各章概要TPP為工人和商人平整了比賽

TheTrans-PacificPartnership(TPP)levelstheplayingfieldforAmericanworkersandAmericanbusinesses,leadingtomoreMade-in-Americaexportsandmorehigher-payingAmericanjobshereathome.Bycuttingover18,000taxesdifferentcountriesputonMade-in-Americaproducts,TPPmakessureourfarmers,ranchers,manufacturers,servicers,andsmallbusinessescancompete—andwin—insomeofthefastestgrowingmarketsintheworld.Withmorethan95percentoftheworld’sconsumerslivingoutsideourborders,TPPwillsignificantlyexpandtheexportofMade-in-AmericagoodsandservicesandsupportAmericanjobs.TPP為工人和商人平整了比賽場(chǎng)地導(dǎo)致的制造產(chǎn)品出口及國(guó)內(nèi)工資更高的工作機(jī)會(huì)。通過(guò)降低各國(guó)對(duì)18,000種制造產(chǎn)品商品的稅，TPP確服務(wù)提供者和小企業(yè)能夠在世界95%以上消費(fèi)者住在之外，TPP將大大擴(kuò)展制造貨物和服務(wù)的出口支持的ChapterOneInitialProvisionsandGeneralThischapterorganizesandprovidesoverallstructurefortheTPPAgreement;setsouttherelationshipbetweentheTPPAgreementandotheragreementsalreadyinplaceamongtheTPPParties(inparticulartheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)Agreement,butalsoexistingfreeagreementsamongtheTPPParties);anddefinestechnicaltermsusedinmorethanonechapteroftheAgreement.CHAPTERRelationtoOtherTheTPPPartieshaveobligationstoeachotherunderotheragreements,suchastheWTOAgreement.Thischapteraffirmsthattheseotheragreementsremaininplace.Inaddition,althoughwehavebeencarefultoensurethatTPPdoesnotcreateanyobligationsthatwouldbeinconsistentwithanyofourexistingagreements(includingtheWTOAgreement),aTPPPartymay onsultationswithanotherPartyifitbelievesthereisanInmanycases,TPPwillbroadenorimproveuponcommitmentsinexistingagreements.Forexample,thecommitmentsMexico,Canada,Chile,Singapore,Australia,andPeruhavemadeinTPP’sLaborandEnvironmentchaptersbroadenandimproveuponNAFTAandpreviousFTAs.Regardlessoftheagreements,TPPPartieswillbeobligatedtoimplementTPP’smoreambitiousGeneralThechapterprovidesdefinitionsoftermsthatareusedinmorethanonechapteroftheAgreement.SpecificchaptersalsoprovidedefinitionsoftermsthatareonlyusedinthoseChapterTwoNationalTreatmentandMarketAccessforThroughtheTPPAgreement,theUnitedStatesisseekingtocreateaneconomicarchitectureintheAsia-PacificregionthathelpsAmericanbusinesses,workers,farmersandranchersproduceandselltheirgoodsmoreeasily.TheNationalTreatmentandMarketAccessforGoodsChapter(alsoknownastheGoodschapter)helpsusreachthisgoalbyremovingbarrierstoexportofMade-in-Americamanufacturesandfarmproducts.SomeTPPcountriesimposetariffsthattranslateintoveryhighcostsforbuyersofAmericanproducts.Forexample,Malaysiachargestariffsof30percentonAmericanautos,whileBruneihastariffsashighas20percentonmachinery.Japanesetarifleatherfootwearcanriseashighas189percentoutofquotaand17percentonfruitsandvegetables(orevenhigherfororangesinseason);Vietnamimposestariffsaveraging9.4percentonmanufacturedgoods,andthosetariffsoftenrisehigher,ashighas27percentforautopartsand68percentfortrucks.Vietnamalsoimposeshighratesinagriculture,ashighas30percentoncutsofpork.Thesedisadvantagesaremagnifiedbyfreetradeagreements(FTAs)thatdonotincludetheUnitedStates.Forexample,Vietnameseautopartsbuyerspaya27percenttariffiftheychooseAmericanparts,butonly5percentornotariffatallonsimilarChinese-orThai-madeautopartsundertheChina-ASEANFTAandtheASEANFreeTradeArea.Reducingoreliminatingthesetariffs,andotherbarrierstoAmericanexports,inmanyfast-growingmarketswillhelpsupporteconomicgrowthandhigh-wageemploymentforAmericansinthe21stcentury.Insong,TPPwillhelpsecureAmerica’semergingroleastheworld’smostattractivesiteformanufacturing,supporthigher esandruraldevelopment,andhelptoensureafutureofsustainedU.S.economicgrowthbasedonhighwageemployment,research,investment,andproduction.CHAPTERTariffsandcoreTheGoodschapterincludesfundamentalobligationsfortheTPPPartiestoeliminatecustomsdutiesonqualifyinggoodsfromtheTPPregion,andtoprovidetreatmenttothegoodsofotherTPPPartiesequivalenttothatwhichtheyprovidetheirownnationals(“nationaltreatment”).ThismeanseliminationofalltarifAmericanmanufacturedgoodsandnearlyallfarmproducts.Themajorityofthetariffeliminationwillbeimmediate,althoughsometariffswillbeeliminatedoveragreedtimeframes.Inagriculturespecifically,TPPwilleliminatetariffsonalmostallU.S.exportsoffoodandagriculturalproducts,andfortheremainingproductswillprovidenewandcommerciallymeaningfulmarketaccessandincreasedexportopportunitiesthroughsignificanttariffreductionsorchangestotariffratequotas.ImportandexportToensurethatcountriesdonotmaintainorexpandotherdiscriminatorytradebarriersatthesametimethattheyareeliminatingtariffsorinventnewbarrierstocircumventTPP’sobligations,theGoodschapterincorporatesthebroadWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)obligationsregardingimportandexportrestrictionsintoTPPasthefundamentalframeworkfortradeingoodsbetweentheParties.Inaddition,theGoodschapterprohibitsimportlicensingconditionedonperformancerequirements,aswellasprohibitingrequirementsthatexportersestablishcontractualrelationshipswithdomesticdistributorsasaconditionofimportation.Forexample,anexporterofU.S.-madefarmequipmentcannotberequiredbylawinaTPPPartytousealocaldistributortoimportitsproductintoaTPPcountry.Performancerequirementsimposeobligationsoncompanies,suchasrequiringthatacertainlevelofgoodsorservicesbeexportedorthatdomesticgoodsand/orservicesbeusedinordertoobtainpreferentialtreatmentfortheirimports.Theserequirementsareusedbysomecountriestounfairlydiscouragetheuseofimportsevenastariffsarereduced.TheGoodschapterprohibitsPartiesfromusingperformancerequirementsasaconditionofqualifyingforreducedtariffs.ImportComplicatedandunclearimportlicensingprocedurescancreatecostsandobstaclesforexportersandcanresultinsignificantbarrierstotrade.TheGoodschapterincludesrequirementsforPartiestonotifyeachotheroftheirimportlicensingprocedures,includinganyconditionsandeligibilityrequirements,andtoregularlyupdatethesenotifications.Inaddition,PartiescannotapplyimportlicensingprocedurestoTPPgoodswithoutnotifyingallPartiesofthelicenserequirementandthereasonforit.SpecialTheGoodschapterrequiresPartiestoprovideduty-freetreatmentforrepairsandalterations;thetemporaryadmissionofgoodslikeprofessionalequipment,commercialsamples,goodsfordisplayanddemonstration,andsportsequipment;andcommercialsamplesofnegligiblevalueandprintedadvertisingmaterial.Duty-freetreatmentforthesetypesofimportslowerscostsforcommercialactivitywithintheTPPregion,includingforprofessionalservicesthatrequireancillarygoods.ToensurethattradersunderstandtherulestheywillberequiredtofollowintradingwitheachTPPParty,theGoodschapterincludesarequirementthatPartiespublishallinformationrelatedtoimportandexportproceduresandrequirements,tariffrates,taxesandfeesrelatedimportation,tariffquotas,andimportandexportAgriculturalexportTheGoodschaptercontainsacommitmentbyallTPPPartiestoeliminateagriculturalexportsubsidies—whichareconsideredamongthemosttrade-distortingagriculturaltrademeasures—ongoodssoldinTPPmarkets.TheUnitedStates—whichdoesnotuseagriculturalexportsubsidies—haslongsoughttoeliminatetheuseofsuchsubsidiesatthemultilaterallevel.TPPalsosupportsthegroundworkforglobalagriculturaltradereformonexportsubsidiesintheExportcreditsinThePartiesagreetoworktogetherintheWTOtodevelopmultilateraldisciplinesonexportcredits,exportcreditguaranteesandinsuranceprograms.ThiscommitmentreflectstheongoingworkoftheUnitedStatesandotherTPPpartnersonagriculturaltradereforminthemultilateralExportrestrictionsinTheGoodschapterlimitsexportrestrictionsonfoodstuffstosixmonths,requiresnotificationofotherTPPPartiesinadvancewhenacountryimposessuchrestrictions,andmandatesconsultationwithinterestedTPPimportingcountriesiftherestrictionremainsinplacemorethan12months.Thisprovisionisintendedtodiscouragecountriesfromimposingexportrestrictionsonfoodandagriculturalproductsasameansofprotectingtheirdomesticmarketfromchangesintheworldmarket.Whencountriesdosowithrespecttostaplefoodproductslikericeandwheat,poorcountriesrelyingontheinternationalmarkettoimportfoodscansufferimme5diateandsharpcrisesinaccesstofood.TPP’scommitmentinthisareawillhelpimprovethestabilityofregionalfarmmarketsingeneral,andprovideadditionalfoodsecuritytoecountriesintheregionsuchasCambodia,Pa NewGuinea,BangladeshandStatetradingSomecountrieshavestatetradingenterprisesthatcontrolexportsofspecificproducts.ThroughtheGoodschapter,TPPpartnershaveagreedtoworktogetherintheWTOtoimprovetransparencyaroundtheoperationsofagriculturalexportstatetradingenterprises,andhaveagreedonrulespreventingtheseenterprisesfromreceivingspecialernmentalfinancingortrade-distortingrestrictionsonexports.ModernagriculturalProductsderivedfromagriculturalbiotechnologyaregrownin28countriesandaretradedwidely.TPPincludescommitmentstoprovidetransparencyonernmentmeasuresonbiotechnologytrade.Italsoprovidesforinformationsharing,andproceduresforPartiestofollowwhenthelow-levelpresenceofbioteaterialisdetectedinashipmentofagriculturalcommoditiesorfoodproducts.NEWTPP’sGoodschapterincludesnewcommitmentsthataddressemergingindustriesandcertainnon-tariffbarriersthatU.S.companiesfaceinforeignmarkets,breakingnewgroundinU.S.tradeagreements.Thesenewfeaturesinclude:RemanufacturingisanimportantandgrowingsectorintheUnitedStates.Remanufacturedgoods—thatis,productsnotsimplyrepairedbutrestoredto‘likenew’condition—arecost-effective,supportskilledjobsintheUnitedStatesandotherTPPcountries,andofferenvironmentalbenefitsthroughefficientreuseofexistingpartsandresources.TheUnitedStatesisthelargestremanufacturerintheworld,withatleast$43billioninproductionand$11billioninexports,supportinganestimated180,000Americanjobs.However,manycountrieshaveimportrestrictionsonusedgoods,whichtheyinappropriayapplytoremanufacturedgoods,restrictingmarketaccessforU.S.exporters.TPPspecifiesthatPartiescannotapplyrestrictionsontheimportationofusedgoodstoremanufacturedgoods,buttheycanrequirethatremanufacturedgoodsmeetalltechnicalrequirementsforequivalentnewgoodsand/orbeidentifiedasremanufacturedforsaleordistribution.ExportlicensingThelackoftransparencyinexportlicensingprocedurescanbeusedtolimitorrestrictexportsofkeycommoditiesandrawmaterials,distortingworldpricesandprovidingdomesticprocessorsinforeigncountrieswithunfaircompetitivebenefitsagainstU.S.processors.TPP’sGoodschapterpreventsexportlicensingproceduresfrombeingusedasanunfairtradebarrier.TPPisthefirstU.S.FTAtoincludeaprovisionrelatedtotransparencyinexportlicensingprocedures,whichrequiresPartiestopublishtheirexportlicensingprocedures,includinganyconditionsandeligibilityrequirements,aswellasreferencestothemeasuresthattheproceduresareusedtoimplement.TheseobligationsdonotaffecttheabilityofPartiestoadoptormaintainexportcontrolmeasures.ExportshavebeenacenterofstrengthfortheU.S.economy,andTPPwillhelpussustainandbuildonthissuccess.TheGoodschapterisanessentialpartofthis,removingover18,000individualtariffsandotherbarrierstotheexportofU.S.goodsandfarmproducts.Sincetherecentfinancialcrisis,theU.S.economyhasrebalancedawayfromdebt-financed,realestate-basedgrowthtowardmoresustainablesourcesofgrowthdrivenbysectorslikeinvestment,research,andproductioninmanufacturingandagriculture.ExportshavecontributednearlyonethirdofU.S.economicgrowthbetween2009and2014,andour11TPPpartnersinturnhavebeenanimportantpartofthisstory.Togethercomprisingamarketofnearly500millionpeople,aneconomyofover$10trillion,andthreeofAmerica’sfivelargestexportmarkets(Canada,Japan,andMexico),TPPcountriesimportnearly$3trillionperyearinmanufacturedgoods,farmproducts,andnaturalresourceproducts.Thisincludes$639billionworthofAmericanmanufacturedgoods,representingnearlyhalfofU.S.manufacturingexports,insectorsrangingfromautos,salites,andcosmetics,tosemiconductorchipsandsportsTPPpartnersbought42percentofourmorethan$150billioninexportsofgrains,meats,dairy,fruitsandvegetables,andotherfarmgoods.Americanfarmers—asthemostproductiveandscientificallyadvancedglobally—canservetheworld.NowhereistheopportunitygreaterthanintheAsia-Pacificregion.By2030itwillbehometo3.2billionmiddle-classconsumers,whowillbetheworld’slargestbuyersofstaplegrains,freshfruitsandvegetables,dairy,meatsandotherfarmproducts.TheUnitedStatesisoneofafewcountries,butnottheonlyone,withthepotentialtoprovidethesegoodsefficiently,safely,andeconomically.ThismarkethasthepotentialtobethefoundationofAmericanruralgrowthforageneration,bringingwealthandsupportingjobsinruralareas,andencouragingruralyoungpeopletoseetheirfutureinTPPwillreducebarrierstotradeforU.S.manufacturersandproducershelthemgrowtheirexports.WhileTPPcountriesarelargebuyersofAmericangoods,somecontinuetoimposehightarifcertainAmericangoodsandmaintainawidearrayofnon-tariffbarriersthatmeanourexportsfallbelowtheirpotential.Insomecases,thesechallengesareintensifiedbypreferentialaccessthatthesecountrieshaveunderFTAsthatdonotincludetheUnitedStates,whichplaceAmericanfactoriesandfarmsatadisadvantagevis-à-visourcompetitors.WithcountriesaroundtheAsia-Pacificandnegotiatingnumerousbilateralandregionaltradeagreements,thesedisadvantageswillgrowevenmoresignificantwithoutproactiveAmericanengagement.Tosecuresustainedandhigh-qualityeconomicgrowth,andthehigh-wagejobsthatflowfromit,weneedanambitiousefforttoopenmarketsandpromoteexportstosomeofthefastest-growingmarketsintheworld.TheGoodschapterofTPPwillhelpusmeetourgoalsbyaddressingthemajorbarrierstoAmericanexportsofmanufacturedgoodsandfarmproductsfromtariffsthroughnon-tariffimportbarriers,exportbansandsubsidies,licensingandperformancerequirements,andmore.ChapterTreeRulesofOriginandOriginTPP’sRulesofOriginandOriginProcedureschaptercreatesrulesoforigindefiningwhatitmeansforaproducttobeoriginatingfromTPPpartnercountriesandtherebyeligibleforTPPbenefits.Italsocreatesthemechanismsforenforcingtheserules.Together,thismakessuretheagreement’sbenefitsgotoTPPPartiesthataretakingontheAgreement’shigh-standard,ambitiousobligations.TPP’sstrongrulesoforiginwillhelpremoveincentivesforU.S.companiestomoveproductionandencouragethemtokeephigh-payingjobsintheUnitedStates.CHAPTERDefining“TPPTheRulesofOriginchaptercreatesafundamentalcommitmentthatonly“originatinggoods”—thatis,goodsgenuinelyproducedinTPPcountries—willreceivethelowertariffsoftheTPP.AgoodcannotbeproducedincountriesoutsidetheTPPandbeconsideredTPPoriginatingTheserulesarespecifictoeachproduct,definingtheoperationsitmustundergoinordertobeconsideredaTPPgoodandreceiveTPPbenefits.OriginatingTheRulesofOriginchapterwillhavethreewaystodefinehowsomething“madeintheWhollyObtainedorProducedTheRulesofOriginchapterdefinesgoodsgrown,harvestedorfishedinTPPcountriesasTPPoriginatingandeligibletoreceivelowertariffs.TheserulesallowfarmerstogetTPPbenefitsfortheirproduceorcropsgrowninTPPcountries,orforfishcaughtonTPPvessels.GoodsProducedExclusivelyfromTPPTheRulesofOriginchapterdefinesgoodsproducedexclusivelyfromoriginatingmaterialsandthatotherwisemeettheTPPrulesoforiginaseligibletoreceivelowertariffs.ProductSpecificTheRulesofOriginchapterallowsmanygoodstobeconsideredTPPoriginatingiftheymeettheagreement’sproduct-specificruleslimitingthetypeoramountofnon-TPPmaterialsthatcanbeusedorifsuaterialshavebeensubstantiallytransformedintoa“TPPproduct.”Forexample,chemicalproductsoftenresultfromcomplexproductionprocessesthattransformsimpleinputsintonewordifferentproducts.TheserulesensurethatonlybusinessesthatmakesignificantinvestmentsandsourcesignificantamountsofmaterialsandcomponentsintheUnitedStatesandotherTPPcountriesareeligibletoreceivelowerduties.TheRulesofOriginchapterallowsTPPcountriestotreatmaterialsfromoneTPPcountryinthesamewaytheytreatmaterialsfromanyotherTPPcountrywhenthesematerialsareusedtomakeaTPPgood.Thisconcept,called“cumulation,”strengthensincentivesforTPPbusinessestointegrateproductionandsupplychainswithintheTPPregion,makingitmoreattractivetodobusinesswithproducersintheUnitedStatesandotherTPPcountriesthanwithproducersinothercountries.Remanufacturinghasimportantbenefits,includingsupportingU.S.jobsandreducingstressontheenvironment.Recognizingthesebenefits,theRulesofOriginchapterensuresthatrecoveredmaterialsusedintheproductionofaremanufacturedproductcountasTPPmaterials,allowingmoreremanufacturedgoodstocountasTPPoriginating.Becauseremanufacturingisacomplex,high-value,andlabor-intensiveproductionprocess,thesecommitmentsreducetheneedforcompaniestoimportmaterialsandcomponentsfromoutsidetheTPPregionandincentivizedomesticproduction,benefittingU.S.andotherTPPworkers.TransitandWithTPPcountrieslocatedacrosstheAsia-Pacific,manufacturersinallTPPcountrieshavetobeabletotransporttheirgoodsacrossoceanstogetgoodstoconsumers.TheRulesofOriginchapterensuresthatTPPgoodsdonotlosepreferentialtariffssimplybecauseoftheroutestheytransittoreachconsumers.Atthesametime,topreventcircumventionoftheTPPrules,thechapterimposesstrictlimitsontheproductionprocessesthatcanbeconductedwhileintransitoutsidetheTPPregioninorderforaproducttostillbeeligibleforTPPtariffpreferences.OriginTPPcountriesworkindifferentwayswithimporters,exporters,andproducers.Somecompaniescanadapttothesedifferences,butothers—particularlysmallerfirmsornewtraders—oftenfindthemdifficult,complicated,andburdensometodealwithacrosscountries.Tomakesureourbusinesses—especiallysmallandmedium-sizedbusinesses—caneasilyoperateacrosstheTPPregion,theRulesofOriginchaptercreatesacommonTPP-widesystemofshowingandverifyingthatgoodsmadeintheTPPmeettherulesoforigin.Thisenablesalltraderstomakeaclaimforpreferentialtreatment,providedtheyhavetheabilityandationtosupportthatclaim.Inaddition,thechapterprovidescustomsauthoritieswiththetoolstheyneedtoverifyclaimsinthemannertheydeemmostappropriate,allowingthemtomakeinformationrequeststotheimporter,exporter,orproducer,ortorequestsvisitstoexporterorproducerfacilities.AdaptationtoFutureChangesinTechnologyandSupplyRecognizingthatproductionprocessesandthenatureofsupplychainschangeovertime,theRulesofOriginchaptercommitsTPPPartiestomeetregularlytoconsiderimprovementstotheadministrationoftherulesoforigin.NEWTPP’sexpandedcommitmentsoncumulationareanimportantinnovationdesignedtopromoteproductionandsupplychainsamongtheUnitedStatesandotherTPPcountries,andreduceincentivestoshiftproductiontoproducersoutsidetheregion.TPPalsoincludesmoredetailedprovisionsthananypreviousU.S.FreeTradeAgreement(FTA)forimporterstomakeclaimsforpreferentialtarifftreatmentandforcustomsauthoritiestoverifyclaimsofpreferentialtreatment.ThisenhancementwillbetterinformU.S.exportersonwhattoexpectduringaverification,howtoprovecompliance,andhowtorespondifgoodsaredeniedpreferentialRulesoforigindefinewhatitmeansforaproducttobeconsideredTPPoriginatingandthereforetobeeligibleforduty-freetreatmentundertheagreement.Togetherwiththeenforcementprovisions,thismakessuretheagreement’sbenefitsgotoTPPcountriesthataretakingontheagreement’shigh-standard,ambitiousobligations,ratherthantonon-TPPcountries.TheRulesofOriginchapteralsoincentivizesinvestmentinTPPeconomiesbyprovidingsimple,clearrulesforclaimingpreferentialtreatment.ThemanypreviousFTAsamongcountriesintheworld’sbusiesttradingregioneachhavetheirownrules.Thiscreatedaso-called“spaghettibowl”ofrulesoforiginwithnocoherence.Thisinturnoftenmakesitdifficultfortraderstotakeadvantageoftheseagreements’benefits,especiallyasgoodsoftenundergoproductioninmultiplecountriesthatarepartytodifferent,unconnectedFTAs.AsTPPhelpstodevelopasingle,integratedAsia-Pacificmarket,withone,commonsetofrulesoforigin,U.S.companiesthatmightotherwisehaverelocatedtoAsiainordertoconnecttoAsia-Pacificproductionandsupplychainsmaynolongerneedtodoso.TheUnitedStatesisalreadyemergingastheproductionplatformofchoicebecauseofourlargemarket,lowenergycosts,unmatchedinnovation,technologicalstrength,educatedworkforce,andstronginvestmentclimate.IfbothTPPandT-TIPareconcludedandpassedbyCongress,alongsideourcurrentFTAs,theU.S.wouldhavefreetradeaccesstonearlytwo-thirdsoftheglobaleconomy.TheTPPlinksourbusinessesandworkersdirectlyintotheseproductionandsupplynetworks,providingopportunitiestofurtherincreaseU.S.exportsandsupportU.S.ChapterFourTextilesandTPP’sTextilesandApparelchapterwillcreateexportopportunitiesforMade-in-Americaclothes,fabrics,andyarnsandsupportjobsintheUnitedStates.Thisobjectiveisadvancedbya“yarn-forward”approachthatrequiresuseofyarnsandfabricsfromTPPcountriesinendproductsqual2ifyingforpreferentialtreatmentunderTPP—withsomeflexibilitysothatAmericanbusinessesandworkerswhoseproductsdependoninputsnotavailablewithintheTPPregioncanstillbenefit.Theyarn-forwardapproachalsowillhelptodeveloparegionally-integratedsupplychainthatwillpromotelong-termgrowthandinvestmentinthissectorintheUnitedStates.TheTextilesandApparelchapteralsosecuresclosecustomscooperationamongTPPPartiestofacilitateeffectiveenforcementoftherules;andensuresU.S.companieshaveaccesstotemporaryreliefifanimportsurgecauses,orthreatenstocause,seriousdamagetotheirbusiness.CHAPTEREliminatestariftextileandapparelTPPwilleliminatetarifU.S.exportsoftextilesandappareltotheotherTPPmarkets,withmanytariffsgoingtozeroondayone,andothersbeingphasedout.WehavereachedacarefullycraftedU.S.tariffeliminationpackagewithourTPPpartnersthattakesintoaccountthespecificsensitivitiesoftheUnitedStates.RulesofToensurethatthebenefitsofTPPgotoTPPworkersandbusinesses,TPPrequiresa“yarnforward”ruleoforigin,whieansthattogetthelowertariffsofferedinTPP,agoodmustbemadewithinthefreetradeareausingU.S.orotherTPPcountryyarnsandfabrics.Atthesametime,wehavecarefullycraftedexceptionstothegeneralrulesoforigin.Forexample,theTextilesandApparelchapterincludesa“shortsupplylist,”whichprovidesTPPpartnerswithflexibilitiesincaseswheretheU.S.andotherTPPmembersdonotproduceenoughofaparticularfabricoryarntomeetproductionneeds.Insuchcases,theshortsupplylistallowsapparelusingthesespecifiedmaterialsfromoutsidetheTPPregiontoqualifyforTPP’sreducedtariffrates.ThereisalsoaspecialfeatureforVietnam,linkingimprovedaccesstotheU.S.marketforcottonpantstothepurchaseofU.S.-madecottonfabric.CustomsCooperationtoCombatDutyEvasionandTheTextilesandApparelchapter’sstrongenforcementprovisionsandcustomscooperationcommitmenableU.S.CustomsofficerstoworkwithotherTPPcountriestomakesurethatwhentradertheirgoodsshouldgetthelowertariffsandbettertreatmentavailableunderTPP,thoseclaimsaregenuine.ThisincludesauthorityforU.S.CustomsofficialstoworkwithTPPcounterpartstofightcustomsoffenses,suchasdutyevasion,smuggling,andfraud.SafeguardforTextilesandTheTextilesandApparelchaptercreatesaspecialsafeguardprocedurefortextilesandapparel.ThisprovisionallowsustotemporarilyrestorehigherdutiesonimportscomingintotheUnitedStatesifimportsfromaTPPcountrycauseoreventhreatentocauseseriousdamagetotheU.S.EnforcementoftheTPPTopreventcustomsfraud,TPPenablesourCustomsofficerstogodirectlytofacilitiesofexportersorproducersinotherTPPcountriestoverifythatthetextileandapparelgoodsthosecompaniessendtotheUnitedStatesaregenuineTPPgoods,andtoinvestigatewhetherimportersaremeetingourrules.ThesecommitmentsincludeprotectionsforU.S.exportersandproducerstoensurethattheyhaveafairchancetoshowtheirgoodsmeettherulesandthereforequalifyforthelowertariffsandbettertreatmentavailableunderTPP.NEWTheTextilesandApparelchapterincludesacarefullytailoredshortsupplylist,allowingflexibilitytomeettherulesoforiginandstrengthenregionalintegration.Buildingonpastagreements,TPPprovidesforavarietyofenforcementtoolstailoredtothetextilessectortoallowcustomsauthoritiestoinvestigatefraudandsmuggling.Thesetoolsincluderobustverificationprocedures—withafocusondirectsitevisits—thatapplytoallcountriesintheTPP,aswellascooperationamongTPPcountries.U.S.CustomsandBorderProtectionwillusethesetoolstomakesurethateveryoneisplayingbytherulesandthatonlygenuineTPPgoodsbenefitfromTheU.S.textileandapparelindustry,havingweatheredtheforcesofglobalizationandthefinancialcrisisof2008,hasemergedasstrongandinnovative,withanorientationtowardexports.TheindustryisamajorU.S.manufacturingemployer,withemploymentintheU.S.t