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ChapterTwelveMarketingChannels:DeliveringCustomerValue
ChapterTwelveMarketingChannMarketingChannels:DeliveringCustomerValueSupplyChainsandtheValueDeliveryNetworkTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsChannelBehaviorandOrganizationChannelDesignDecisionsChannelManagementDecisionsMarketingLogisticsandSupplyChainManagementTopicOutlineMarketingChannels:Deliverin
SupplyChainsandthe
ValueDeliveryNetworkUpstreampartnersincluderawmaterialsuppliers,components,parts,information,finances,andexpertisetocreateaproductorserviceDownstreampartnersincludethemarketingchannelsordistributionchannelsthatlooktowardthecustomerSupplyChainPartners
SupplyChainsandthe
ValueSupplyChainsandthe
ValueDeliveryNetworkSupplychain“makeandsell”viewincludesthefirm’srawmaterials,productiveinputs,andfactorycapacityDemandchain“senseandrespond”viewsuggeststhatplanningstartswiththeneedsofthetargetcustomer,andthefirmrespondstotheseneedsbyorganizingachainofresourcesandactivitieswiththegoalofcreatingcustomervalueSupplyChainViewsSupplyChainsandthe
ValueDSupplyChainsandthe
ValueDeliveryNetworkValuedeliverynetworkisthefirm’ssuppliers,distributors,andultimatelycustomerswhopartnerwitheachothertoimprovetheperformanceoftheentiresystemValueDeliveryNetworkSupplyChainsandthe
ValueDTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsIntermediariesofferproducersgreaterefficiencyinmakinggoodsavailabletotargetmarkets.Throughtheircontacts,experience,specialization,andscaleofoperations,intermediariesusuallyofferthefirmmorethanitcanachieveonitsown.HowChannelMembersAddValueTheNatureandImportanceof
TheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsFromaneconomicview,intermediariestransformtheassortmentofproductsintoassortmentswantedbyconsumersChannelmembersaddvaluebybridgingthemajortime,place,andpossessiongapsthatseparategoodsandservicesfromthosewhowouldusethemHowChannelMembersAddValue
TheNatureandImportanceofTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsHowChannelMembersAddValueTheNatureandImportanceofTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsHowChannelMembersAddValueTheNatureandImportanceofTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsNumberofChannelLevelsTheNatureandImportanceofTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsConnectedbytypesofflows:PhysicalflowofproductsFlowofownershipPaymentflowInformationflowPromotionflowNumberofChannelLevelsTheNatureandImportanceofChannelBehaviorandOrganizationMarketingchannelconsistsoffirmsthathavepartneredfortheircommongoodwitheachmemberplayingaspecializedroleChannelconflictreferstodisagreementovergoals,roles,andrewardsbychannelmembersHorizontalconflictVerticalconflictChannelBehaviorChannelBehaviorandOrganizatChannelBehaviorandOrganizationConventionaldistributionsystemsconsistofoneormoreindependentproducers,wholesalers,andretailers.Eachseekstomaximizeitsownprofits,andthereislittlecontrolovertheothermembersandnoformalmeansforassigningrolesandresolvingconflict.ConventionalDistributionsSystemsChannelBehaviorandOrganizatChannelBehaviorandOrganizationVerticalmarketingsystems(VMSs)providechannelleadershipandconsistofproducers,wholesalers,andretailersactingasaunifiedsystemandconsistof:CorporatemarketingsystemsContractualmarketingsystemsAdministeredmarketingsystemsVerticalMarketingSystemsChannelBehaviorandOrganizat
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizationCorporateverticalmarketingsystemintegratessuccessivestagesofproductionanddistributionundersingleownershipVerticalMarketingSystems
ChannelBehaviorandOrganiza
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizationContractualverticalmarketingsystemconsistsofindependentfirmsatdifferentlevelsofproductionanddistributionwhojointogetherthroughcontractstoobtainmoreeconomiesorsalesimpactthaneachcouldachievealone.Themostcommonformisthefranchiseorganization.VerticalMarketingSystems
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizaChannelBehaviorandOrganizationFranchisete特許
organizationlinksseveralstagesintheproductiondistributionprocessManufacturer-sponsoredretailerfranchisesystemManufacturer-sponsoredwholesalerfranchisesystemServicefirm-sponsoredretailerfranchisesystemVerticalMarketingSystemsChannelBehaviorandOrganizat
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizationAdministeredverticalmarketing
systemhasafewdominantchannelmemberswithoutcommonownership.Leadershipcomesfromsizeandpower.VerticalMarketingSystems
ChannelBehaviorandOrganiza
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizationHorizontalmarketingsystemsarewhentwoormorecompaniesatoneleveljointogethertofollowanewmarketingopportunity.Companiescombinefinancial,production,ormarketingresourcestoaccomplishmorethananyonecompanycouldalone.HorizontalMarketingSystem
ChannelBehaviorandOrganiza
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizationMultichannelDistributionsystems(Hybridmarketingchannels)arewhenasinglefirmsetsuptwoormoremarketingchannelstoreachoneormorecustomersegmentsMultichannelDistributionSystemsHybridMarketingChannels
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizaChannelBehaviorandOrganizationMultichannelDistributionSystemChannelBehaviorandOrganizatChannelBehaviorandOrganizationDisintermediation非居間化occurswhenproductorserviceproducerscutoutintermediariesandgodirectlytofinalbuyers,orwhenradicallynewtypesofchannelintermediariesdisplacetraditionalonesChangingChannelOrganizationChannelBehaviorandOrganizatChannelDesignDecisionsChannelDesignDecisions
ChannelDesignDecisionsTargetedlevelsofcustomerserviceWhatsegmentstoserveBestchannelstouseMinimizingthecostofmeetingcustomerservicerequirementsSettingChannelObjectives
ChannelDesignDecisionsSetti
ChannelDesignDecisionsTypesofintermediariesNumberofmarketingintermediariesResponsibilitiesofchannelmembersIdentifyingMajorAlternatives
ChannelDesignDecisionsIdentChannelDesignDecisionsIdentifyingMajorAlternativesChannelDesignDecisionsIdenti
ChannelDesignDecisionsEachalternativeshouldbeevaluatedagainst:EconomiccriteriaControlAdaptivecriteriaEvaluatingtheMajorAlternatives
ChannelDesignDecisionsEvaluChannelDesignDecisionsChannelsystemscanvaryfromcountrytocountryMustbeabletoadaptchannelstrategiestotheexistingstructureswithineachcountryDesigningInternationalDistributionChannelsChannelDesignDecisionsChanne
ChannelManagementDecisions
ChannelManagementDecisionsPublicPolicyandDistributionDecisionsExclusivedistributioniswhenthesellerallowsonlycertainoutletstocarryitsproductsExclusivedealing獨(dú)家銷售iswhenthesellerrequiresthatthesellersnothandlecompetitor’sproductsExclusiveterritorialagreements
獨(dú)家區(qū)域協(xié)議arewhereproducerorsellerlimitterritoryTyingagreements搭售協(xié)議areagreementswherethedealermusttakemostorallofthelinePublicPolicyandDistributionMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementMarketinglogistics(physicaldistribution)involvesplanning,implementing,andcontrollingthephysicalflowofgoods,services,andrelatedinformationfrompointsoforigintopointsofconsumptiontomeetconsumerrequirementsataprofitNatureandImportanceofMarketingLogisticsMarketingLogisticsandMarketingLogisticsandSupplyChainManagementNatureandImportanceofMarketingLogisticsMarketingLogisticsandMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementSupplychainmanagementistheprocessofmanagingupstreamanddownstreamvalue-addedflowsofmaterials,finalgoods,andrelatedinformationamongsuppliers,thecompany,resellers,andfinalconsumersNatureandImportanceofMarketingLogisticsMarketingLogisticsand
SupplMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementMajorLogisticsFunctionsMarketingLogisticsand
SupplMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementHowmanyWhattypesWheretolocateWarehousesDistributioncentersWarehousingDecisionsMarketingLogisticsand
SupplMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementJust-in-timesystemsRFID無線射頻識別KnowingexactproductlocationSmartshelves智慧型貨架PlacingordersautomaticallyInventoryManagementMarketingLogisticsand
Suppl
MarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementMajorLogisticsFunctionsTransportationaffectsthepricingofproducts,deliveryperformance,andconditionofthegoodswhentheyarrive
MarketingLogisticsand
SuppMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementLogisticsinformationmanagementisthemanagementoftheflowofinformation,includingcustomerorders,billing,inventorylevels,andcustomerdata
EDI(electronicdatainterchange)VMI(vendor-managedinventory)供應(yīng)商庫存管理LogisticsInformationManagementMarketingLogisticsandMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementIntegratedlogisticsmanagementistherecognitionthatprovidingcustomerserviceandtrimmingdistributioncostsrequiresteamworkinternallyandexternallyIntegratedLogisticsManagementMarketingLogisticsandMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementThird-partylogisticsistheoutsourcingoflogisticsfunctionstothird-partylogisticsproviders(3PLs)IntegratedLogisticsManagementMarketingLogisticsandThedifferenttypesofflows,whichconnectalltheinstitutionsinthedistributionchannelarephysicalflow,flowofownership,paymentflow,informationflow,and_____.promotionflowworkflowmarketingflowfinancialflowThedifferenttypesofflows,Thedifferenttypesofflows,whichconnectalltheinstitutionsinthedistributionchannelarephysicalflow,flowofownership,paymentflow,informationflow,and_____.promotionflowworkflowmarketingflowfinancialflowThedifferenttypesofflows,A_____consistsofproducers,wholesalers,andretailersactingasaunifiedsystem.conventionaldistributionchannelparallelmarketingsystemverticalmarketingsystemhorizontalmarketingsystemA_____consistsofproducers,A_____consistsofproducers,wholesalers,andretailersactingasaunifiedsystem.conventionaldistributionchannelparallelmarketingsystemverticalmarketingsystemhorizontalmarketingsystemA_____consistsofproducers,The_____isthemostcommontypeofcontractualverticalmarketingsystem.franchiseorganizationadministeredorganizationlicensingarrangementcorporateorganizationThe_____isthemostcommontThe_____isthemostcommontypeofcontractualverticalmarketingsystem.franchiseorganizationadministeredorganizationlicensingarrangementcorporateorganizationThe_____isthemostcommontIna_____,twoormorecompaniesatoneleveljointogethertofollowanewmarketingopportunity.conventionaldistributionchannelverticalmarketingsystemparallelmarketingsystemhorizontalmarketingsystemIna_____,twoormorecompanIna_____,twoormorecompaniesatoneleveljointogethertofollowanewmarketingopportunity.conventionaldistributionchannelverticalmarketingsystemparallelmarketingsystemhorizontalmarketingsystemIna_____,twoormorecompanProducersofconvenienceproductsandcommonrawmaterialstypicallyseek_____.intensivedistributionselectivedistributionexclusivedistributiondisintermediationProducersofconvenienceproduProducersofconvenienceproductsandcommonrawmaterialstypicallyseek_____.intensivedistributionselectivedistributionexclusivedistributiondisintermediationProducersofconvenienceprodu_____involvesmanagingupstreamanddownstreamvalue-addedflowsofmaterials,finalgoods,andrelatedinformationamongsuppliers,thecompany,resellers,andfinalconsumers.VendormanagementOutsourcingDisintermediationSupplychainmanagement_____involvesmanagingupstre_____involvesmanagingupstreamanddownstreamvalue-addedflowsofmaterials,finalgoods,andrelatedinformationamongsuppliers,thecompany,resellers,andfinalconsumers.VendormanagementOutsourcingDisintermediationSupplychainmanagement_____involvesmanagingupstreWhatoccurswhenradicallynewtypesofchannelintermediariesdisplacetraditionalones?IndirectmarketingCrowdsourcingDisintermediationMultichannelmarketingWhatoccurswhenradicallynewWhatoccurswhenradicallynewtypesofchannelintermediariesdisplacetraditionalones?IndirectmarketingCrowdsourcingDisintermediationMultichannelmarketingWhatoccurswhenradicallynewWhichverticalmarketingsystem(VMS)integratessuccessivestagesofproductionanddistributionundersingleownership?ConventionalCorporateContractualAdministeredWhichverticalmarketingsysteWhichverticalmarketingsystem(VMS)integratessuccessivestagesofproductionanddistributionundersingleownership?ConventionalCorporateContractualAdministeredWhichverticalmarketingsysteProducersofastrongbrandsometimessellittodealersonlyifthedealerswilltakesomeoralloftherestoftheline.Thisiscalled_____.bundledpricingfull-lineforcingadministeredpricingzonepricingProducersofastrongbrandsoProducersofastrongbrandsometimessellittodealersonlyifthedealerswilltakesomeoralloftherestoftheline.Thisiscalled_____.bundledpricingfull-lineforcingadministeredpricingzonepricingProducersofastrongbrandsoMovingbroken,unwanted,orexcessproductsreturnedbyconsumersorresellersiscalled_____.redistributionoutbounddistributioninbounddistributionreversedistributionMovingbroken,unwanted,orexMovingbroken,unwanted,orexcessproductsreturnedbyconsumersorresellersiscalled_____.redistributionoutbounddistributioninbounddistributionreversedistributionMovingbroken,unwanted,orex
ChapterTwelveMarketingChannels:DeliveringCustomerValue
ChapterTwelveMarketingChannMarketingChannels:DeliveringCustomerValueSupplyChainsandtheValueDeliveryNetworkTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsChannelBehaviorandOrganizationChannelDesignDecisionsChannelManagementDecisionsMarketingLogisticsandSupplyChainManagementTopicOutlineMarketingChannels:Deliverin
SupplyChainsandthe
ValueDeliveryNetworkUpstreampartnersincluderawmaterialsuppliers,components,parts,information,finances,andexpertisetocreateaproductorserviceDownstreampartnersincludethemarketingchannelsordistributionchannelsthatlooktowardthecustomerSupplyChainPartners
SupplyChainsandthe
ValueSupplyChainsandthe
ValueDeliveryNetworkSupplychain“makeandsell”viewincludesthefirm’srawmaterials,productiveinputs,andfactorycapacityDemandchain“senseandrespond”viewsuggeststhatplanningstartswiththeneedsofthetargetcustomer,andthefirmrespondstotheseneedsbyorganizingachainofresourcesandactivitieswiththegoalofcreatingcustomervalueSupplyChainViewsSupplyChainsandthe
ValueDSupplyChainsandthe
ValueDeliveryNetworkValuedeliverynetworkisthefirm’ssuppliers,distributors,andultimatelycustomerswhopartnerwitheachothertoimprovetheperformanceoftheentiresystemValueDeliveryNetworkSupplyChainsandthe
ValueDTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsIntermediariesofferproducersgreaterefficiencyinmakinggoodsavailabletotargetmarkets.Throughtheircontacts,experience,specialization,andscaleofoperations,intermediariesusuallyofferthefirmmorethanitcanachieveonitsown.HowChannelMembersAddValueTheNatureandImportanceof
TheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsFromaneconomicview,intermediariestransformtheassortmentofproductsintoassortmentswantedbyconsumersChannelmembersaddvaluebybridgingthemajortime,place,andpossessiongapsthatseparategoodsandservicesfromthosewhowouldusethemHowChannelMembersAddValue
TheNatureandImportanceofTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsHowChannelMembersAddValueTheNatureandImportanceofTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsHowChannelMembersAddValueTheNatureandImportanceofTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsNumberofChannelLevelsTheNatureandImportanceofTheNatureandImportanceofMarketingChannelsConnectedbytypesofflows:PhysicalflowofproductsFlowofownershipPaymentflowInformationflowPromotionflowNumberofChannelLevelsTheNatureandImportanceofChannelBehaviorandOrganizationMarketingchannelconsistsoffirmsthathavepartneredfortheircommongoodwitheachmemberplayingaspecializedroleChannelconflictreferstodisagreementovergoals,roles,andrewardsbychannelmembersHorizontalconflictVerticalconflictChannelBehaviorChannelBehaviorandOrganizatChannelBehaviorandOrganizationConventionaldistributionsystemsconsistofoneormoreindependentproducers,wholesalers,andretailers.Eachseekstomaximizeitsownprofits,andthereislittlecontrolovertheothermembersandnoformalmeansforassigningrolesandresolvingconflict.ConventionalDistributionsSystemsChannelBehaviorandOrganizatChannelBehaviorandOrganizationVerticalmarketingsystems(VMSs)providechannelleadershipandconsistofproducers,wholesalers,andretailersactingasaunifiedsystemandconsistof:CorporatemarketingsystemsContractualmarketingsystemsAdministeredmarketingsystemsVerticalMarketingSystemsChannelBehaviorandOrganizat
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizationCorporateverticalmarketingsystemintegratessuccessivestagesofproductionanddistributionundersingleownershipVerticalMarketingSystems
ChannelBehaviorandOrganiza
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizationContractualverticalmarketingsystemconsistsofindependentfirmsatdifferentlevelsofproductionanddistributionwhojointogetherthroughcontractstoobtainmoreeconomiesorsalesimpactthaneachcouldachievealone.Themostcommonformisthefranchiseorganization.VerticalMarketingSystems
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizaChannelBehaviorandOrganizationFranchisete特許
organizationlinksseveralstagesintheproductiondistributionprocessManufacturer-sponsoredretailerfranchisesystemManufacturer-sponsoredwholesalerfranchisesystemServicefirm-sponsoredretailerfranchisesystemVerticalMarketingSystemsChannelBehaviorandOrganizat
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizationAdministeredverticalmarketing
systemhasafewdominantchannelmemberswithoutcommonownership.Leadershipcomesfromsizeandpower.VerticalMarketingSystems
ChannelBehaviorandOrganiza
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizationHorizontalmarketingsystemsarewhentwoormorecompaniesatoneleveljointogethertofollowanewmarketingopportunity.Companiescombinefinancial,production,ormarketingresourcestoaccomplishmorethananyonecompanycouldalone.HorizontalMarketingSystem
ChannelBehaviorandOrganiza
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizationMultichannelDistributionsystems(Hybridmarketingchannels)arewhenasinglefirmsetsuptwoormoremarketingchannelstoreachoneormorecustomersegmentsMultichannelDistributionSystemsHybridMarketingChannels
ChannelBehaviorandOrganizaChannelBehaviorandOrganizationMultichannelDistributionSystemChannelBehaviorandOrganizatChannelBehaviorandOrganizationDisintermediation非居間化occurswhenproductorserviceproducerscutoutintermediariesandgodirectlytofinalbuyers,orwhenradicallynewtypesofchannelintermediariesdisplacetraditionalonesChangingChannelOrganizationChannelBehaviorandOrganizatChannelDesignDecisionsChannelDesignDecisions
ChannelDesignDecisionsTargetedlevelsofcustomerserviceWhatsegmentstoserveBestchannelstouseMinimizingthecostofmeetingcustomerservicerequirementsSettingChannelObjectives
ChannelDesignDecisionsSetti
ChannelDesignDecisionsTypesofintermediariesNumberofmarketingintermediariesResponsibilitiesofchannelmembersIdentifyingMajorAlternatives
ChannelDesignDecisionsIdentChannelDesignDecisionsIdentifyingMajorAlternativesChannelDesignDecisionsIdenti
ChannelDesignDecisionsEachalternativeshouldbeevaluatedagainst:EconomiccriteriaControlAdaptivecriteriaEvaluatingtheMajorAlternatives
ChannelDesignDecisionsEvaluChannelDesignDecisionsChannelsystemscanvaryfromcountrytocountryMustbeabletoadaptchannelstrategiestotheexistingstructureswithineachcountryDesigningInternationalDistributionChannelsChannelDesignDecisionsChanne
ChannelManagementDecisions
ChannelManagementDecisionsPublicPolicyandDistributionDecisionsExclusivedistributioniswhenthesellerallowsonlycertainoutletstocarryitsproductsExclusivedealing獨(dú)家銷售iswhenthesellerrequiresthatthesellersnothandlecompetitor’sproductsExclusiveterritorialagreements
獨(dú)家區(qū)域協(xié)議arewhereproducerorsellerlimitterritoryTyingagreements搭售協(xié)議areagreementswherethedealermusttakemostorallofthelinePublicPolicyandDistributionMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementMarketinglogistics(physicaldistribution)involvesplanning,implementing,andcontrollingthephysicalflowofgoods,services,andrelatedinformationfrompointsoforigintopointsofconsumptiontomeetconsumerrequirementsataprofitNatureandImportanceofMarketingLogisticsMarketingLogisticsandMarketingLogisticsandSupplyChainManagementNatureandImportanceofMarketingLogisticsMarketingLogisticsandMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementSupplychainmanagementistheprocessofmanagingupstreamanddownstreamvalue-addedflowsofmaterials,finalgoods,andrelatedinformationamongsuppliers,thecompany,resellers,andfinalconsumersNatureandImportanceofMarketingLogisticsMarketingLogisticsand
SupplMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementMajorLogisticsFunctionsMarketingLogisticsand
SupplMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementHowmanyWhattypesWheretolocateWarehousesDistributioncentersWarehousingDecisionsMarketingLogisticsand
SupplMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementJust-in-timesystemsRFID無線射頻識別KnowingexactproductlocationSmartshelves智慧型貨架PlacingordersautomaticallyInventoryManagementMarketingLogisticsand
Suppl
MarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementMajorLogisticsFunctionsTransportationaffectsthepricingofproducts,deliveryperformance,andconditionofthegoodswhentheyarrive
MarketingLogisticsand
SuppMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementLogisticsinformationmanagementisthemanagementoftheflowofinformation,includingcustomerorders,billing,inventorylevels,andcustomerdata
EDI(electronicdatainterchange)VMI(vendor-managedinventory)供應(yīng)商庫存管理LogisticsInformationManagementMarketingLogisticsandMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementIntegratedlogisticsmanagementistherecognitionthatprovidingcustomerserviceandtrimmingdistributioncostsrequiresteamworkinternallyandexternallyIntegratedLogisticsManagementMarketingLogisticsandMarketingLogisticsand
SupplyChainManagementThird-partylogisticsistheoutsourcingoflogisticsfunctionstothird-partylogisticsproviders(3PLs)IntegratedLogisticsManagementMarketingLogisticsandThedifferenttypesofflows,whichconnectalltheinstitutionsinthedistributionchannelarephysicalflow,flowofownership,paymentflow,informationflow,and_____.promotionflowworkflowmarketingflowfinancialflowThedifferenttypesofflows,Thedifferenttypesofflows,whichconnectalltheinstitutionsinthedistributionchannelarephysicalflow,flowofownership,paymentflow,informationflow,and_____.promotionflowworkflowmarketingflowfinancialflowThedifferenttypesofflows,A_____consistsofproducers,wholesalers,andretailersactingasaunifiedsystem.conventionaldistributionchannelparallelmarketingsystemverticalmarketingsystemhorizontalmarketingsystemA_____consistsofproducers,A_____consistsofproducers,wholesalers,andretailersactingasaunifiedsystem.conventionaldistributionchannelparallelmarketingsystemverticalmarketingsystemhorizontalmarketingsystemA_____consistsofproducers,The_____isthemostcommontypeofcontractualverticalmarketingsystem.franchiseorganizationadministeredorganizationlicensingarrangementcorporateorganizationThe_____isthemostcommontThe_____isthemostcommontypeofcontractualverticalmarketingsystem.franchiseorganizationadministeredorganizationlicensingarrangementcorporateorganizationThe_____isthemostcommontIna_____,twoormorecompaniesatoneleveljointogethertofollowanewmarketingopportunity.conventionaldistributionchannelverticalmarketingsystemparallelmarketingsystemhorizontalmarketingsystemIna_____,twoormorecompanIna_____,twoormorecompanies
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