考研英語-2001-2005年真題詳解版

2005年入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試Section UseofDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate10smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenly esensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenTheexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells—wesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whiightindicatethedangeroffire.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A]even[B]if[C]only[D]as7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A]at[B]at[C]at[D]at13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A] [C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A]similar[B]such[C]along[D]asideSection ReadingPartDirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearntholleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompleymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicposinga [B]justifyingan[C]makinga [D]explainingaThestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,Paragraphl)impliesmonkeysarealsooutragedbyslackresentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachnoanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchFemalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearostprobablybecausetheymoreinclinedtoweighwhattheyniceinbothappearanceandmoregenerousthantheirmaleDr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythattheprefergrapesto [B]canbetaughttoexchange[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeeling [D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromWhatcanweinferfromthelastMonkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialHumanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainAnimalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansCooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyintheDoyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandtheernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,tolusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefiniywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.TheoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport:“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:thetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunay,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthe’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch—aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyysis”.Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.AnargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwastherewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokingandthenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswaspeoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayofantismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingAccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanservea [B]a [C]a [D]aWhatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysis ysis”(Lastline,ParagraphEndlessstudieskill [B]Carefulinvestigationreveals[C]Prudentplanninghinders [D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalOfferaidtobuildcleanerpower [B]Raisepublicawarenessof[C]Pressforfurtherscientific [D]TakesomelegislativeTheauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingtheybothsufferedfrom alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletothe eofthelatteraggravatesthebothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoOfallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”—therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearchersthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter.“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep—whenmostvividdreamsoccur—asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofinlectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday,”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’sevents—until,itappears,webegintodream.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,tintheir oftheday,there’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleeor“wewakeupinapanic,”Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromathe.Fortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep—orratherdream—onitandyou’llfeelbetterinthemorning.Researchershavecometobelievethatcanbemodifiedintheir [B]aresusceptibletoemotional[C]reflectourinnermostdesiresand [D]area eofneuralByreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoitsfunctioninour [B]themechanismofREM[C]therelationofdreamsto [D]itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalThenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendaggravateinourunconscious [B]developintohappy[C]persisttillthetimewefall [D]showupindreamsearlyatCartwrightseemstosuggestwakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbadvisualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemunderdreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturaldreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheWhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebadLeadyourlifeas [B]Seekprofessional[C]Exerciseconscious [D]AvoidanxietyintheAmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,ngOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthe al,“ngourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlyal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphinerspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhortersisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievinerthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalisinevitableinradicaleducationisbutalltoonaturalinlanguagehascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesintheTheword“talking”(Line5,Paragraph3) [B] [C] [D]TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyLogicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewayweBlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardNon-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasOfallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheinterestintheir [B]appreciationoftheir[C]admirationfortheir [D]contemptfortheirold-Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”“temporary”isto [B]“radical”isto[C]“functional”isto [D]“humble”istoPartDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Canada’ss(theleadersofprovincialernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealth-careThey’reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalWhattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare—tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts—mendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.But“national”doesn’thavetomeanthat.“National”couldmeaninterprovincial—provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national”organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince—oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince—negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugmendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,QuebecrefusedAfewsaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That’sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn’tgoneanywhere,whiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.slovetoquoteMr.Romanow’sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovideernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertotrytoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”SowhenthesgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients. toanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec’sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent!OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby’sreport:“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirby mendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthanernmentrevenues.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.Ofcourse,thepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn’tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.PartDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyand econfused,andone’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismand(46)evisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed—andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoyzetheEuropeanevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogetherevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroup,whileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibleevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.(48)Thisalonedemonstratesthattheevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeanevisionnetworks,nolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligeevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.(49)Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice—thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonco-productions,theexchangeofnews,aryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationaEuropeanbankforevisionProductionwhich,onthemodeloftheEuropeanInvestmentsBank,willhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.(50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay,“Unitedwestand,dividedwefall”—andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity.”Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.SectionⅢPartDirections:TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,linghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameat oftheletter;use“LiMing”instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)PartDirections:Writeanessayof160~200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20答案速查答案速查Section Useof..8.19.20.SectionⅡReadingPart9.40.Part4.45.Part，，SectionⅢPartPart試題詳解試題詳解SectionⅠUseof 第1句引入話題：人類的鼻子是被低估的工具。第23句對人類嗅覺通常的認(rèn)識及其原：第2句前半句承前重申人類的鼻子被低估，后半句轉(zhuǎn)折指出被低估的原因；第3句是對上一句的進一步說明。第4、5句者的點人的嗅其很靈。①人類的鼻子是一種被低估的工具。②人們通常①人類的鼻子是一種被低估的工具。②人們通常認(rèn)為，與動物相比，人類的嗅覺是不靈敏的，但是這主要是因為，與動物不同，人類是直立的。③味著我們的鼻子僅限于感知飄浮在空氣中的氣味，而聞不到大部分附著在物體表面的氣味。④然而，事實上我們對氣味是非常敏感的，即使我們通常沒有認(rèn)識到這一點。⑤我們的鼻子能察覺到不同人的氣味，即。②這可能是因為有些人鼻子里缺少產(chǎn)生某種特定的嗅覺感受器的必要。③這些感受器是察覺氣味并向大腦傳遞信息的細(xì)胞。④然而，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)即使人們起初對某種氣味不敏感，當(dāng)經(jīng)常接觸這種氣味時，他們。①對氣味的不敏感似乎可以這樣來解釋：大腦發(fā)現(xiàn)讓所有的嗅覺感受器一直工作效率會很低，以在需要時創(chuàng)造出新的嗅覺感受器。②這或許也可以解釋為什么我們通常對自己的氣味不敏感——我們只是不需要對自己的氣味敏感。③我們察覺不到自己房子里慣有的氣味，但當(dāng)我們?nèi)e人家時就會注意到新的氣味。④大腦發(fā)現(xiàn)最好能使嗅覺感受器可以接收不熟悉的、緊急的信號，比如可能表明有火險的煙味1句通過比較說明人類嗅覺的差異性。2、3句對差異性進行了科學(xué)解釋。第4句是過渡句，轉(zhuǎn)折指第1句承接上文，前半句解釋了上文中提到的“暫句解釋了對某種氣味由不敏感到敏感的原因。2—4句，我們對熟悉的氣味不敏感，這樣可以對或異常信號保持警覺：第2句，人們不需要對熟悉的氣味敏感；3句例證上一句；4句解釋3①①Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.②Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2animals,westandupright.③Thismeansthatournosesare3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.④Infact,5,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,6wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.⑤Ournosesarecapableof7humansmellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinone1①本句引入話題：人類的鼻子是被低估的工具underratedunderrate（低估）的過去分詞形式句中because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句作表語。句3①本句承接上一句，人類直立行走對嗅覺的影響。②本句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)為Thismeansthat...，其中指代上一westandupright；that引導(dǎo)的賓語從means的賓語，which引導(dǎo)的定語 中還出現(xiàn)過的此類單詞有under-nourishment“營養(yǎng)不良”，undervalue“低估；輕視underestimate“低估 不足的；缺underprivileged“貧困的社會地位低下的這些詞不 中還出現(xiàn)過的此類單詞有under-nourishment“營養(yǎng)不良”，undervalue“低估；輕視underestimate“低估 不足的；缺underprivileged“貧困的社會地位低下的這些詞不需要重易推測出其意思”，undertreatment治療不足只要清楚under-前綴表示否定就很4①①Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9otherssensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.②Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessary 10smellreceptorsinthenose.③Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsand tothebrain.④However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainesensitivetoitwhen13toitoftencanpeople...others...）Strangely與上文形成語義上的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。這一情況；receptor意為“感受器；受體”。3①本句對2句中提到的嗅覺感受器做具體說明，介紹其本質(zhì)和工作原理Thesereceptorssmell句4①本句是過渡句，承上概括了“有些人對某些氣味不敏感”，啟下這種不敏感是可以改變的①①Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.②Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells—wesimplydonotneedtobe.③Wearenot17oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.④Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors19forunfamiliarandemergencysignals20thesmellofsmoke,whiightindicatethedangeroffire.句本句承接上文，前半句解釋了上文中提到的“暫時的不敏感性”的原因：大腦要保持高效的工作方式；后12句①本句承接上一句，人們不需要對熟悉的氣味敏感。②This指代第1句的內(nèi)容，該句中的donotneedtobe與上一句中ifnecessary形成呼應(yīng)；explainwhywearenotusuallysensitive1Theexplanationforinsensitivity屬于同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。124 ①本句中的thesmellofsmoke與上一句中的newsmells形成上下文的語義銜接。其中，首句中表語從句的句型與本句一致：thebrainfindsitinefficient/besttokeep...。②emergencysignal意為“緊急信號4本篇文章幾乎涵蓋sense所有的衍生詞：sensitive，insensitive，insensitivity，并且重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。Text1中出現(xiàn)insensitivity，使用其“（對某事物）無感覺，無反應(yīng)”的含義，注意體會其在不同語境中[Aalthough盡[B]as由[Cbut但[Dwhile雖然；然而，的原因人類是直立的1句和4句都表明人類的鼻子實際是靈敏的空格前后含有一個隱含的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系空格后的內(nèi)容對空格前的內(nèi)容進行了否定空格處應(yīng)填入表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but，故答案為[C]but?！惧e項排除】[A]although表示讓步關(guān)系不符合此處的邏輯關(guān)系故可排除；[B]as表示因果關(guān)系代入后與后thisislargelybecause重復(fù)故可排除；[D]while的用法較多其中一種用法although相似表讓步可[Aabove在…之上；超[B]unlike不像[Dbesides除…以+【答案詳解】由空格前面comparedwithanimals可以判斷作者要以對比的形式來說明人與動物之間的某種差異，由because可知第2句的后半句是解釋人類嗅覺并不靈敏的原因，而由westandupright“人類是直立的”可知，這是人類與動物的不同，空格處應(yīng)填入一個表示對比或相反含義的詞，故答案為[B]unlike。在包含與被包含的關(guān)系故可排[C]excluding；[D]besides代入原文后意為“除了動物以外人類也是直立][C]dedicated把…奉獻給；致力+【答案詳解】This指代上一句中的westandupright上一句“與動物相比人類的嗅覺是不靈敏的但這主要是因為人類是直立的”。perceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair“感知飄浮在空氣中的氣味”與standupright“直立的”前后照應(yīng)由此不難理解此處說的是人類嗅覺的局限性只能聞到空氣中的氣味故答案[A]