托福口語課件(修改版)

新托福口語考試--Basis:QuestionTypes&Americanaccent新托?？谡Z考試--Basis:1WhatisSPEAKING?

Speakingistheproductive,oralskill.Speakingisaninteractiveprocessofconstructingmeaningthatinvolvesproducingandreceivingandprocessinginformation.Speakingisoftenspontaneous,open-ended,andevolving(變化發(fā)展的)，butnotcompletelyunpredictable.

WhatisSPEAKING?Speakingis2總之，一句話，口語是要說出來的。

總之，一句話，3WhatisTEST?Atestisaseriesofquestionsthatyoumustansweroractionsthatyoumustperforminordertoshowhowmuchyouknowaboutasubjectorhowwellyouareabletodosomething.WhatisTEST?Atestisaserie4總之，一句話，

考試的時(shí)候，盡量說自己熟悉的會(huì)說的東西.總之，一句話，5WhatisspeakingtestinTOEFLIBT?2+4組合（開放型+控制型）2:獨(dú)立口語部分independent4:綜合口語部分integratedWhatisspeakingtestinTOEFL61.獨(dú)立口語部分:Task1:Personalexperience

（小學(xué)生作文水平）Task2:Personalpreference

（中學(xué)生作文水平）1.獨(dú)立口語部分:Task1:Personalexp72.綜合口語部分:1)Read–listen-speak

Task3conversation(campus-based)Task4lecture(academic)2)Listen–speakTask5conversation(campus-based)Task6lecture(academic)2.綜合口語部分:1)Read–listen-spea8TimelimitTask115’’45’’Task2Task345’’30’’60’’Task4Task520’’60’’Task6TimelimitTask19總之，一句話，新托福口語不變態(tài)，聽的讀的多了,自然就會(huì)說了。

總之，一句話，10

3YStandards3y標(biāo)準(zhǔn)AccuracyFluencySpontaneity3YStandards3y標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Accurac11ETS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Delivery(表達(dá))--

Howclearyourspeechis.

Goodresponsesarethoseinwhichthespeechis

fluidandclear,withgoodpronunciation,naturalpacing,andnaturalsounding-patterns.

ETS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Delivery(表達(dá))--Howclear12LanguageUse(語言使用)--

Howeffectivelyyouusegrammarandvocabularytoconveyyourideas.

Raterswillbelookingtoseehowwellyoucancontrolbothbasicand

morecomplexlanguagestructuresanduseappropriatevocabulary.LanguageUse(語言使用)--Howeffe13TopicDevelopment(話題展開)--

Howfully

youanswerthequestionandhowcoherentlyyoupresentyourideas.Goodresponsesgenerallyuseallormostofthetimeallotted,andtherelationshipbetweenideasandtheprogressionfromoneideatothenextisclearandeasytofollow.TopicDevelopment(話題展開)--How140-4Organization（topicdev.）Comprehensibility（delivery）Fluency（delivery）Pronunciation（delivery/L.use）Grammar（L.use）Vocabulary（L.use）

0-4Organization（topicdev.）15總之，一句話，想拿25+必須將你的發(fā)音徹底翻新總之，一句話，16托?？谡Z考試有6個(gè)部分，所以托?？谡Z時(shí)間是比較長的，那么如果做好托?？谡Z時(shí)間分配呢？首先我們看下托?？谡Z的6個(gè)問題，分別該怎么進(jìn)行托?？谡Z時(shí)間分配：

第1題：準(zhǔn)備15秒，說45秒。第2題：準(zhǔn)備15秒，說45秒。第3題：閱讀+聽力，討論學(xué)校方面的話題，不需要加入自己觀點(diǎn)。讀45s，聽60s，準(zhǔn)備30s，說60s。第4題：閱讀+講座，教授套用例子,不需要加入自己觀點(diǎn)。讀45s，聽60s---90s，準(zhǔn)備30秒，說60秒。第5題：聽力，總結(jié)問題，出主意，要自己選觀點(diǎn)說體驗(yàn)。聽60-90秒，準(zhǔn)備20s，說60s。第6題：講座，復(fù)述一遍教授的總分總結(jié)構(gòu)，不需要自己的觀點(diǎn)。聽60-90s，準(zhǔn)備20s，說60秒。托福口語考試有6個(gè)部分，所以托?？谡Z時(shí)間是比較長的，那么如果17對(duì)于那些剛剛接觸托?？谡Z的同學(xué)們來說，口語部分也許是比較難啃的一塊大肉。由于國內(nèi)的應(yīng)試教育，導(dǎo)致了很多人學(xué)的都是‘啞巴英語’。面對(duì)托?？谡Z使他們不知道說什么從何說起。這就需要我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的時(shí)候加強(qiáng)對(duì)話題的拓展和訓(xùn)練。

大家都知道IBT考試的口語部分通常都是取材于北美大學(xué)學(xué)生日常學(xué)術(shù)和校園生活的許多方面，要求學(xué)生可以熟練地理解別人的思路并表達(dá)出自己的看法。讀/聽/說題目和聽/說題目都要求考生充分理解相關(guān)的題目材料，對(duì)考生的口語能力和臨場應(yīng)變能力較高。每道題目回答時(shí)間不超過一分鐘，這要求考生的語言運(yùn)用要高度歸納并精練準(zhǔn)確。TOEFL口語考試是電腦錄音，評(píng)判者是通過聽錄音來做分?jǐn)?shù)評(píng)估的，所以，說得快未必是件好事，說得清楚才是重點(diǎn)?？紤]到評(píng)卷者可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生的聽覺疲勞，所以考生們表述時(shí)不要一味求快，而要注意斷句、重音和語調(diào)。對(duì)于那些剛剛接觸托?？谡Z的同學(xué)們來說，口語部分也許是比較難啃18

一、獨(dú)立口語

Task1

Task2

二、綜合口語

Task3

Task4

Task5

Task6托?？谡Z概況 托福口語概況19在口語部分，考生需要就基于個(gè)人經(jīng)歷、校園環(huán)境和學(xué)術(shù)性材料提出的各種話題用英語表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。答題時(shí)間共20分鐘。Task1,2:獨(dú)立口語任務(wù)，寫生要依據(jù)自己的觀點(diǎn)、見解或者經(jīng)歷來回答問題。Task3,4:讀文章——討論或者講座節(jié)選——答題Task5,6:聽對(duì)話或者節(jié)選的講座片段——答題在整個(gè)口語考試中，考生可以記筆記，并在回答時(shí)作參考。托?？谡Z概況托?？谡Z概況20口語評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立口語：旨在檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生能否闡明并連貫表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)、能否運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)慕忉屌c細(xì)節(jié)描述充實(shí)并支持論點(diǎn)，一級(jí)語言表達(dá)時(shí)間偶清晰流暢、易于理解。綜合口語：旨在檢驗(yàn)考生能否根據(jù)1到2段材料傳達(dá)相關(guān)信息，能否連貫表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)并通過恰當(dāng)?shù)慕忉尯图?xì)節(jié)描寫充實(shí)論點(diǎn)，以及語言表達(dá)是否清晰流暢、易于理解。DeliveryLanguageuseTopicdevelopment口語評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)21一、人物類二、地點(diǎn)類 三、事物類 1、抽象事物 2、具體事物 四、事件類

獨(dú)立口語托?？谡Z考試的第一題和第二題是獨(dú)立口語任務(wù)，大家需要做的是就用自己的經(jīng)歷或想法來回答問題。題目主要涉及日常生活和一些社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間15秒，答題時(shí)間45秒。從時(shí)間上看，

15秒的準(zhǔn)備，這么短的時(shí)間根本無法讓考生醞釀出好的答案來，所以要想在這兩個(gè)題目上獲得高分，預(yù)先的素材準(zhǔn)備也是必不可少的。這就需要大家在平時(shí)的時(shí)候做到每道題都Brainstorm。一、人物類獨(dú)立口語托?？谡Z考試的第一題和第二題是獨(dú)立口語任務(wù)22人物類題目1題目2題目3題目4名人同事/組員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)老師/朋友/家人成就achievement團(tuán)結(jié):collaborative(apatientlistenerandreadilytoacceptotherssuggestions)信任下級(jí)Showconfidenceinteammembers熱心/樂于助人Alwayshelpmewhenneeded/behelpfultoothers性格CharacterCourageousandresolute(果敢)適應(yīng)性：adaptable(adapttonewenvironmentquickly)賞罰分明Beequaltoeveryonewithoutshowingfavortoanyparticularone有趣，在一起不覺得悶Funny，humoroustellingjokes生活簡樸Liveasimplelife有熱情/積極/創(chuàng)新/認(rèn)真：enthusiasticActiveCreativeSerious努力學(xué)習(xí)工作，給大家樹立榜樣Workhardtoinspirepeople/exemplarycharacter知識(shí)豐富/專業(yè)KnowledgeabletellingthingsthatIdon’fessional創(chuàng)新精神Creativity效率：Efficientinwork/communicating（whenfacingaproblemandchallengeagoodmembercanfindsolutionsquickly）管理能力Begoodatmanagement誠實(shí)/忠誠Honesty/Faithfulness一、人物類

人物類題目1題目2題目3題目4名人同事/組員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)老師/朋友/23托?？谡Z課件(修改版)24Sampleanswer1:Describethequalitiesofagoodleader:Ithinkaleaderneedsatleasttwoimportantcharacteristics.First,aleadershouldbegoodatmanagement.Thereareusuallyagreatnumberofmembersunderthechargeofoneleader,soaleaderissupposedtoorganizeeverythingwellinordertomakeacompanyrunsmoothly.Secondly,agoodleadershouldbegoodatmakingdecisions.Agoodandcorrectdecisioncanleadtothefinalsuccess,whereasawronganddelayeddecisionmaybringaboutdisasterstothecompany.Ofcourse,thisskillrequiresalotofworkingexperience.Sampleanswer1:25Sampleanswer2:Describethequalitiesofagoodcolleague:First,acolleagueissupposedtobeefficientinwork.Whengivenataskbytheboss,alltheteammembersshouldtaketheirdutiesandcooperatewellinordertofinishitquickly.Ifoneofthecolleaguesisslowandleftbehind,aprojectwillbedelayed.Secondly,Ithinkacolleagueshouldbereadytohelpothers.Whenanewemployeecomestothecompany,heknowslittleaboutthework,soitishiscolleagueswhoaresupposedtohelphim.Buttherearesomestaffmemberswhowouldn’tliketohelpothers,fortheyareafraidthatotherswillexcelthemafterwards.Sampleanswer2:26地點(diǎn)類思路題目題目1題目2題目3題目4公共場所（名勝/公園）餐館/購物中心房間國家/城市WhatplaceThegreatwall/Forbiddencity/Summerpalace/Templeofheaven/MountEmeiDeliciousfoodLocation(transportation,whetheritisconvenientforshopping,sanitation,facilities)Environment(Freshair,climate)WhyyoulikeitLouvrepalace/Eiffeltower/Provence/theAlps/ChampsElysees/TriumphalArchReasonablepriceAlotofspaceTransportationPyramid/sphinxThoroughserviceAroomwithaviewEducationSydneyoperahouse/thegreatbarrierreefNiceandcleanCostEconomyDisneyland/thewhitehouse/Yellowstone/thepentagonAtmosphere(cangoonline,romanticfeeling,quiet)StyleofthearchitectureCulture(Beijing-Pekingroastduck,hot-potPekingOpera,Acrobatics)二、地點(diǎn)類

地點(diǎn)類思路題目題目1題目2題目3題目4公共場所（27公共場所（名勝/公園）Describeyourfavoriteplaceinthecityyouarenowliving.Whichplaceisyourfavoriteplacewhenyouwereachild?Whatparkorpublicareadoyoulike？Describeaplaceyouhaveneverbeentobutliketogosomeday(prairie，ocean，Tibet，placesofinterestetc.)Ifyourforeignfriendsaregoingtovisityourcountry,wheredoyousuggestthemtogo?Wheredoyouliketogoanddosportswhenitissunny?餐館/購物中心Wheredoyouusuallygowithyourfriends?Whatkindsoffeaturesareimportanttoyouwhenyougotoarestaurantorcafé?Why?房間Describeoneofyourfavoriterooms,eitherofyourhouseorotherplacesWhatisthemostimportantelementyoutakeintoaccountwhenyouarechoosingahouse?國家/城市Describeacityyouhavealwayswantedtogoandexplainwhy?其它Studentschooseforeigncountryforfurthereducationbecauseofacademicprogramsandsoon.Whatdoyouthinkisthemostimportantaspectbesidesacademicprogram,location,costorsize?Wherewouldyouliketolive,Mountain,forest,beach,ordesert?公共場所（名勝/公園）Describeyourfavor28Sampleanswer1:Ifyourforeignfriendsaregoingtovisityourcountry,wheredoyousuggestthemtogo?IfIhadthechance,I’dliketotaketheforeignvisitorstotheForbiddenCity.First,theForbiddenCityhasahistoryofmorethan600yearsandistheplacewheretheroyalfamilyusedtoliveduringtheQingandMingdynasty.TheForbiddenCityissolargethatithasmorethan900rooms.ItsmagnificentarchitecturewhichincludesmanyChineseelementshasbecomethesymbolofChineseculture.Second,thousandsofvisitorsfromdifferentpartsoftheworldcometoseeiteveryday.Theyallsayitlooksmuchgranderthanitlooksinmovies.What’smore，therearealotofantiquesdisplayingintheForbiddencityattractingmanyvisitors.Sampleanswer1:29Sampleanswer2:Wherewouldyouliketolive,Mountain,forest,beach,ordesert?TheplaceI’dliketoliveistheforest.Ipreferitforthefollowingreasons.Firstofall,theairintheforestismuchfresherthanthatinthecity.AndIknowdoctorswillsuggestpeopletogotheretobreatheinmoreoxygen.Ihaveacousin,Jimmy,whousedtohaveproblemswithhislungsandhisdoctortoldhimtogototheforestasmuchashecould.Nowheiswellagain.Also,wecanhikeorevenhavepicnicsintheforestaslongaswedonotgetlost.Itmustbesuchaniceexperiencetofeelthebreezeandwatchthegreentreessittingonthegrasswithyourfriendswhileyoucanenjoyyourdeliciousfood.Sampleanswer2:301、抽象事物抽象事物題目備選項(xiàng)workofartmoviepoemsongpaintingphotographdecisiongoabroadjobhoppingmovingselectamajorgetapart-timejobtakealongjourneyjobfinancialanalystaccountantteacherdoctorlawyersalesmanadvicetimemanagementfocusonenhancingpracticalcapabilitiesbuildupareadinghabitHaveagoodrelationshipwithpeoplearoundalwayskeepintouchwithclosefriendsObtaininformationfromallthepossiblewaysnewsBethechampionofabasketballmatchBeelectedtobethepresidentofthestudentuniontheearthquakethefinancialcrisisanawardforanarticleanofferfromandreamuniversityopportunityworkasaleaderinagroupinternshipBeingavolunteeroftheOlympicGamesparticipateapaintingcontestBeingatourguideforagroupofforeignstudentsannouncerinaradiostationdifficultypreparefortheTOEFLconductasurveycookforthewholefamilyorganizeaclassactivityCallforhelpinanemergencyrentanapartmentskilldrivingswimmingcookingplayingtheguitardesigningfencing事物類

1、抽象事物抽象事物題目備選項(xiàng)workofartmov31goalgetanofferfromtheidealuniversitygetamaster’sdegreeinarchitecturegainconsiderablescholarshipgainanformaljobinannationalcorporationbeinganexcellentdancertravelaroundtheworldsubjectfinancemarketingjournalismarchitectureeconomicssociologytimeofayearSpring/summer/fall/winterSpringFestivalNationalDayholidayperiodthestartofasemesterthesummer/wintervacationworkpeakclassanEnglishclassalectureinmarketinganobservationinaprimarythirdgradeclassachemistryclasswithafunnyexperimentanoutdoorbiologyclassaP.E.classgoalgetanofferfromtheidea32Describethemostimportantdecisionthatyou’vemadeinyourlife.

AparticularlysignificantdecisionI’vemadeinmylifewasthatIcametoworkandliveinBeijing.

IhadjustfinishedmycontractonaverydecentjobandIsupposeIwantedanewchallenginganddemandingjob.SoIdecidedtocometoBeijing,thecapitalcityfilledwithtalentsandopportunities.Besides,

IwasalwaysabitpassionateandIlikedtodothingsonthe

spurofthemoment.Arrivinginanewcitywas

exciting.JustwalkingoutofthestationwithasuitcaseandtwobagsandwithadreamofdoingsomethingfortheOlympicGames,IfeltIhadarrivedandIfeltlifewasmineandIcouldmakeittobeexactlywhatIwanted.

Thatsummer,Irealizedagainthatlifeneveroughttobeboring,butonthecontraryisfullofadventureandchallengeandisexciting,too.

Describethemostimportantde332、具體事物具體事物BookGiftFoodMeansoftransportationtechnologyStyleofclothingfiction/novelacrystalboatKungPaochickensubwayTelevisionT-shirt&Jeansmagazine/journalabookPekingroastduckbicycleComputerDresspoemapairofhighheelsHotpotBus/trolleybusCellphoneSportswearReferencebookaguitarSteamedstuffedbunTrain/tramInternetCheong-sambiographyDSLR(DigitalSingleLensReflex單反相機(jī))CongeewithmungbeanDriveone’sowncarAirplaneSuitshandbookafantastictravelSweetandsourmandarinfishAirplanetransportationNeutralclothing2、具體事物具體事物BookGiftFoodMeansof34Describeabookthatyouthinkisinteresting.Explainwhythisbookisinterestingtoyou.Includedetailsandexamplesinyourexplanation.CodeofVinciisundoubtedlyaveryinterestingbookwhichattractsalistofreadersintheworld.First,personally,Ihavetosaythatwecanlearnalotaboutthewesternculturefromthisbook,suchasthereligion,theBible,themysteriouschurches,themuseumsinParis,andsomeothermysteries.Additionally，thewholestoryinthebookdevelopsinaverylogicalandamazingway,fullofmysteriesanddetectiveelementswhichkeepmyinteresttoknowwhathappensnext.Itisreallyanattractivebook.Describeabookthatyouthink35綜合口語Task3聽力部分的筆記應(yīng)注意以下事項(xiàng)：(1)對(duì)話通常為一男一女對(duì)閱讀文章中的話題發(fā)表自己的看法。選擇發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)最直接最強(qiáng)烈的一方記錄(2)看法強(qiáng)烈的一方對(duì)文章中的問題可能表示贊成，也可能表示反對(duì)，并給出支持自己觀點(diǎn)的兩個(gè)理由，考生要對(duì)此信息進(jìn)行記錄。綜合口語Task336常用結(jié)構(gòu)句式1)閱讀部分復(fù)述時(shí)，第一句話要交代閱讀內(nèi)容的背景，一般以下列表達(dá)為主：Theuniversityisgoingto/hasplanned/hasdecidedto...,because....(原因一)，also...(原因二)Intheannouncement/notice,theuniversityisgoingto...,thefirstreasonis...,thesecondreasonis...(2)閱讀部分介紹完畢，可以直接說明學(xué)生的態(tài)度，并自然過渡到聽力內(nèi)容。Thewoman/mantotallyagreeswiththeuniversity’sannouncement/decision/policy.Theman/womanisagainst/supporting...He/shefeelsunhappy/lesssatisfiedabout...She/hethinksthe...isunfair/inconvenient/unaffordableforthefollowingreasons...(3)聽力部分，當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)述對(duì)話人所給出的兩個(gè)理由時(shí)，可以用以下表達(dá)：First,she/hethinks/saysAlso,she/hepointsoutthat...常用結(jié)構(gòu)句式1)閱讀部分復(fù)述時(shí)，第一句話要交代閱讀內(nèi)容的背37真題練習(xí)AnOpeningLetterfromaStudentDearPrinciple: Hopethisfindsyouwell.Iamwritingtoproposethattheschoolshouldsponsorawildernessclubwithfundstorentbusesandorganizefieldtrips.Ibelievethatallwestudentswouldbebenefitedfromtheinvestmentforthefollowingtworeasons.First,withthetransportationprovidedbytheschool,wewillfinditmoreconvenienttogoforanouting.Also,goingoutdoorsandlookingatnaturalscenerywillmakeusfeelrefreshedandrelaxed.Asaresult,weareabletoconcentratemoreefficientlyontheschoolworkaftersuchatrip. Lookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon!BestRegards,xx2009年2月28日真題練習(xí)AnOpeningLetterfromaS38NarratorNowlistentotwostudentsastheydiscusstheopeningletter.Man:Look!That’sgreat!Woman:Whatdoyoumean?Man:Theschoolwouldmakeagooddecisionbyfollowingthroughonthatstudent’sproposal.Woman:Whatistheproposalabout?Man:Hereyougo:aletterinthenewspaperstatesthattheschoolshouldallocatefundstoorganizefieldtripsforstudents.Ibelievethisactwillhaveapositiveimpact.Woman:Okay,pleaseexplainyourideaalittlebitfurther.Narrator39Man:Well,theschoolwilldefinitelybedoingagoodthinginprovidingfundsforthis.Especiallyinspringandsummer,alotofstudentsenjoytakingnaturewalks.However,notallofthemhavetransportation,makingitdifficulttotaketrips.Studentslivinginthecenterofthecitywouldfindtripslikethatdifficulttomake.Butwiththetransportationcoveredbytheschool,morestudentswouldbeabletotakeabreakfromtheirstudiesandgoonnaturewalks.Woman:Youareright.Beingoutandaboutinnatureisreallyrefreshing,right?Man:That’sright.Spendingallourtimeandenergyonstudyingleadstoexhaustion.Tripslikethesearegoodexperiencesforstudents,helpingthemtorechargetheirbatteriesandexperiencenature.Whentheycomeback,thestudentswillbeevenmorefocusedontheirstudies.Woman:Sure,definitely.Man:40SampleAnswer:Aletterfromastudentsuggestedthattheschoolshouldfinanciallysupportawildernessclubforstudentsbecausestudentsneedtogetintouchwithnatureandtakeabreakfromtheirstudies.Themanlikestheproposalforthefollowingreasons.Manystudentswhowanttotakenaturewalksdonothavepropertransportation,makingittoodifficultforthemtotravelonfieldtrips.Butthefreetransportofferedbytheschoolwillenablestudentstogoonnaturewalks.Afterstudentsarerechargedfromthetrip,theywillbeabletoconcentratemoreontheirschoolwork.SampleAnswer:41

綜合口語task4答題思路回答這個(gè)問題的時(shí)候，考生需要試用來自聽力和閱讀材料的信息，并把教授在講座中提到的例子和閱讀文章中提出籠統(tǒng)的概念相練習(xí)?？忌恍枰灰涣信e出細(xì)節(jié)，但是提供的信息也是能夠讓沒有聽過講座的人理解的。綜合口語task442常用句式結(jié)構(gòu)Inthissetofmaterials,thereadingpassagedescribes……andthelisteningmaterialisonthesametopic.Accordingtothelecture,theprofessordiscussesthepointthat……Theprofessortalksaboutthetheorythat…….He/shegivesone/twoexamplestoexplainsuchapointThereadingpassagegivesthedefinitionof……Inthelecture,theprofessorgoesontodemonstrateitbyintroducingsomeexamples.Thefirstis……Thesecondis……Fromthereadingmaterial，weknowthat……Todemonstrateit，thespeakerprovidestwoexamples/reasons/researches.Oneexampleisthat……Anotherexampleisthat…….常用句式結(jié)構(gòu)43真題練習(xí)2009年10月18日OpportunitycostOpportunitycostisaneconomicphenomenondescribingthenext-bestchoiceavailabletosomeonewhohaspickedbetweenseveralmutuallyexclusivechoices.Thenotionofopportunitycostplaysacrucialpartinensuringthatscarceresourcesareusedefficiently.Forexample,therearemanyoptionsinascenario.Whenpeoplewithafixedamountofmoneychooseoneofthemandbenefitfromit,theymustgiveupthebenefitsassociatedwithotheroptions.Narrator:M:welcometomyclass.You’reinMacroeconomics.Today,we’regoingtolearnaboutanimportanteconomicconceptknownasopportunitycost.Opportunitycostistheprocessofchoosingoneproductorserviceoveranother.Theitemthatyoudon’tpickistheopportunitycost.Itisassessedinnotonlymonetary,butalsomaterialterms.真題練習(xí)2009年10月18日44Eventhoughpeoplemightnotrealizeit,theyuseopportunitycosteverysingleday.Hereisanexample.Manyyearsago,theschoolhadtwooptionsindevelopingschoolinfrastructure.Onechoicewastobuildanewswimmingpool,becausetheschoollackedoneandstudentshadtogoallthewaytothepublicpooldowntown.Thesecondoptionwasconstructionofanewlibrary,becausetheexistingonewastoosmall.Intheend,theschooldecidedtobuildaswimmingpool.Whilemakingthisdecision,theschoolconsideredboththecostandtheopportunitycostofbuildingtheswimmingpool.Theopportunitycostinthiscasewasthebenefitstheschoolwouldhavereceivedfrombuildinganewlibrary.Forinstance,manystudentsmaynotpreferaswimmingpoolandwouldhavewantedagoodenvironmentforlearningordoingresearch.Theschoolwouldhavetoforegotheirinterestsifitwantedtobuildaswimmingpool.Eventhoughpeoplemightnotr45Question:theprofessortakesoneexampletoillustratethephenomenonof“opportunitycost”.Explainhowthisexampleisrelatedtothereadingpassage.Preparationtime:30secondsResponsetime:60secondsSampleanswer:Thelecturetalksaboutopportunitycost,whichisaneconomicphenomenon.Itmeanstheprocessandcostofchoosingonethingoveranother.Peopleuseopportunitycostintheireverydaylives,butmostofthemmightnotbeawareofit.Forexample,aschooloncehadtwooptionsoverwhethertobuildanewswimmingpooloranewlibrary.Afterhavingconsideredtheopportunitycostbetweenthetwooptions,theschooldecidedtobuildaswimmingpool.Thecostinthiscasewasthestudentsbenefitingfromhavingmorebooksandagoodenvironmentforlearningorconductingresearchfromanewlibrary.Question:theprofessortakes462009年2月28日CompetenceInpsychology,competenceisastandardizedrequirementforanindividualtoproperlyperformaspecificjob.Itencompassesacombinationofknowledge,skillsandbehaviorutilizedtoimproveperformance.Moregenerally,competenceistheabilitytoperformaspecifictask,actionorfunctionsuccessfully.Competencehastwostages:theconsciousandunconscious.Nowlistentoalectureonthistopicinaneducationpsychologyclass.W:Bothconsciouscompetenceandunconsciouscompetencearenamesforthetwostagesofcompetenceorlearning,whichisanexplanationofhowpeoplelearnsomething.Itprogressesfromdevelopingaskillinanareabuthavingtoconcentrateonit,tothesecondstage,inwhichpeoplearesogoodattheskillthatitjustcomesnaturally.I'llexplainthetermsfurthertohelpyouunderstandalittlebetter.2009年2月28日47understandalittlebetter.Consciouscompetencereferstoanindividual'sunderstandingorknowledgeofdoingsomething.However,demonstratingtheskillorknowledgerequiresagreatdealofconsciousconcentration.Here'sanexample:whenyoufirststarttolearntypingonacomputerkeyboard,youhavetoworkhardathittingtherightkeyswithoutbeingbotheredbyotherthingsinordertogeteverythingcorrect.Sometimes,youneedtostoptotalkwithothers.Asaresult,typinganarticlewilltakealongtime,butyoumakefewmistakes.However,whenitcomestothestageofunconsciouscompetence,anindividualhasmasteredtheskillsothatitbecomessecondnatureandcanbeperformedeasily,oftenwithoutconcentratingtoodeeply.Let'sgobacktothesameexample.Youaretypinganarticle,butthistimeyoudon'thavetothinkaboutwherethekeysare一youjusttypethemautomatically.Yourtypingspeedisgettingfasterandfaster,andyou'reabletotalktoyourfriendswithoutconcentratingonthekeyboard.Ofcourse,typingerrorsmaymorefrequentlyoccur.understandalittlebetter.48Theprofessortakesoneexampletoillustratethedifferencebetweentheconsciousandunconsciouscompetence.explainhowthisexampleisrelatedtothereadingpassage.Competenceistheabilitytoperformaspecificjobwell.Ithastwostages:theconsciousandunconscious.Consciouscompetenceisthefirststageoflearningwhichrequiresgreatconcentrationwhendemonstratingaskill.Forexample,whenyoustarttolearntyping,youhavetoconcentrateoneachkeyyouhit.Youdon'twantotherstobotheryouandsometimesyouhavetostopwhenyoutalktoothers.Asaresultthough,yourtypinghasfewmistakes.However,whenitcomestothesecondstageoflearning,peoplehavealreadymasteredtheskillandnolongerconcentrateasdeeply.Forrexample,youdon'thavetolookatthekeyboardwhenyouaretypinganarticlebecausetheskillhasbecomesecondnature.Soyoucantypefasterthanbeforeandtalktoyourfriendsatthesametime.However,sometimeserrorsaremorelikelytooccur.Theprofessortakesoneexampl49思路分析在聽力時(shí)應(yīng)該留意聽的有三點(diǎn)：（1）男生或者女生遇到了什么樣的問題，記下最簡潔的關(guān)鍵詞（2）另外一個(gè)人提出的第一個(gè)意見和詳細(xì)內(nèi)容（3）提出的第二個(gè)意見和詳細(xì)內(nèi)容綜合口語Task5在準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間里應(yīng)該著重于選擇傾向的一個(gè)建議，然后列出兩個(gè)理由思路分析綜合口語Task5在準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間里應(yīng)該著重于選擇傾向50常用結(jié)構(gòu)句式首先概括聽力里的內(nèi)容，即遇到了什么樣的問題及兩個(gè)建議Theman/womanhasencounteredaproblemthat...Theproblemoftheman/womanisthat...Thefirstadvicegivenis...whilethesecondis...Theman/womanposed2advices,thefirstoneis...,thesecondoneis...Thereare2possiblewaystosolvetheproblem...之后再提出個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)和理由Ipreferthefirst/secondadviceforthefollowingreasonsthat...Thefirst/secondoneismorereasonablethat...Thefirst/secondoneisbetterthantheother,because...Althoughthefirst/secondadvicesoundsreasonable,Ibelievethattheotheroneismoresuitable...常用結(jié)構(gòu)句式512009年10月18日ManHi,Mary.Summeriscoming.Doyouhaveanyplans?WomanWell,I'mabouttoapplyforasummerjobatanewspaperoffice.IwishIcouldworkforanewspaperaftergraduation.ManWow,itsoundslikeyouhaveagoodplanforyourfuture.WomanButtheproblemis…Ihavetosubmitmyapplicationbeforethedeadline,whichisnoontomorrow.Buttheofficeiswaytoofarfromschool,andIdon'tknowifIcangetthereontime.ManOh,Iunderstand.Youprobablywanttodrivethereanddeliveryourapplication.Iamsureyoucansubmityourthedeadline.2009年10月18日52WomanHa,nodoubt!ButIjustrealizedIhaveareviewsessiontomorrowmorningoncampus.HowcouldImakebothatthesametime?ManYeah,yourscheduleistricky.Perhapsthere'sanotherway一youcansendyourapplicationbyexpressmail.Theexpressservicealwayshasawaytodeliveryourapplicationontime.So,feelfreetoattendyourclasstomorrowmorning.Youwon'treallymissanythingimportant.WomanYeah,youknow,I'vedreamedaboutthisopportunity.Aftergraduation,whenI'mlookingforwork,anyemployerwilldefinitelyvaluemypart-timenewspaperexperience.Sendingmyapplicationbyexpresswouldbeconvenientandfast,butI'mafraidthattheywouldmakeamistakebydeliveringthe.Woman53Brieflysummarizetheproblemandtwopossiblesolutions.Thenstatewhichsolutionyourecommendandexplainwhy.PreparationTime:20SecondsResponseTime:60SecondsBrieflysummarizetheproblem54SampleAnswer:Thewomanisapplyingforasummerjobatanewspaperoffice,andshehastosubmittheapplicationbeforethedeadlinetomorrow.Buttheofficeisfarawayfromherschool,andsheisafraidthatshewon'tgetthereontime.Theotherstudentgiveshertwosolutions.First,thewomancandrivetodeliverherapplicationonthespotorshecansendtheexpressmail.Personallyspeaking,Ipreferthesecondsolution.Thewomanhasareviewsessionintheearlymorningnextday,soshecan'tdrivetodeliverherthenewspaperoffice.Expressservice,ontheotherhand,isthebestwaytocopewiththeproblem,becauseitalwaysdeliversmailontime.Thewomanwon'tmissanythingimpo