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Unit2

Grammarandusage(1)

Unit211.Wheredoesapersoncomefrom?Thiswillaffecttheirstyleofspeech.

=Whereapersoncomesfromwillaffect

theirstyleofspeech.wh-questionsubject1.Wheredoesapersoncomefr22.WhydoesEnglishhavesuchstrangerules?Youcanbegintoseeit!=Youcanbegintosee

whyEnglishhassuchstrange

rules!wh-questionobjectwh-questionobject33.WhyisEnglishalanguewithsomanyconfusingrules?

Thisisthereason=ThisiswhyEnglishisalanguagewithsomanyconfusingrules.wh-questionpredicativewh-questionpredicative4Attention:Wechangethewordorderinaclauseafteraquestionwordintothatofastatement.2.Wecannotleaveoutthequestionwordsinnounclausesinanycases.Attention:51、引導詞what與that的用法區(qū)別。引導主、賓、表語從句時，what要充當主語、賓語或表語等句子成分，that不作任何成分，只在語法上起連接的作用。例如（NMET’96）：____wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan____wehave.A.What;what B.what;that C.That;that D.That;what ThattheformerIraqpresidentSaddamwascapturedhasbeenproved.1、引導詞what與that的用法區(qū)別。62、引導詞whether和if的用法區(qū)別。通常，引導主語從句、表語從句和引導同位語從句時，要用連詞whether，不用if；習慣上也只能說whetherornot，而不說if…ornot。例如（MET92）：____the2000OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisnotknownyet.A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That2、引導詞whether和if的用法區(qū)別。7名詞性從句的語序。與別的從句一樣，名詞性從句必須用自然語序，即使在疑問句中，從句也不倒裝（而在主句上倒裝）。例如（MET91）:Noonecanbesure____inamillionyears.A.whatmanwilllooklike B.whatwillmanlooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhat D.whatlookwillmanlike 名詞性從句的語序。84、Who/whoever,what/whatever等的用法區(qū)別。一般說來，what/who等含特指意義，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意義，意為“無論什么/無論誰”。例如（NMET97）：Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild____heorshewants.A.however B.whateverC.whichever D.whenever 4、Who/whoever,what/whatev9Where,when,why等連接副詞引導的名詞性從句。Where,when,why等連接副詞也可以引導名詞性從句，使用的關鍵是：這個詞必須符合句子的邏輯要求。例如（NMET’99）：—IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.—Isthat____youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.thatD.where Where,when,why等連接副詞引導的10IV.Exercises:AonPage28BonPage28

IV.Exercises:AonPage2811Answers:1.O2.S3.P4.O5.O6.PB.1.why2.what3.which4.how/why5.How6.who7.How8.WhichAnswers:12

V.ChoosethebestanswerDoyouremember______hecame?Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.

a.howb.whenc.thatd.if2._____we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.

a.Ifb.Whetherc.Thatd.Where

abV.Choosethebestanswerab133.Wordhascame__________someAmericanguestswillcomeforavisit.A.what B.thatC.whether D.when4.______knowsthetruthwilltellyouaboutit.Whothat B.WhoeverC.Whomthat D.Thatwho3.Wordhascame__________so143.Askher_____comewithus.a.Ifshewillb.ifwillshec.whethershed.whetherwillshe4._____wecan’tunderstandis_____hedidn’tjoinusinourdiscussion.

a.That;whyb.Which;howc.What;whatd.What;whyda3.Askher_____comewithus.15VI.主語從句在復合句中作主句的主語.引導詞有連詞that(that

不可省),whether;代詞有who,what,which;副詞when,where,how,why等.如:1.Thatheisafamoussingerisknowntous.(Itisknowntousthatheisafamoussinger.)2.WhenhewillgotoAmericaisnotyetfixed.(ItisnotyetfixedwhenhewillgotoAmerica.)3.Whethershe’scomingornotdoesn’tmattertoomuch.(notif)(Itdoesn’tmattertoomuchwhethershe’scomingornot.)VI.主語從句1.Thatheisafamouss16VII.賓語從句在復合句中作主句的賓語.引導詞有連詞that(that?？墒÷?,whether,if;代詞有who,whose,what,which;副詞when,where,how,why等.如:1.Webelieve(that)

heishonest.2.Iaskedif(=whether)theyhadacheapsuit.3.Canyoutellwhichdictionaryishers?4.Ireallydon’tknowwhatheisdoing.VII.賓語從句1.Webelieve(that)he17VIII.表語從句在復合句中作主句的表語.引導詞有連詞that(that

不可省),whether;代詞有who,what,which;副詞when,where,how,why等.如:Theproblem

isthatwedidn’tgetintouchwithhim.ThisishowHenrysolvedtheproblem.Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)finishtheworkatonce.如果句子的主語是suggestion,advice.order等名詞時,后面引導的表語從句用should+動詞原形,should可省略.VIII.表語從句Theproblemisthatw18IX.同位語從句在句中起同位語的作用.一般放在名詞fact,news,idea,promise,thought,suggestion等之后,用以說明或解釋前面的名詞.引導詞有連詞that;少數情況下也可用連接副詞等.如:1.Thethoughtthatwemightsuccessexcitedus.2.Theideathattheyshouldtryasecondtimeisworthconsidering.3.Thesuggestionthattheplan(should)bedelayedwillbediscussedtomorrow.4.YouhavenoideahowworriedIwas.名詞suggestion,advice.order等詞后的同位語從句的謂語動詞要用should+動詞原形,should可省略.IX.同位語從句1.Thethoughtthatwe19WrittenexercisesforNounclausesWrittenexercises20X.Homework:C1onpage94X.Homework:21Unit2Grammarandusage(2)

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NanjingUniversityAttachedHighSchoolZhuYunhuiUnit222RevisionIt’sabook.(指代)It’seighto’clock.(時間)It’scoldoutside.(天氣)It’salongwaytothemuseum.(距離)Revision23II.EmptysubjectitWecanuseitasanemptysubject

A.whenweuseanounclauseasthesubjectofasentence.(correct)ThatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.b.(correct)WhetherEnglishwillcontinuechanginginthefutureiseasytoanswer.c.(correct)Whenweusecertainwordsdependsonthestyleofwriting.(preferable)ItiscertainthatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtoday.=(preferable)ItiseasytoanswerwhetherEnglishwillcontinuechanginginthefuture.=(preferable)Itdependsonthestyleofwritingwhenweusecertainwords.=II.Emptysubjectit(prefera24It作形式主語的句型:It+be+adj.(true,certain,possible,obvious,likely…)that…2.It+be+nounphrase(nowonder,anhonour,apity,…)that…3.It+be+pastparticiple(said,reported,expected,announced…)that…4.It+seems/appearsthat….5.Itdoesn’tmatterthat…It作形式主語的句型:25B.Whenthesubjectisato-infinitive:a.(correct)Tomasteraforeignlanguageishard.b.(correct)Toknowhowtouseacomputerisimportant.(preferable)Itishardtomasteraforeignlanguage.=(preferable)Itisimportanttoknowhowtouseacomputer.=B.Whenthesubjectisato-in26C.Whenthesubjectisav-ingforma.(correct)Itisdifficulttostopsmoking.b.(correct)IttakesalotofmytimetravellingtoBeijing.Weusuallyusetheemptysubjectitwithaclauseorto-infinitive(preferable),butwiththev-ingformweprefertherealsubjectatthebeginning.Tip(preferable)Smokingisdifficulttostop.=(preferable)TravellingtoBeijingtakesupalotofmytime.=C.Whenthesubjectisav-ing272.Itcanalsobeusedbeforeseem,appear,happen,chance,turnoutandproveastheemptysubjectofasentence.:a.Heseemstospeaktwolanguages.b.Mynewneighbourhappenstocomefrommyhometown.Itseemsthathespeakstwolanguages.=Ithappensthatmynewneighbour

comesfrommyhometown.=2.Itcanalsobeusedbefore283.Wecanemphasizethesubject,object,oradverbialinasentencebyusingit+be+theword/phraseyouemphasize+aclauseintroducedbythatorwho.a.Itwaslastnight(notanyothertime)thatIreadaboutthehistoryofEnglish.Ifwedonotemphasizeanything,thesentencecanbe:IreadaboutthehistoryofEnglishlastnight.3.Wecanemphasizethesubjec29強調句:1.ItisProf.LiwhoteachesusEnglish.

強調主語2.ItisEnglishthatProf.Liteachesus.強調賓語3.ItwasinShanghaithatIsawthefilm.強調狀語強調句:30III.Exercises:AonPage31Bonpage31

III.Exercises:AonPage3131Answers:2.Itdependsuponwhatyouseeandheartodecidewhattheyare.3.Italwayspuzzlesmewhymydogbarksincertainways.4.Itwon’tbedifficultbuyingamachinelikethis.B.2.ItisbecausethereareseveralracialgroupslivinginSingaporethatSingaporehasfourofficiallangueges.3.ItisforyouthatI’vebroughtsomethingspecialfromSingapore.4.ItwillbesomethingnextweekthatI’llgiveittoyou.Answers:32IV.作形式賓語當復合賓語中的賓語是不定式/動名詞/賓語從句時:Ithinkitnousearguingwithyou.Ifounditinterestingtoplayfootball.Wethoughtitstrangethathedidnotcome.IV.作形式賓語33V.Translation1。乘宇宙飛船去月球是可能的。2。我發(fā)現學好英語是很重要的。3。他似乎已經知道問題的答案。4。他的父母是死在二戰(zhàn)中。5。我們在哪兒聽報告還沒定。Itispossibletoflytothemooninaspaceship.IfinditveryimportanttolearnEnglishwell.Itseemsthathehasknowntheanswertotheproblem.ItwasintheSecondWorldWarthathisparentsdied.Ithasn’tbeendecidedwherewe’lllistentothereport.V.TranslationItispossiblet34VI.Homework:C2onpage94VI.Homework:C2onpage9435演講完畢，謝謝觀看！演講完畢，謝謝觀看！36Unit2

Grammarandusage(1)

Unit2371.Wheredoesapersoncomefrom?Thiswillaffecttheirstyleofspeech.

=Whereapersoncomesfromwillaffect

theirstyleofspeech.wh-questionsubject1.Wheredoesapersoncomefr382.WhydoesEnglishhavesuchstrangerules?Youcanbegintoseeit!=Youcanbegintosee

whyEnglishhassuchstrange

rules!wh-questionobjectwh-questionobject393.WhyisEnglishalanguewithsomanyconfusingrules?

Thisisthereason=ThisiswhyEnglishisalanguagewithsomanyconfusingrules.wh-questionpredicativewh-questionpredicative40Attention:Wechangethewordorderinaclauseafteraquestionwordintothatofastatement.2.Wecannotleaveoutthequestionwordsinnounclausesinanycases.Attention:411、引導詞what與that的用法區(qū)別。引導主、賓、表語從句時，what要充當主語、賓語或表語等句子成分，that不作任何成分，只在語法上起連接的作用。例如（NMET’96）：____wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan____wehave.A.What;what B.what;that C.That;that D.That;what ThattheformerIraqpresidentSaddamwascapturedhasbeenproved.1、引導詞what與that的用法區(qū)別。422、引導詞whether和if的用法區(qū)別。通常，引導主語從句、表語從句和引導同位語從句時，要用連詞whether，不用if；習慣上也只能說whetherornot，而不說if…ornot。例如（MET92）：____the2000OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisnotknownyet.A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That2、引導詞whether和if的用法區(qū)別。43名詞性從句的語序。與別的從句一樣，名詞性從句必須用自然語序，即使在疑問句中，從句也不倒裝（而在主句上倒裝）。例如（MET91）:Noonecanbesure____inamillionyears.A.whatmanwilllooklike B.whatwillmanlooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhat D.whatlookwillmanlike 名詞性從句的語序。444、Who/whoever,what/whatever等的用法區(qū)別。一般說來，what/who等含特指意義，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意義，意為“無論什么/無論誰”。例如（NMET97）：Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild____heorshewants.A.however B.whateverC.whichever D.whenever 4、Who/whoever,what/whatev45Where,when,why等連接副詞引導的名詞性從句。Where,when,why等連接副詞也可以引導名詞性從句，使用的關鍵是：這個詞必須符合句子的邏輯要求。例如（NMET’99）：—IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.—Isthat____youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.thatD.where Where,when,why等連接副詞引導的46IV.Exercises:AonPage28BonPage28

IV.Exercises:AonPage2847Answers:1.O2.S3.P4.O5.O6.PB.1.why2.what3.which4.how/why5.How6.who7.How8.WhichAnswers:48

V.ChoosethebestanswerDoyouremember______hecame?Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.

a.howb.whenc.thatd.if2._____we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.

a.Ifb.Whetherc.Thatd.Where

abV.Choosethebestanswerab493.Wordhascame__________someAmericanguestswillcomeforavisit.A.what B.thatC.whether D.when4.______knowsthetruthwilltellyouaboutit.Whothat B.WhoeverC.Whomthat D.Thatwho3.Wordhascame__________so503.Askher_____comewithus.a.Ifshewillb.ifwillshec.whethershed.whetherwillshe4._____wecan’tunderstandis_____hedidn’tjoinusinourdiscussion.

a.That;whyb.Which;howc.What;whatd.What;whyda3.Askher_____comewithus.51VI.主語從句在復合句中作主句的主語.引導詞有連詞that(that

不可省),whether;代詞有who,what,which;副詞when,where,how,why等.如:1.Thatheisafamoussingerisknowntous.(Itisknowntousthatheisafamoussinger.)2.WhenhewillgotoAmericaisnotyetfixed.(ItisnotyetfixedwhenhewillgotoAmerica.)3.Whethershe’scomingornotdoesn’tmattertoomuch.(notif)(Itdoesn’tmattertoomuchwhethershe’scomingornot.)VI.主語從句1.Thatheisafamouss52VII.賓語從句在復合句中作主句的賓語.引導詞有連詞that(that?？墒÷?,whether,if;代詞有who,whose,what,which;副詞when,where,how,why等.如:1.Webelieve(that)

heishonest.2.Iaskedif(=whether)theyhadacheapsuit.3.Canyoutellwhichdictionaryishers?4.Ireallydon’tknowwhatheisdoing.VII.賓語從句1.Webelieve(that)he53VIII.表語從句在復合句中作主句的表語.引導詞有連詞that(that

不可省),whether;代詞有who,what,which;副詞when,where,how,why等.如:Theproblem

isthatwedidn’tgetintouchwithhim.ThisishowHenrysolvedtheproblem.Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)finishtheworkatonce.如果句子的主語是suggestion,advice.order等名詞時,后面引導的表語從句用should+動詞原形,should可省略.VIII.表語從句Theproblemisthatw54IX.同位語從句在句中起同位語的作用.一般放在名詞fact,news,idea,promise,thought,suggestion等之后,用以說明或解釋前面的名詞.引導詞有連詞that;少數情況下也可用連接副詞等.如:1.Thethoughtthatwemightsuccessexcitedus.2.Theideathattheyshouldtryasecondtimeisworthconsidering.3.Thesuggestionthattheplan(should)bedelayedwillbediscussedtomorrow.4.YouhavenoideahowworriedIwas.名詞suggestion,advice.order等詞后的同位語從句的謂語動詞要用should+動詞原形,should可省略.IX.同位語從句1.Thethoughtthatwe55WrittenexercisesforNounclausesWrittenexercises56X.Homework:C1onpage94X.Homework:57Unit2Grammarandusage(2)

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NanjingUniversityAttachedHighSchoolZhuYunhuiUnit258RevisionIt’sabook.(指代)It’seighto’clock.(時間)It’scoldoutside.(天氣)It’salongwaytothemuseum.(距離)Revision59II.EmptysubjectitWecanuseitasanemptysubject

A.whenweuseanounclauseasthesubjectofasentence.(correct)ThatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.b.(correct)WhetherEnglishwillcontinuechanginginthefutureiseasytoanswer.c.(correct)Whenweusecertainwordsdependsonthestyleofwriting.(preferable)ItiscertainthatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtoday.=(preferable)ItiseasytoanswerwhetherEnglishwillcontinuechanginginthefuture.=(preferable)Itdependsonthestyleofwritingwhenweusecertainwords.=II.Emptysubjectit(prefera60It作形式主語的句型:It+be+adj.(true,certain,possible,obvious,likely…)that…2.It+be+nounphrase(nowonder,anhonour,apity,…)that…3.It+be+pastparticiple(said,reported,expected,announced…)that…4.It+seems/appearsthat….5.Itdoesn’tmatterthat…It作形式主語的句型:61B.Whenthesubjectisato-infinitive:a.(correct)Tomasteraforeignlanguageishard.b.(correct)Toknowhowtouseacomputerisimportant.(preferable)Itishardtomasteraforeignlanguage.=(preferable)Itisimportanttoknowhowtouseacomputer.=B.Whenthesubjectisato-in62C.Whenthesubjectisav-ingforma.(correct)Itisdifficulttostopsmoking.b.(correct)IttakesalotofmytimetravellingtoBeijing.Weusuallyusetheemptysubjectitwithaclauseorto-infinitive(preferable),butwiththev-ingformweprefertherealsubjectatthebeginning.Tip(preferable)Smokingisdifficulttostop.=(preferable)TravellingtoBeijingtakesupalotofmytime.=C.Whenthesubjectisav-ing632.Itcanalsobeusedbeforeseem,appear,happen,chance,turnoutandproveastheemptysubjectofasentence.:a.Heseemstospeaktwolanguages.b.Mynewneighbourhappenstocomefrommyhometown.Itseemsthathespeakstwolanguages.=Ithappensthatmynewneighbour

comesfrommyhometown.=2.Itcanalsobeusedbefore643.Wecanemphasizethesu