高一物理中英文對照表

高一物理名詞概念規(guī)律集合（中英文對照）力學(xué)力學(xué)mechanics力force力是物體間的作用Forceistheinteractionofobjects.力的圖示forcediagram力后大小和方向Aforcehasbothamagnitudeandadirection.牛頓Newton動力和阻力motiveforceandresistancegravitationalforce重量weight彈簧秤aspringbalance重心centerofgravityorgravitationalcenter質(zhì)量分布均勻的物體（勻質(zhì)物體），重心的位置只跟物體的形狀有關(guān)Forabodywithhomogeneouslydistributedmass(homogeneousbody),thelocationofitsgravitationalcenterdependsonitsshape.彈力elasticforce拉力，壓力和支持力full,pressureandsupportingforce形變deformation彈性限度elasticlimit拉伸形變，壓縮形變，彎曲形變，扭轉(zhuǎn)形變stretcheddeformation,presseddeformation,bendingdeformation,twistdeformation壓力的方向垂直于支持Thedirectionofapressureisperpendiculartothesupportingsurfaceandpointstothepressedobject,whilethedirectionofasupporting

面指向被壓的物體，支持力的方向垂直于支持面指向被支持的物體forceisperpendiculartothesupportingsurfacebutpointstothesupportedobject.胡克定律Hook'slaw:Theextensionofapieceofwireisdirectlyproportionaltotheappliedforceprovidingthelimitofproportionalityisnotexceeded.摩擦力frictionalforce滑動摩擦力slidingfrictionalforce滑動摩擦力的力向總是跟接觸面相切，并且跟物體相對運動的方向相反Thedirectionoftheslidingfrictionalforceisalwaystangentialtothesurfacesincontactandisoppositetothedirectionoftherelativemotion.滑動摩擦力跟壓力成正比Theslidingfrictionalforceisdirectlyproportionaltothepressure.動摩擦因數(shù)thedynamicfrictionfactor滾動摩擦rollingfriction靜摩擦力staticfrictionalforce靜摩擦力的方向總是跟接觸因相切，并且跟物體相對運動趨勢的力問相反Thedirectionofthestaticfrictionalforceisalwaystangentialtothecontactingsurfacesandisintheoppositedirectiontothetendencyoftherelativemotion.最大靜摩擦力themaximumstaticfrictionalforce力的合成compositionofforces

合力resultant(force)共點力concurrentforces:Ifanumberofforcesactonthesamepointofanobject,ortheirlinesofapplicationintersectata commonpoint,theforcesarecalledtheconcurrentforces.力的等效替代equivalentandsubstitutionofforce平行四邊行定則theparallelogramrule矢里和林里VectorandScalar力的分解resolutionofforce分力component運動學(xué)機械運動mechanicalmotion經(jīng)支系referencesystem質(zhì)點masspoint軌跡locus直線運動rectilinearmotion曲線運動curvilinearmotion時刻和時間momentandtimeinterval位移和路程displacementanddistance勻速直線運動uniformrectilinearmotion:Ifanobjectismovingalongastraightlineandtravelsanequaldistanceinanequaltimeintervals,thismotioniscalleduniformrectilinearmotion.位移-時間圖像distance-tinegraph變速直線運動variablestraight-linemotion速度和速率velocityandspeed平均速度和瞬時速度Averagevelocityandinstantaneousvelocity速率instantaneousspeedorspeed

速度-時間圖像velocity-timegraph勻變速直線運動uniformvariablerectilinearmotion:Ifthechangesofthevelocityareequalinequaltimeinvariablerectilinearmotion,themotioniscalleduniformvariablerectilinearmotion.加速度acceleration初速度initialvelocity末速度finalvelocity自由落體運動free-fallmotion自由落體加速度，重力加速度free-fallaccelerationorgravitationalacceleration牛頓運動定律Newton'slawsofmotion牛頓第一定律Newton'sfirstlawofmotion:Allobjectscontinuetobeinitsstat eofuniformrectilinearmotionorstateofrestuntilbeingcompelledtochangeitsstatesbysomeforces.牛頓第二定律Newton'ssecondlawofmotion:Theaccelerationofanobjectisindirectproportiontotheresultantforceactingonitandininverseproportiontothemass,theaccelerationisinthesamedirectionastheresultant.牛頓第三定律Newton'sthirdlawofmotion:Theactionandreactionforcesoftwobodiesarealwaysequalinmagnitude,oppositeindirectionandactingonthesamestraightline.慣性inertia:Theinertiaofabodyonlydependsonitsmass.理想實驗hypotheticalexperiments運動學(xué)kinematics動力學(xué)dynamics氣墊導(dǎo)軌aircushionguide基本單位和導(dǎo)出單位fundamentalunitsandderivedunits超重和失重，元全失重overweightandweightlessness,completeweightlessness

共點力作用卜物體的平衡equilibriumofanobjectactedonbyconcurrentforces力的平衡equilibriumoftheforces圓周運動物體做曲線運動的條件theconditionforabodytobeincurvilinearmotion:Whenthedirectionofthenetforceabodyexperiencesandthedirectionofthevelocityofthebodydonotfallinthesamestraightline,thebodyisincurvilinearmotion.運動的合成與分解compositionandresolutionofmotion分運動與合運動componentmotionsandresultantmotion合位移與分位移resultantdisplacementandcomponentdisplacement合速度與分速度resultantvelocityandcomponentvelocity平拋運動motionofhorizontallyprojectedobjects平拋運動projectilemotion:Ifyouthrowanobjecthorizontallywithacertaininitialvelocity,neglectingairresistance,thebodywillmovewithonlytheforceofgravityactingonit.Suchmotioniscalledprojectilemotion.Anprojectilemotioncanberesolvedintoahorizontal uniformrectilinearmotionandavertical free-fallmotion.勻速圓周運動uniformcircularmotion:Ifaparticle,movingalongacircle,passesanequalarcinequaltime,thismotioniscalleduniformcircularmotion.線速度，角速度，周期和頻率linearvelocity,angularvelocity,periodandfrequency

轉(zhuǎn)速rotationalspeed(itsunitisrevolutionspersecond)向心力centripetalforce向心加速度centripetalacceleration切向加速度tangentialacceleration離心現(xiàn)象centrifugalphenomenon離心運動centrifugalmotion天一運動力后引力定律thelawofuniversalgravitation:Everyparticleofmatterintheuniverseattractseveryotherparticlewithaforcedirectlyproportionaltotheproductoftheirmassesandinverselyproportionaltothesquareddistancebetweenthem.引力常量gravitationalconstant天體celestialbody人造衛(wèi)星artificialsatellite宇宙速度(thefirst/second/third)cosmicvelocity功和能功和能workandenergy機械能mechanicalenergy焦耳joule正功和負功positiveworkandnegativework功率power瓦特watt平均功率與瞬時功率averagepowerandinstantaneouspower動能與勢能kineticenergyandpotentialenergy動能定理theoremofkineticenergy:Theworkdonebytheresultantforceonabodyisequaltothechangeinkineticenergyofthebody.重力勢能gravitationalpotentialenergy

參考平囿referencelevel彈性勢能elasticpotentialenergy位能energyofposition機械能守恒定律thelawofconservationofmechanicalenergy:Whenonlythegravitationalforcedoeswork,thekineticandthegravitationalpotentialenergycanbeconvertedformonetoanotherandthetotalmechanicalenergyremainsconserved.機械振動機械振動mechanicalvibration彈簧振子springoscillator回復(fù)力restoringforce振幅、周期和頻率amplitude,periodandfrequency固后頻率inherentfrequency振動圖像vibrationgraph單擺Simplependulum阻尼振動dampedvibration簡諧運動simpleharmonicmotion受迫振動forcedvibration物體做受迫振動時，振動穩(wěn)定后的頻率等于驅(qū)動力的頻率，跟物體的固宿頻率無關(guān)。Whenabodyundergoesaforcedvibration,itsstea