrouphasbeenabletofinallyescapethisdiscrimination.Theonlyimmigrantswhohavenotaretheblacks.SurprisinglyenoughtheworstdiscriminationtodayisshowntowardstheIndians.

OnereasontheIndiansarediscriminatedagainstisthattheyhavetriedsohardtokeeptheiridentity.Ofcoursetheyarenottheonlyoneswhohavedoneso.TheJapanesehavetheirLittleTokyoinLosAngelesandtheChineseaChinatowninNewYork.TheDutchsettlementinPennsylvaniaalsostaysseparatefromotherpeople.Theirtownsarelikesomethingfromthe19thcentury.Theyhaveadifferentreasonfromtheothergroupsforstayingseparately.Theyliveseparatelyforreligiousreasonsratherthankeeptogetherinaracialgroup.

Althoughsomegroupshavekeptthemselvesseparateandothershavebeendiscriminatedagainst,allgroupshavehelpedmaketheUnitedStatesagreatcounty.Thereisnogroupthathasnothelpedinsomeway.Andthereisnogroupthatcansaytheyhavedonethemosttomakeitagreatcountry.

ManypeoplestillcomefromothercountriestohelptheUnitedStatesgrow.AgoodexampleistheAmericanprojectthatletamanwalkonthemoon.ItwasascientistfromGermanywhowasmostresponsiblefordoingthat.ItiscertainthatinthefuturetheUnitedStateswillstillneedthehelpofpeoplefromallracialgroupstoremainagreatcountry.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestdescribethemainideaofthispassage?

2.Inthefirstparagraphtheword“told”means（）.

3.Thispassageimpliesthatdiscriminationisaproblemwhich（）.

4.ThemainreasonwhytheIndiansaremostdiscriminatedagainstisthat（）.

5.TheDutchliveseparatelyinPennsylvania（）.

問題1選項

A.TheUnitedStatesisacountrymadeupofmanydifferentraces.

B.DiscriminationisthemostseriousproblemintheUnitedStates.

C.AllracesintheUnitedStateshavehelpedmakethecountryagreatone.

D.TheprosperityoftheUnitedStatesismainlyduetothehardworkofthemostdiscriminatedraces.

問題2選項

A.separated

B.distinguished

C.revealed

D.madeknown

問題3選項

A.manyracesintheUnitedStateshaveexperienced

B.willstillbeveryseriousintheUnitedStatesinthefuture

C.hasalreadybeensolvedintheUnitedStates

D.isstronglyopposedbymanydifferentracesintheUnitedStates

問題4選項

A.theyhavetriedhardtokeeptheirreligions

B.theyhavetriedhardtolivetogethertokeeptheirIndiancustoms

C.theyaretheonlyoneswhohavetriedtokeeptheiridentify

D.theydiscriminatemanyotherraces

問題5選項

A.toescapediscrimination

B.tokeeptogetherinaracialgroup

C.toenjoythemselvesintheirowntowns

D.forreligiousreasons

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨題。原文第一段第一句指出美國是一個由許多不同種族組成的國家，由此引出種族歧視，但本文的主旨句在第五段第一句，所有的種族都幫助美國成為一個偉大的國家。選項C符合原文。

2.語義題。根據原文句意，通常它們是混合在一起的，無法區(qū)分。由此可推測，told指無法區(qū)分的，選項B符合句意。

3.細節(jié)推斷題。根據第三段第五句“Almosteverygrouphasbeenabletofinallyescapethisdiscrimination.”幾乎每一個群體最終都能擺脫這種歧視。說明每個種族都曾經歷過歧視，所以選項A正確。

4.細節(jié)推理題。根據第四段第一句“OnereasontheIndiansarediscriminatedagainstisthattheyhavetriedsohardtokeeptheiridentity.”印第安人受到歧視的一個原因是他們一直努力保持自己的身份。選項B符合原文。本題容易錯選A，第四段最后一句提到的是荷蘭人由于宗教原因與其他種族分開，而不是印第安人，所以不正確。

5.細節(jié)事實題。根據第四段最后一句“Theyliveseparatelyforreligiousreasons...”可知選項D正確。

6.單選題

Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience（

）onbenches,chairsorboxes.

問題1選項

A.havingseated

B.seated

C.seating

D.havingbeenseated

【答案】B

【解析】考查非謂語動詞的用法?，F(xiàn)在分詞通常強調動作的主動語態(tài)，而過去分詞強調狀態(tài)，強調被動語態(tài)或已經發(fā)生過的，根據句意‘促銷通常在戶外進行，人們坐在長凳、椅子或盒子上’確定B選項的seated表示坐的狀態(tài)，正確。

7.單選題

Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkeys’socialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,andingeneral,anytimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.

Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevenmoreseriousaggression,whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorderinthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedtoagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkeys’behavior?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,studiessuchasSouthwick’shadwhichofthefollowingeffectsoninvestigatorstheoriesaboutmonkeys'socialbehavior?

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto（

）.

6.Thepassagesuppliesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

問題1選項

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys

C.explainingthereasonsforresearchers'interestinmonkeys'socialbehavior

D.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators’theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys

問題2選項

A.Fooddeprivationhasnoeffectonaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

C.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-timeaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.

D.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

問題3選項

A.Theycastdoubtoninvestigators'theoriesthatcouldaccountforobservedpatternsofaggressionamongmonkeys.

B.Theysuggestedthatexistingtheoriesabouttheroleofaggressionamongmonkeysdidnotfullyaccountforthemonkeys'abilitytomaintainanestablishedsocialorder.

C.Theyconfirmedinvestigators*theoriesaboutmonkeys’aggressiveresponsetocompetitionforfoodandwater

D.Theyconfirmedinvestigators’beliefsaboutthemotivationforcontinuedaggressionamongmonkeysinthesamesocialgroup

問題4選項

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup

C.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem

D.situationsthatelicitaggressivebehaviorcanbestudiedinalaboratory

問題5選項

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroups

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembers

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanther

D.protectindividualsseekingtobecomemembersofthatgroupfrommassattack

問題6選項

A.Howdoesthereductionofspaceaffectintra-groupaggressionamongmonkeysinanexperimentalsetting?

B.Dofamilyunitswithinamonkeysocialgroupcompetewithotherfamilyunitsforfood?

C.Whatarethemechanismsbywhichthesocialorderofanestablishedgroupofmonkeyscontrolsaggressionwithinthatgroup?

D.Howdomonkeysengagedinaggressionwithothermonkeyssignalsubmission?

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

第6題:A

【解析】1.文章主要介紹了猴群侵略和敵對行為的研究理論。根據文章第一句，即本文的中心和主旨句：Investigatorsofmonkeys'socialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkeys'aggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.研究猴子的社會行為的人總是被猴子的攻擊潛力和因此而產生的對其攻擊行為的社會控制的需要所震驚。確定D選項‘探討研究人員關于猴子攻擊性理論的發(fā)展‘正確。

2.根據文章第三段：Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.在極端缺乏食物的情況下，對野生動物的研究同樣顯示，饑餓的猴子幾乎把所有可用的能量都用于覓食，幾乎沒有剩余的能量用于攻擊性的互動?！甪ooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression可知答案為D選項‘食物匱乏可能會暫時增加猴子的攻擊性，但也會導致沖突減少?！_。

3.根據文中第三段However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholdingoffoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintra-groupaggression.然而，當像Southwick關于減少空間或食物儲備的實驗沒有產生比群體內攻擊性暫時增加更多的結果時，激勵競爭的動機開始受到質疑。確定研究人員對Southwick’s的動機理論存在懷疑，而非涉及到社會秩序，所以A選項‘他們對研究人員的理論提出了質疑，這些理論可以解釋猴子被觀察到的攻擊模式‘正確。

4.根據文章最后一段，可知猴群是等級秩序很嚴格的，猴子特別注重猴群內的等級，猴群對于外來者，往往會產生敵對行為，而對于外來者來說，也是對猴群的威脅，C選項‘mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem’符合題意。

5.根據文章最后一段：Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinter-animalrelationships.這些對入侵者的研究表明，同一物種的成年成員第一次相互介紹時表現(xiàn)出相當大的敵意，因為在缺乏社會秩序的情況下，必須建立一個人來控制動物間的關系。由此可知，此種行為是為了對動物內部行為進行有效控制，防止出現(xiàn)侵略性和敵對行為。所以B選項正確。

6.文章主要論述了通過實驗研究猴群內等級地位，以及外來者的敵對和侵略行為。文章主要是壓縮猴群的生存空間的研究對猴群的攻擊以及侵略行為的影響等原因進行了說明。A選項‘在實驗環(huán)境中，空間的減少如何影響猴子群體內的攻擊性?’正確。B選項‘為爭奪食物和其他猴群競爭’并沒有涉及，C選項‘對機制建立控制猴群的侵略性行為‘也沒有說明，D選項不正確。

8.單選題

BesidesthoseIhavenamed,therewasnotinBritainthemanlivingwhomI（）,unlessitweretheDukeofWellington,whomIafterwardssawatWestminsterAbbey,atthefuneralofWilberforce.

問題1選項

A.caredforbeholding

B.caredtobehold

C.caredtobebeheld

D.caredforbeingbeheld

【答案】B

【解析】語法和固定搭配。caretodosth.“想做某事，愿意做某事”;carefor“關心，喜歡”；behold“看，看見”。根據句子結構，可知空格中應該填入定語從句的謂語，先行詞為theman，關系代詞為whom，theman和behold之間是主動關系，選項C和D可排除。句意：除了我所提到的那些人以外，在英國沒有一個活著的人是我所愿意見到的，除非是Wellington,公爵，我后來在威伯福斯的葬禮上在威斯敏斯特大教堂見到了他。選項B符合題意。

9.單選題

Youcan'tcountonhim;he'sliableto____________outwhenthingsbecomedifficult.

問題1選項

A.be

B.let

C.take

D.opt

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。beout“不在家”；letout“泄露”；takeout“取出”；optout“變卦”。句意：你不能指望他，如果事情變得復雜，他有可能會變卦。選項D符合題意。

10.單選題

The（

）ofelectricalenergyintothermalenergyisaprocessthatiseasilycarriedoutat100%efficiency.

問題1選項

A.conversion

B.convention

C.conversation

D.version

【答案】A

【解析】形近詞辨析題。A選項conversion“轉化，變換”；B選項convention“約定，習俗”；C選項conversation“交談，會話”；D選項version“版本”。

句意：把電能轉換成熱能是一個很容易以100%的效率進行的過程。選項A符合句意。

11.單選題

Thisarticledealswiththenatural______whichismostinterestingtoeveryone.

問題1選項

A.phenomenon

B.phenomena

C.phenomenons

D.phenomenas

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項phenomenon“現(xiàn)象；奇跡；杰出的人才”；B選項phenomena為phenomenon的復數形式，C選項phenomenons這種復數形式基本和“現(xiàn)象”無關，只用于特殊的人（事物）；非凡的人；特別的事情（或事實）；D選項phenomenas這種復數形式不存在。句意：這篇文章論述了大家最感興趣的自然現(xiàn)象。which后面的謂語動詞是單數形式“is”，所以空格處也應填單數形式，因此A選項正確。

12.單選題

Whichissafer—stayingathome,travelingtoworkonpublictransport,orworkingattheoffice?Surprisingly,eachofthesecarriesthesamerisk,whichisverylow.However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!Infacttheaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome.

Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthisthatmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy.Fortunately,theyareextremelyrare.ThemostfamousoneshappenedatTexasCity(1947),Flixborough(1974),Seveso(1976),Pemex(1984)andBhopal(1984).

Someofthesearealwaysinthemindsofthepeopleeventhoughthelossoflifewassmall.NoonediedatSeveso,andonly28workersatFlixborough.TheworstaccidentofallwasBhopal,whereupto3,000werekilled.TheTexasCityexplosionoffertilizerkilled552.

ThePemexfireatastorageplantfornaturalgasinthesuburbsofMexicoCitytook542lives,justamonthbeforetheunfortunateeventatBhopal.

Someexpertshavediscussedtheseaccidentsandusedeachaccidenttoillustrateaparticulardanger.ThustheTexasCitywascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate（硝酸銨），whichissafeunlessstoredinagreatquantity.TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep.Whenthepoisonousgasdriftedoverthetown,localleaderswereincapableoftakingeffectiveaction.ThePemexfirewasmadeworsebyanoverloadedsiteinanovercrowdedsuburb.Thefiresetoffachainreactionofexplodingstoragetanks.Yet,byamiracle,thetwolargesttanksdidnotexplode.Hadthesecaughtfire,then3.000strongrescueteamandfirefighterswouldallhavedied.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Chemicalaccidentsareusuallyimportantenoughtobereportedasnewsbecause（）.

3.Accordingtopassage,thechemicalaccidentthatcausedbythefaultofmanagementhappenedat（）.

4.Fromthepassageweknowthatammoniumnitrateisakindof（）.

5.Fromthediscussionamongsomeexpertswemayconcludethat（）.

問題1選項

A.Workingattheofficeissaferthanstayingathome.

B.Travellingtoworkonpublictransportissaferthanworkingattheoffice.

C.Stayingathomeissaferthanworkinginthechemicalindustry.

D.Workinginthechemicalindustryissaferthantravelingbyair.

問題2選項

A.theyareveryrare

B.theyoftencauselossoflife

C.theyalwaysoccurinbigcities

D.theyarousetheinterestofallthereaders

問題3選項

A.Texascity

B.Flixborough

C.Seveso

D.MexicoCity

問題4選項

A.naturalgas,whichcaneasilycatchfire

B.fertilizer,whichcan'tbestoredinagreatquantity

C.poisonoussubstance,whichcan'tbeusedinovercrowdedareas

D.fuel,whichisstoredinlargetanks

問題5選項

A.toavoidanyaccidentsweshouldnotrepairthefacilitiesinchemicalindustry

B.thelocalauthoritiesshouldnotbeconcernedwiththeproductionofthechemicalindustry

C.alltheseaccidentscouldhavebeenavoidedorcontrollediteffectivemeasurehadbeentaken

D.naturalgasstoredinverylargetanksisalwayssafe

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.判斷推理題。題干意為:以下哪個選項正確?A:在辦公室工作比待家里安全。B:乘公共交通工具上班比在辦公室上班更安全。C:呆在家里比在化工行業(yè)工作更安全。D:在化工行業(yè)工作比乘飛機旅行更安全。第一段指出:Whichissafer—stayingathome,travelingtoworkonpublictransport,orworkingattheoffice?Surprisingly,eachofthesecarriesthesamerisk,whichisverylow(呆在家里，乘坐公共交通上班以及在辦公室上班，哪個更安全？驚奇地是，哪種都會攜帶一些比較低的危險因素)。而后又指出:However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!(然而，與在化工廠工作相比，飛行又是什么情況呢？遺憾地是，飛行的危險程度是在化工廠工作的65倍)。因此A項和B項錯誤。D項正確。根據“Infacttheaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome(事實上，化工廠的工人事故率少于幾乎任何人類的活動，幾乎和呆在家里一樣安全)”可排除C項。因此本題選D。

2.細節(jié)事實題。題干意為:化學事故通常作為重點新聞報道，是因為什么原因？定位至第二段開頭:Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthisthatmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy(化工廠的問題是，當事情變糟糕時，他們通常會導致鄰近居民的死亡。正是這個結果使得化學事故很有新聞價值)。因此,B項“他們通常會造成死亡”正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。題干意為:根據文章，因管理錯誤導致的化學事故發(fā)生在哪？最后一段指出:ThustheTexasCitywascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate,whichissafeunlessstoredinagreatquantity(TexasCity的爆炸是因為硝酸銨的過量儲存)。TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs(Flixborough的起火是因為管理失誤…)。TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep(Seveso的事故是因為地方當局缺少處理危險事故)。ThePemexfirewasmadeworsebyanoverloadedsiteinanovercrowdedsuburb.Pemex(（墨西哥）的事故是因為超載引起的)。因此，因為管理失誤造成的事故是Flixborough。

4.細節(jié)事實題。題干意為:我們從文章了解硝酸銨是一種什么物質？最后一段指出:ThustheTexasCitywascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate,whichissafeunlessstoredinagreatquantity.因此，德克薩斯城的事故是由大噸量的硝酸銨造成的，硝酸銨是安全的，除非過量的儲存在一起。即硝酸銨是一種不能過量儲存的化學物質，故B項“不能大量儲存在一起的化肥”正確。

5.判斷推理題。題干意為:從一些專家的討論中，我們可以總結出什么？A:為了避免事故,我們不應該對化工廠的設備進行維護。B:官方不應該關心化工廠的生產活動。C:所有這些事故都可以通過有效的措施加以避免或控制的。D:自然氣體儲存在大油箱總是安全的。根據常識可知A項錯誤。文章只談及地方當局因為缺少危險處理策略而導致事故,因此可排除B項。D項表述錯誤。最后一段指出:Someexpertshavediscussedtheseaccidentsandusedeachaccidenttoillustrateaparticulardanger(—些專家已經討論了這些事故，并且利用每個事故說明一種危險),下文分別解釋了每個事故的發(fā)生原因，過量儲存、管理失誤、超載等，并且暗示在一定情況下，這些事故是可以避免的，比如硝酸銨不過量儲存就會很安全。因此C項正確。

13.單選題

Present-dayphilosophersusuallyenvisiontheirdisciplineasanendeavorthathasbeen,sinceantiquity,distinctfromandsuperiortoanyparticularintellectualdiscipline,suchastheologyorscience.Suchphilosophicalconcernsasthemind-bodyproblemor,moregenerally,thenatureofhumanknowledgetheybelieve,arebasichumanquestionswhosetentativephilosophicalsolutionshaveservedasthenecessaryfoundationsonwhichallotherintellectualspeculationhasrested.

Thebasisforthisview,however,liesinaseriousmisinterpretationofthepast,aprojectionofmodernconcernsontopastevents.Theideaofanautonomousdisciplinecalled“philosophy,”distinctfromandsittinginjudgmentonsuchpursuitsastheologyandscienceturnsout,oncloseexamination,tobeofquiterecentorigin.When,intheseventeenthcentury,DescartesandHobbesrejectedmedievalphilosophy,theydidnotthinkofthemselves,asmodernphilosophersdo,asproposinganewandbetterphilosophy,butratherasfurthering“thewarfarebetweenscienceandtheology.”Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophyandenvisionedtheirworkascontributingtothegrowth,notofphilosophy,butofresearchinmathematicsandphysics.Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.

Thedemarcationofphilosophyfromsciencewasfacilitatedbythedevelopmentintheearlynineteenthcenturyofanewnotion,thatphilosophy’scoreinterestshouldbeepistemology,thegeneralexplanationofwhatitmeanstoknowsomething.ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateeighteenthcentury,byKant,anddidnotbecomebuiltintothestructureofacademicinstitutionsandthestandardself-descriptionsofphilosophyprofessorsuntilthelatenineteenthcentury.Withouttheideaofepistemology,thesurvivalofphilosophyinanageofmodernscienceishardtoimagine.Metaphysics,philosophy’straditionalcore-consideredasthemostgeneraldescriptionofhowtheheavensandtheearthareputtogether-hadbeenrenderedalmostcompletelymeaninglessbythespectacularprogressofphysics.Kant,however,byfocusingphilosophyontheproblemofknowledge,managedtoreplacemetaphysicswithepistemology,andthustotransformthenotionofphilosophyas“queenofsciences”intothenewnotionofphilosophyasaseparate,foundationaldiscipline.Philosophybecame“primary”nolongerinthesenseof“highest”butinthesenseof“underlying”.AfterKant,philosopherswereabletoreinterpretseventeenth-andeighteenth-centurythinkersasattemptingtodiscover“Howisourknowledgepossible?”andtoprojectthisquestionbackevenontheancients.

31.Accordingtotheauthor,philosophybecamedistinctfromscienceandtheologyduringthe________.

32.TheauthorsuggeststhatDescartes’supportforthenewscienceoftheseventeenthcenturycanbecharacterizedas________.

33.Theauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingindiscussingthedevelopmentofphilosophyduringthenineteenthcentury?

34.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthewritingofhistorywouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

35.Theprimaryfunctionofthepassageasawholeisto________.

問題1選項

A.ancienttime

B.medievalperiod

C.seventeenthcentury

D.nineteenthcentury

問題2選項

A.pragmaticandhypocritical

B.cautiousandinconsistent

C.daringandopportunistic

D.strongbutprudent

問題3選項

A.Nineteenthcenturyphilosophytookscienceasitsmodelforunderstandingthebasesofknowledge.

B.Theroleofacademicinstitutionsinshapingmetaphysicalphilosophygrewenormouslyduringthenineteenthcentury.

C.NineteenthcenturyphilosopherscarriedoutaprogramofinvestigationexplicitlylaidoutbyDescartesandSpinoza.

D.Kanthadanoverwhelmingimpactonthedirectionofnineteenthcenturyphilosophy.

問題4選項

A.Historyshouldnotemphasizetheroleplayedbyideasovertheroleplayedbyindividuals.

B.Historyshouldnotbedistortedbyattributingpresentdayconsciousnesstohistoricalfigures.

C.Historyshouldnotbefocusedprimarilyonthosepasteventsmostrelevanttothepresent.

D.Historyshouldbeconcernedwithdescribingthoseaspectsofthepastthatdiffermostfromthoseofthepresent.

問題5選項

A.comparetwocompetingmodels

B.analyzeadifficulttheory

C.presentnewevidenceforatheory

D.correctanerroneousbeliefbydescribingitsorigins

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】31.事實細節(jié)題。根據第二段最后一句Thislinkbetweenphilosophicalinterestsandscientificpracticepersisteduntilthenineteenthcentury,whendeclineinecclesiasticalpoweroverscholarshipandchangesinthenatureofscienceprovokedthefinalseparationofphilosophyfromboth.（這種哲學興趣和科學實踐之間的聯(lián)系一直持續(xù)到19世紀，這時，教會壓制學術界的力量的衰退和科學性質的變化導致了哲學與這兩者的最終分離。），可知哲學與科學和神學分離是在19世紀，D選項“19世紀”正確，A選項“古代”，B選項“中世紀時期”和C選項“17世紀”錯誤。因此D選項正確。

32.推理判斷題。根據第二段第四句Theywerefighting,albeitdiscreetly,toopentheintellectualworldtothenewscienceandtoliberateintellectuallifefromecclesiasticalphilosophy（他們戰(zhàn)斗，盡管是謹慎的，是為了向新科學打開思想世界的大門，把思想生活從教會哲學中解放出來。），可知笛卡爾抱著謹慎的態(tài)度激烈推進新科學，堅定并滿懷熱忱，D選項“強有力而謹慎”正確，A選項“務實并虛偽”和B選項“謹慎并矛盾”錯誤。C選項“大膽并恰到時機”：文章沒有提到在此時是什么時機，大環(huán)境如何有利于笛卡爾推進新科學，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

33.推理判斷題。根據第三段第二句ModernphilosophersnowtracethatnotionbackatleasttoDescartesandSpinoza,butitwasnotexplicitlyarticulateduntilthelateei