精簡非謂語動詞考點歸納(caiwei)

高考英語語法復習

非謂語動詞非謂語不定式（todo)分詞動名詞(-ing)過去分詞(-ed)現在分詞(-ing)-ing分詞-ed

分詞非謂語動詞和謂語動詞的識別

顧名思義，非謂語動詞就是在英語中不能作句子謂語而具有其他語法功能的動詞。近年來高考命題常常通過改變熟悉的句型結構或利用一些“貌合神離”的手段，加大考生辨別非謂語動詞的難度。一個句子通常不能有兩個或兩個以上的謂語動詞，除非動詞是并列謂語或者分別出現在主從復合或并列句中；一個句子也不可能無謂語動詞（謂語省略的情況除外）。例①

Atlast,wefoundourselvesinapleasantparkwithtreesprovidingshadeand_____downtoeatourpicniclunch.(2005上海）

A.sittingB.havingsatC.tositD.sat

解析：

此題大家易受習慣心理影響選擇分詞，即Ａ或Ｂ項，而and實際上作為并列連詞并列的是found及sat兩個動作，而非并列providing與

sitting.D例②Pricesofdailygoods_____throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.arebought B.bought C.havebeenboughtD.buying解析：此題學生最易錯選的答案為Ａ或Ｃ。依據上面陳述，填入Ａ或Ｃ句子都有兩個謂語動詞，而此處兩個動詞并非并列謂語，也不是分別出現在主從句中，故答案有誤。該題正確答案為Ｂ，boughtthroughacomputer為一過去分詞短語作后置定語，句中只有一個謂語canbelowerthan。當然此題如改為Pricesofdailygoodswhichhavebeenboughtthrough…也是正確的，因為這一動作出現在從句中。B考點歸納一：非謂語動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)形式不定式主動被動一般式todo完成式

進行式

分詞主動被動一般式doing

完成式

過去分詞只有一種形式：donetobedonetohavedonetohavebeendonetobedoingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendoneTheywentthere________(visit)theirteacher.Thestudentspretended____________(do)theirhomeworkwhentheteachercamein.I’msorry____________(give)yousomuchtrouble._________________(notreceive)ananswer,Iwrotetohimagain.Theystoodbytheroadside_________(talk)abouttheplan._________________(give)anemergencytreatment,thepatientwasoutofdanger.Theteacherenteredtheroom,__________(follow)bythestudents.tovisittobedoingtohavegivenNothavingreceivedtalkingHavingbeengivenfollowed

說明：

非謂語表示的動作

非謂語動詞的形式在謂語表示的動作之后與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生在謂語表示的動作之前tododoing或

tobedoingtohavedone或havingdone不定式和分詞的完成被動式則表示動作的完成和被動，及物動詞的過去分詞既表示被動又表示動作已完成,個別動詞的過去分詞只表示完成(多數為不及物動詞)

考點歸納一：非謂語動詞作主語

1.能作主語的非謂語動詞有不定式和動名詞。二者的區(qū)別是：表示某一具體的動作時，多用不定式；表示比較抽象的一般行為傾向的，多用動名詞。動名詞作主語時通常位于句首；不定式作主語時常置于句末，用it

作形式主語放在句首。

1)

Smokingisprohibitedhere.2)Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.

3)Collectinginformationisveryimportanttobusinessmen.4)Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.(抽象)(具體)1).Tomakeaplanfirstisagoodidea.=Itisagoodideatomakeaplanfirst.2).Ittakesthreehourstowalkthere.Note:

Whatapleasureitistoworkwiththem!Howrelaxingitistobatheinthesunonthesand!Itispossibleforhimtomastertheartofspeaking.Itwascarelessofhimtobreakthecoffee

cup.=Hewascarelesstobreakthecoffeecup.2.動名詞或不定式都可以在句中作主語，但在下列句型中常用動名詞作主語。Itis/wasnouse/goodnotanyuse/goodoflittleuse/gooduseless+doingsth.Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.Itisoflittlegoodstayinguptoolateeveryday.

若主語和表語都是非謂語動詞,應保持形式上的一致。

Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.1).It’snecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview.________theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.TohaveB.HavinghadC.HaveD.Having2).Infact_____isahardjobforthepolicetokeeporderinanimportantmatch.A.thisB.thatC.thereD.itDD考點歸納二：非謂語動詞作賓補和主補Walkingalongtheriver,weheardsomeone__________forhelp.A.shouting

B.shout

C.shouted

D.havingshouted2)Whenshereturnedhome,shefoundthewindowopenandsomething________.

A.tosteal

B.losing

C.missed

D.stolen3)Myteachertoldme_____socareless.A.notbeB.don’ttobeC.nottobeD.won’tbeADC4)Childrenshouldbeallowed______theirowndecisions.A.makingB.tomakeC.makeD.havingmade

能作賓語補足語和主語補足語的非謂語動詞有不定式，現在分詞，過去分詞，用哪種非謂語動詞形式往往取決于前面動詞的句型和不同的非謂語動詞所表示的意義。

B

Myadvisorencouraged_____asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.A.formetakingB.metakingC.formetotakeD.metotake1.能接帶to的不定式作賓語補足語和主語補足語的動詞有：

ask,advise,tell,force,get,allow,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,expect,encourage,persuade,permit,request,order,warn,cause等，表示賓語或主語執(zhí)行不定式的動作（具有“主動”的意義），而且不定式的動作多發(fā)生在句子的謂語動作之后（具有“將來”的意義）。D使役動詞，感官動詞能接不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語和帶to的不定式作主語補足語。常見的使役動詞有make,let,have等；感官動詞有see,hear,watch,observe,notice,feel

以及l(fā)ookat,listento等。

①

Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_____.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning

B感官動詞see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,notice等和使役動詞have后面的賓補有三種形式，即：

doseesb./sth.doingdoneleavesb.doingsthleavesth.undoneleavesb.todosth.leavesthtobedone讓某人一直做某事留下某事未做留下某人做某事留下某事要做（不定式表將來的動作）get…todo/doing/done3.有些動詞如consider,prove,think,know,feel,suppose,discover,imagine,find

等也

可跟“賓語

+tobe”的形式，使用中應注意。

①

Wefoundhim(tobe)dishonest.

②

Weallknowhimtobedead.

③

We______Mr.Browntobeafinewriter.A.acceptB.receiveC.thinkD.regardC3.不定式和分詞作賓語補足語或主語補足語表達的意義不同。①Iheardher______(sing)anEnglishsongjustnow.②Iheardher________(sing)anEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.③IheardtheEnglishsong______(sing)manytimes.

接不定式時，表示動作發(fā)生的全過程；接現在分詞時，表示動作正在發(fā)生或進行，或正要做分詞表示的動作；接過去分詞時，表被動或完成。

④Ilookeddownatmyneckandfoundmynecklacegone.⑤Iwassurprisedtofindmyhometownchanged

somuch.

singsingingsung（狀態(tài)）（完成）Exercise:①Theyshouldunderstandthetrafficrulebynow.You’vehadit______oftenenough.A.explainingB.toexplainC.explainD.explained.

②Themissingboywerelastseen_____neartheriver.A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplayDA③

InthedreamPetersawhimself_____byafiercewolf,andhewokesuddenlywithastart.

A.chased B.tobechasedC.bechased D.havingbeenchased④Therearehundredsofvisitors_____infrontoftheArtGallerytohavealookatVanGogh’spaintings.

A.waited B.towait C.waiting D.waitAC考點歸納三：非謂語動詞作定語

不定式、動名詞和分詞都可以作定語，主要區(qū)別在于它們的時態(tài)意義和語態(tài)意義。不定式作定語和被修飾的名詞具有“動賓關系”,即被修飾的名詞是不定式的動作的承受者;如果不定式是不及物動詞，就要在不定式動詞后加上相應的介詞。

①Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperiment

surprisedus.

②Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.

③TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolive

in.不定式作定語的三種情況。1.have,therebe,with表示有某事要做之意，后面的名詞常用不定式作定語。Haveyougotanythingtosay?Withnothingtodo,hewenthome.Thereisnothingforustothinkabout.2.以不定式做定語修飾含序數詞的名詞，有時序數詞后的名詞可以省略。Shewasthefirst/last(person)tothinkoftheidea.3.一些名詞（right,chance,opportunity,plan,ability,plan,attempt,wish,desire等)常用不定式做定語。Inthepast,womenhadnorighttovote.

當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式既可以用主動語態(tài)，也可用被動語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。1).I’mgoingtoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanything___________(take)toyourson?2).AreyougoingtoBeijing?Doyouhaveanything__________(take)toyourson?tobetakentotake2.現在分詞作定語和被修飾的名詞具有“主謂關系”，即現在分詞用主動式時，被修飾的名詞正在執(zhí)行其動作；現在分詞用被動式時，被修飾的名詞正在承受其動作(即與名詞是動賓關系)

①Pleasetellthechildrenplaying

outsidenot

tomakesomuchnoise.②

Thefactorymaking

(=thatmakes)suchtoolsisasmallonerunbyTom.③Theylivedinaroomfacing(=thatfaced)thesouth.④

Barkingdogsseldombite.⑤

Thebuildingbeingbuiltwillbecompletednextyear.（=…whoareplaying)3.分詞作定語與動詞不定式作定語的區(qū)別是：現在分詞表示主動、進行之意；過去分詞表示被動與完成；而不定式表示在謂語動詞表示的動作之后即將發(fā)生的動作。例如：①Thequestion__________(discuss)atthemeetingyesterdayisofquiteimportance.②Thequestion_____________(discuss)atthemeetingnowisofquiteimportance.③Thequestion______________(discuss)atthemeetingtomorrowisofquiteimportance.discussedbeingdiscussedtobediscussed

過去分詞作定語與其修飾的名詞有“動賓關系”，表示一個被動或完成的動作，相當于一個被動的定語從句。

①

Someoftheexperiments____inthebookareeasytoperform.A.describingB.tobedescribedC.describedD.todescribe②ItissaidthatBeijingUniversitywasthefirstinstituteofhigherlearning_____inChina.A.establishedB.beingestablishedC.tobeestablishedD.havingbeenestablished

CAExercise:1).Thewildflowerlookedlikeasoftorangeblanket_______thedesert.A.coveringB.coveredC.coverD.tocover.2).Therehavebeenseveralnewevents_____totheprogramforthe2008BeijingOlympicGames.A.addB.toaddC.addingD.added3).Thedisc,digitally______inthestudio,soundedfantasticatthepartythatnight.A.recordedB.recordingC.toberecordedD.beingrecordedADA

4).Hewasthelastone________(come)tomybirthdayparty,andsaidhehadnothingvaluable______(send)tome.5)—TheEnglishexamisnotdifficult,isit?

—_____.EvenTom_____tothetopstudentsfailedinit.

A.Yes;belongsB.No;belongedC.Yes;belongingD.No;belonging6).Thetravelplan____________(discuss)tomorrowisveryimportantforeachofthetourists.

Ctocometosendtobediscussed6).Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.

A.tosmellB.smellingC.smelt D.tobesmelt7).Amanisbeingquestionedinrelationtothe________murderlastnight.

A.advisedB.attendedC.attemptedD.admitted該題的謂語動詞是attract，“聞起來很香”用來作定語修飾主語flowers。“謀殺”只能被預謀，故該用過去分詞作定語表示被動。BC考點歸納五：考查非謂語動詞作賓語

不定式和動名詞都可作動詞或介詞的賓語。

1.有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語，如：

want,wish,hope,manage,demand,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expect等。

Idon’twant______likeI’mspeakingillofanybody,butthemanager’splanisunfair.A.tosoundB.tobesoundedC.soundingD.tohavesoundedA2.有些動詞后只跟動名詞作賓語，如：admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,forgive,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,suggest,deny...1)Ican’tstand______withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses_____talkingwhilesheworks.A.working;stoppingB.towork;stoppingC.working;tostopD.towork;tostop2)Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk____thegoodopportunity.A.toloseB.losingC.tobelostD.beinglostCB3.有些動詞如start,continue后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動名詞作賓語，意義上無多大區(qū)別。但love,like,hate,prefer后接動名詞表示經常性的行為；接不定式表示具體的行為。

1).Ilike__________verymuch,butIdon'tlike_________thisafternoon.

A.swimming,swimming

B.toswim,toswimC.swimming,toswim

D.toswim,swimmingC2).LittleJimshouldlove__________tothetheatrethiseveningA.tobetaken

B.totake

C.beingtaken

D.taking但要注意:如果like,love,prefer前有would/should,

后面則應該接動詞不定式。

I’dliketogoswimmingthisweekend.A4.既可接不定式又可接動名詞作賓語,但不定式用被動式的形式；動名詞用主動式的形式。句子的意思沒有差別。但句子的主語一般是一表物的名詞或代詞。這類動詞主要有：

want、need、require等。1)Yourwatchneedsrepairing/toberepaired.2)Thewindowsneedpaintingagain/tobepaintedagain.5.1).Ifyouthinktreatingawomanwellmeansalways_____herpermissionforthings,thinkagain.A.getsB.gotC.togetD.getting2).Whenaskedbythepolice,hesaidthatheremembered_____attheparty,butnot______.A.toarrive;leavingB.toarrive;toleaveC.arriving;leavingD.arriving;toleave

有些動詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟動名詞作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別。如forget,remember,mean,regret,stop,try,goon,can’thelp等。

DC6.1).Ihavenochoicebut_______(accept)thefact.2).Isn’tittimeyougotdownto______thepapers?A.markB.bemarkedC.beingmarkedD.marking3).Victorapologizedfor_____toinformmeofthechangeintheplan.A.hisbeingnotableB.himnottobeableC.hisnotbeingableD.himtobenotable

介詞后接動名詞作賓語。DCtoaccept考點歸納六：非謂語動詞作狀語

能作狀語的有不定式、現在分詞和過去分詞。作什么樣的狀語往往取決于它們的位置和在句中的意義。1、不定式做狀語，只表示目的、結果或原因：

He

hurried

home

only

to

find

his

money

stolen.

（結果狀語）

To

make

himself

heard,

he

raised

his

voice.

（目的狀語）

All

of

us

are

surprised

to

see

his

rapid

progress.

(原因狀語)

不定式短語放在句首多作目的狀語，在句末多作原因狀語，結果狀語。I’mtootiredtowalkanyfurthertonight.Hewenthomeonlytofindhishousebrokeninto.Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Afterthatdaytheywereseparated,nevertoseeeachotheragain.結果狀語結果狀語結果狀語結果狀語2、分詞做狀語可表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步：

1).Givenachance,Icansurprisetheworld.

（條件狀語）

2).Coming

into

the

room,

he

found

his

father

angry.

（時間狀語）

3).Being

tired,

they

went

on

working.

4).Having

been

hit

by

the

big

boy

on

the

nose,

the

little

boy

began

to

cry.

5).He

put

a

finger

in

his

mouth,

tasted

it

and

smiled,

looking

rather

pleased.

（讓步狀語）（原因狀語）（伴隨狀語）3.分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語問題1).When_______(heat)，waterwillbechangedintovapour.While_______(heat)water,wecanchangeitintovapour.2)______(see)fromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful._______(see)fromthehill,youwillfindthecitybeautiful.3)Generallyspeaking,when________(take)accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.If________(take)thedrugaccordingtothedirections,youwillbebettersoon.

heatedheatingSeenSeeingtakentaking

分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須同句子的主語一致；如果不一致，需在分詞前加一個邏輯主語，分詞和它的邏輯主語合稱獨立主格結構或用狀語從句。

1)

Beinganorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.2)Hebeinganorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.3)Ashewasanorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.

關于分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語問題，在試題中可以看到各種不同的命題技巧。

FTT(Trueorfalse)Writteninahurry,______________.Howcanitbesatisfactory?A.theyfoundmanymistakesinthereportB.SammadelotsofmistakesinthereportC.thereareplentyofmistakesinthereportD.thereportisfullofmistakes試題分析：這時一道非常典型的試題。四個選項均為完整的句子，初看起來似乎不容易領悟試題的意圖。其實，本題的意圖仍然是考察分詞作狀語的知識。抓住試題意圖就容易產生正確的思路——哪個句子的主語能夠同過去分詞written的邏輯主語一致。沿著這個思路向前走，不難想到thereportwaswritteninahurry,試題的答案不言自明。D3)._____thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.(00北京春季)A.Given B.Togive C.Giving D.Havinggiven4).HesentmeanE-mail,_____togetfurtherinformation.(00上海)A.hopedB.hopingC.tohope D.hopegiven作狀語意為“考慮到”，意思相當于considering。注意hoping為伴隨狀語而非目的狀語，真正的目的是后面的toget…。BA4.現在分詞與不定式作結果狀語時的區(qū)別

1).Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_________itthemostpopularsportintheworld.

A.makingB.makesC.makeD.tomake

2).Hehurriedtothestationonly________thatthetrainhadleft.(2005廣東)A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound

現在分詞作結果狀語往往表示“正常出現的、自然而然的或意料之中”的結果。不定式作結果狀語時通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一種結果

AA5.過去分詞做狀語只有非謂語與謂語是很鮮明的先后關系時才可以用,如：Havingbeenfinished,hishomeworkwassenttohisteachertobecorrected.

如果非謂語與謂語是一般的先后關系的話，直接用過去分詞即可。如：Guidedbytheguide,hefoundtheplaceeasily.Scoldedbytheteacher,hefeltverydepressed.一些及物動詞常用它們的過去分詞作表語、狀語、定語、補足語等，表示伴隨或狀態(tài)：belost,behidden,beseated,bedressedin,befacedwith,bedeterminedtodo,bedevotedto,beinterestedin,…_____(lose)inthought,healmostranintothetree.Hewasstill________(devote)tothestudyofchemistry.Ilefthim,___________(determine)nevertosetfootinthathouseagain.HefoundIrene______(seat)atthepianowithherhandsarrestedonthekeys.Lostdevoteddeterminedseated_____inawhiteuniform,helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.A.DressedB.TodressC.DressingD.Havingdressed2._____withadifficultsituation,Arnolddecidedtoaskhisbossforadvice.A.TofaceB.HavingfacedC.FacedD.Facing3.Facedwithabillfor￡10,000,_______.A.JohnhastakenanextrajobB.thebosshasgivenJohnanextrajobC.anextrajobhasbeentakenD.anextrajobhasbeengiventoJohn4.Afterhisjourneyfromabroad,RichardJonesreturnedhome,______.A.exhaustingB.exhaustedC.beingexhaustedD.havingexhaustedACAB1)._____thiscake,you’llneed2eggs,175gsugarand175gflour.A.HavingmadeB.MakeC.TomakeD.Making2).Hehurriedtothebookingofficeonly_____thatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.A.tobetoldB.totoldC.toldD.telling3).Thestormleft,______alotofdamagetothisarea.A.causedB.tohavecausedC.tocauseD.havingcausedCAD4).______intouseinApril2002,thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns.A.PutB.PuttingC.HavingputD.Beingput5)._______fromothercontinentsformillionsofyears,Australiahasmanyplantsandanimalsnotfoundinanycountryintheworld.A.BeingseparatedB.HavingseparatedC.HavingbeenseparatedD.tobeseparatedAC考點歸納七：非謂語動詞作表語

能作表語的有不定式、動名詞和分詞。

1).Itremains______whetherJim’llbefitenoughtoplayinthefinals.(2006浙江）

A.seenB.tobeseenC.seeingD.tosee2)Tomsoundsverymuch____inthejob,butI’mnotsurewhetherhecanmanageit.A.interestedB.interestingC.interestinglyD.interestedlyBAdelighting令人高興的——delighted感到高興的disappointing令人失望的——disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的——encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的——pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人費解的——puzzled感到費解的satisfying令人滿意的——satisfied感到滿意的surprising令人驚異的——surprised感到驚異的worrying令人擔心的——worried感到擔心的

考點歸納八：連詞之后加分詞

分詞短語常?？梢杂迷谀承┻B詞如since,when,while,if,unless,though,although,evenif,eventhough,whenever,nomatterhow,once,until

等之后，可以看作是狀語從句中的省略現象。1).Nomatterhowfrequently_____,theworksofBeethovenwillstillattractpeopleallovertheworld.A.performedB.performin