英語語法總結(jié)

一．時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進行時，一般過去時，現(xiàn)在完成時，一般將來時，過去進行時，過去完成時，過去將來時一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般性，經(jīng)常性的動作或一般性事實。含有be動詞的句子Heisateacher.Thegirlisverybeautiful.TimandJackarestudents.★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Isheateacher?Isthegirlverybeautiful?AreTimandJackstudents?★變否定句在be動詞后邊加notHeisnotateacher.Thegirlisnotverybeautiful.TimandJackarenotstudents.★必然回答及否定回答Yes,heis.No,heisnot.Yes,sheis.No,sheisnot.Yes,theyare.No,theyarenot.不含有動詞的句子，即含有一般動詞的句子第三人稱單數(shù)及單數(shù)名詞Helikesbooks.Shelikeshim.Thedoglikesbones.★變疑問句在句首加does,動詞變?yōu)樵虳oeshelikebooks?Doesshelikehim?Doesthedoglikebones?★變否定句在主語及動詞之間加doesn’t,動詞變?yōu)樵虷edoesn’tlikebooks.Shedoesn’tlikehim.Thedogdoesn’tlikebones.★必然回答及否定回答：Yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn’t.Yes,shedoes.No,shedoesn’tYes,itdoes.No,itdoesn’t.注意：第三人稱單數(shù)形式一般在動詞后邊加S，不要和名詞復數(shù)混淆，變否定句或疑問句時名詞復數(shù)沒有任何變化。其別人稱及復數(shù)名詞Iwanttohaveabath.Page1of24Wehavesomemeat.Thestudentslikesmartteachers.★變疑問句在句首加doDoyouwanttohaveabath?Dowehaveanymeat?Dothestudentslikesmartteachers?★變否定句在主語和動詞之間加don’t.Youdon’twanttohaveabath.Wedon’thaveanymeat.Thestudentsdon’tlikesmartteachers.★必然回答及否定回答Yes,Ido.No,Idon’t.Yes,wedo.No,wedon’tYes,theydo.No,theydon’t.現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。構(gòu)成：主語＋be動詞＋動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞＋其他成分（現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成見附錄）Wearehavinglunch.Heisreadingabook.Thedogisrunningafteracat.Theboysareswimmingacrosstheriver.Page2of24★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Arewehavinglunch?Ishereadingabook?Isthedogrunningafteracat?Aretheboysswimmingacrosstheriver?★變否定句在be動詞后邊加notWearenothavinglunch.Heisnotreadingabook.Thedogisnotrunningafteracat.Theboysareswimmingacrosstheriver.★特別疑問句：what,which,how,where,who,etc.疑問詞＋動詞＋主語＋現(xiàn)在分詞Whatareyoudoing?Whatisshedoing?Whatisthedogdoing?(必背)沒有進行時的動詞表示狀態(tài)，思想，感情和感覺的動詞不能夠表示正在進行的動作表示感覺，感官的詞see,hear,like,love,want,have,has當”擁有”講時沒有進行時一般過去時Page3of24表示過去發(fā)生的動作或事件，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday,lastnight,thedaybeforeyesterday,3daysago,含有be動詞的句子，將動詞變?yōu)檫^去式，am,is的過去式為was，are的過去式為wereIwasatthebutcher’s.Youwereastudentayearago.Theteacherwasverybeautifultenyearsago.★變疑問句將be動詞搬動到句首Wereyouatthebutcher’s?Wereyouastudentayearago?Wastheteacherverybeautifultenyearsago?★變否定句在be動詞后邊加notIwasnotatthebutcher’s.Youwerenotastudentayearago.Theteacherwasnotverybeautifultenyearsago.★必然回答否定回答Yes,Iwas.No,Iwasnot.Yes,youwere.No,youwerenot.Yes,he/shewas.No,he/shewasnot.★特別疑問句：Whatdidyoudo?(必背)不含有be動詞的句子，將動詞變?yōu)檫^去式，動詞過去式構(gòu)成見附錄Page4of24Ifinishedmyhomeworkyesterday.Theboywenttoarestaurant.TheSawyerslivedatKingStreetayearago.★變疑問句在句首加did，動詞變?yōu)樵虳idyoufinishyourhomeworkyesterday?Didtheboygotoarestaurant?DidtheSawyersliveatKingStreetayearago?★變否定句在主語和動詞之間加didnotIdidnotfinishmyhomeworkyesterday.Theboydidnotgotoarestaurant.TheSawyersdidnotliveatKingStreetayearago.★必然回答及否定回答Yes,Idid.No,Ididn’t.Yes,hedid.No,hedidn’t.Yes,theydid.No,theydidnot.現(xiàn)在完成時構(gòu)成：主語+助動詞have,has+過去分詞Page5of24用法：1)表示過去發(fā)生的和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動作，常和just,usually,already,since等時間副詞連用Ihavejusthadlunch.(飽了，不用再吃了)Hehashadacupoftea（.不渴了，不用再喝）Theyhavealreadyhadtheirholiday.（不能夠再度假了）Theboyhasalreadyreadthebook.（已經(jīng)知道書的內(nèi)容了，不用再看了）咨詢別人可否做過某事一般用現(xiàn)在完成時：Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?HaveyoubeentoBeijing?Haveheseenthefilm?表示開始于過去并連續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作IhavelivedinBeijingfortwentyyears.Ihaveworkedforthisschoolfor1year.表示一種經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗：去過地方，做過事情，經(jīng)歷過事情Ihaveneverhadabath.Ihaveneverseenafilm.Ihaveneverbeentocinema.IhaveeverbeentoParis.Havebeento表示去過，havegoneto表示去表示一種結(jié)果，一般不和時間副詞聯(lián)用Page6of24Ihavelostmypen.Ihavehurtmyself.Hehasbecomeateacher.Shehasbrokenmyheart.句型變化：★變疑問句將助動詞移到句首，變否定句在助動詞后邊加not.e.g.Haveyoulostyourpen?Ihavenotlostmypen.★必然回答及否定回答Yes,Ihave.No,Ihavenot.★特別疑問句：Whathaveyoudone?Whathashedone?一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的差異：凡是有明確的表示過去的時間狀語的句子為過去時注意：有些動詞表示的動作有一個終點，不能夠再連續(xù)，因此不能夠和表示一段時間狀語連用錯：I’veleftBeijingfor3days.對：IleftBeijing3daysago.Ihavebeenawayfrombeingfor3days.一般將來時表示將來將要發(fā)生的動作，Page7of24經(jīng)常和tomorrow,nextyear,thedayaftertomorrow,theyearafterthenext,infivehours’time,etc.表示將來的詞聯(lián)用結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+助動詞will+動詞原形IwillgotoAmericatomorrow.ThepilotwillflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.Jackwillmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning.★變疑問句將助動詞移到句首WillyougotoAmericatomorrow?WillthepilotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext?WillJackmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning?★變否定句在助動詞后邊加notIwillnotgotoAmericatomorrow.ThepilotwillnotflytoJapanthemonthafterthenext.Jackwillnotmoveintohisnewhousetomorrowmorning★必然回答及否定回答Yes,Iwill.No,Iwillnot.Yes,he/shewill.No,he/shewillnot.Yes,hewill.No,hewillnot.★特別疑問句：Whatwillyoudo?過去完成時：Page8of24用法：在過去的時間里，兩個動作中，發(fā)生在前的哪個動作要用過去完成時。結(jié)構(gòu)：had+過去分詞Aftershehadfinishedherhomework,shewentshopping.TheyhadsoldthecarbeforeIaskedtheprice.ThetrainhadleftbeforeIarrivedatthestation.After/before引導的時間狀語從句放在句首要在句子后邊加逗號，若是放在主句后則不用加?！镒円蓡柧鋵⒅鷦釉~移到句首Hadshefinishedherhomework?★變否定句在助動詞后邊加notShehadn’tfinishedherhomework.★必然回答及否定回答Yes,shehad.No,shehadn’t.★特別疑問句：Whathadshedone?過去進行時表示過去正在進行的動作,經(jīng)常用在when,while,as引導的狀語從句中。結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doingWhenmyhusbandwasgoingintothediningroomthismorning,hedroppedPage9of24somecoinsonthefloor.Whilewewerehavingdinner,myfatherwaswatchingTV.8．過去將來時結(jié)構(gòu)：woulddoShesaidshewouldgoherethenextmorning.一．特別句型：therebe句型，begoingto結(jié)構(gòu)1.Begoingto結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算，準備，計劃做某事★結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+be動詞+goingto+動詞原型Iamgoingtomakeabookcase.Theyaregoingtopaintit.Thefatherisgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Areyougoingtomakeabookcase?Aretheygoingtopaintit?Isthefathergoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter?★變否定句在be動詞后邊加notIamnotgoingtomakeabookcase.Theyaregoingtopaintit.Page10of24Thefatherisnotgoingtogivethebookcasetohisdaughter.★必然回答及否定回答Yes,Iam.No,Iamnot.Yes,theyare.No,theyarenot.Yes,heis.No,heisnot.★特別疑問句Whatareyougoingtodo?Whataretheygoingtodo?Whatisthefathergoingtodo?(必背)2.Therebe句型表示哪里有什么東西(某處有某物)Thereis＋單數(shù)名詞＋表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組）Thereisabookinthisroom.ThereisapenonthetableThereare＋復數(shù)名詞＋表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組）Therearetwopensonthetable.Therearethreeschoolsthere.★變疑問句將be動詞移到句首Page11of24Isthereabookinthisroom?Aretheretwopensonthetable?★變否定句在動詞后邊加notThereisnotabookinthisroom.Therearenottwopensonthetable.★必然回答及否定回答Yes,thereis.No,thereisnot.Yes,thereare.No,therearenot.一．問句：一般疑問句，特別疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句，選擇疑問句，否定疑問句²一般疑問句:助動詞/be動詞+主語Areyouateacher?Doyouwanttohaveacupoftea?²特別疑問句:特別疑問詞+一般疑問句Whatisyourname?²選擇疑問句:orDoyouwantbeeforlamb?²反意疑問句:必然陳述句+否定疑問部分，否定陳述部分+必然疑問部分Youdon’tneedthatpen,doyou?²否定疑問句:一般疑問句+否定詞Aren’tyoulucky?Don’tyouwanthavearest?Page12of24二．冠詞用法：a/an/the的一般用法詳細見筆錄三．限制詞：some,any,many,much²some,any修飾可數(shù)名詞或不能數(shù)名詞，some用于必然句，any用于否定句和疑問句，注意，當希望對方的答案為必然回答時用some²many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不能數(shù)名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用many,much,而用alotof,在否定句中表示很多用many,much.Ihavealotofmoney.Idon’thavemuchmoney.四．名詞：種類，復數(shù)，名詞所有格．名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不能數(shù)名詞²不能數(shù)名詞無法分開的東西：water,tea,bread,milk,rice（米）抽象的東西：love,beauty,coldness（寒冷）不能數(shù)名詞有以下特點：Page13of24l不能夠用a,an修飾不能夠加s和單數(shù)be動詞或動詞搭配²可數(shù)名詞：單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要用冠詞修飾，復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要在名詞后邊加s,名詞復數(shù)共有以下幾種變化：Qq六．副詞：用法及形容詞變副詞的變化副詞能夠修飾形容詞，動詞，副詞或整個句子。如：Thebookisverygood.Herunsfast.Shecameherequiteearly.CertainlyIwillgowithyou.變化：1．直接在形容詞后加-ly,careful-carefully,slow-slowly,2．以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把y變I,加-ly,happy-happily,lucky-luckily3．有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化fast,hard,late4．有些詞加上-ly后意思與原詞相差很遠：neary-nearly,high-highly,late-lately,Page14of24一．神情動詞的使用：can,must,may,might,need,1．神情動詞can（能夠）,must（必定）,may（能夠）結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+can/must/may+動詞原型Hecanmakethetea.Sallycanairtheroom.WecanspeakEnglish.★變疑問句將神情動詞移到句首Canhemakethetea?CanSallyairtheroom?CanwespeakEnglish?★變否定句在神情動詞后邊加notHecannotmakethetea.Sallycannotairtheroom.WecannotspeakEnglish.★必然回答及否定回答Yes,hecan.No,hecannot.Yes,shecan.No,shecannot.Yes,wecan.No,wecannot.★特別疑問句：Whatcanyoudo?Page15of24(必背)注意：神情動詞的句子沒有第三人稱單數(shù)的變化，不要在神情動詞或動詞后邊加S。2．Must/haveto的差異must表示必定，是主觀上感覺應(yīng)該做，haveto是不得不，是由于客觀條件逼迫的必要要做must只能用在表示現(xiàn)在和將來的句子里，而havetodo能夠用在任何時態(tài)3．must,may,might表示猜想：mustdo表示對現(xiàn)在事實的猜想umusthavedone表示對過去事實的猜想umusthavebeendoing表示對過去正在進行的事實的猜想umay/mightdo,may/mighthavedone表示沒有任何事實依照的猜想，might的可能性更小。ucan’t/couldn表’示t不能能4．need用法：表示“需要”時為實意動詞，后邊能夠加名詞，也能夠加不定式：Ineedapen.Doyouneedanybeer?No,Idon’t.Ineedtohavearest.uNeeddoing=needtobedone，表示被動Theflowersneedwatering.Page16of24Need在否定時做神情動詞使用Youneedn’tgosoearly.=Youdond’totgoneesoearly.MustIcleanthedeskrightnow?No,youneedn’t.一．不定代詞及不定副詞：Qq2bookeverywhere,butIcan’tfinditanywhere.Ifyouwantgosomewhere,ifyouwanttobesomeone,youmustwakeup.Help!Somebody?Anybody?Youarereallysomething.Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourclass.Wheredidyougo?Iwentnowhere.Nobodyisathome.Ihavenothingleft.二．惋惜句：uWhat+名詞+主語+謂語Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!How+形容詞+主語+謂語Howbeautifulthegirlis!三．祈使句：第二人稱：let+其別人稱代詞l祈使句的否定，加don’t反意疑問Page17of24祈使句（第二人稱）祈使句表示央求，命令，建議，邀請等，謂語動詞一律用原型，句子中平時不用主語，句末用吃驚好也許句號，用降調(diào)?！锉厝痪鋭釉~原型例，Comehere,please.Godownstairs,please.Standup.Sitdown.Bequiet.Becareful.祈使句中若是有喚語，必然要用逗號分開，放在句首也許句尾Comein,Amy.Sitdownhere,Tom.Mary,givemeabookplease.★否定：Don't+動詞原型Don'tcomehere.Don’tsitdown.Don’tstandup.Don’tgivemeit.letsb.doLetmepass.Letushavearest.Let’shavearest.(反意疑問)：Page18of24Let’shaveawalkalongtheriver,shallwe?Letusgooutforadrink,willyou?四．倒裝句：so/neither的倒裝eg.Hecanswim.SocanI.Ididn’tgotoclass.NeitherdidI.結(jié)構(gòu)：so/neither+be+主語so/neither+助動詞+主語so/neither+神情動詞+主語一般現(xiàn)在時,do,does/am,is,are現(xiàn)在進行時,am,is,are一般過去時,did現(xiàn)在完成時,have,has一般將來時,will,shall,過去進行時，was,were過去完成時，had過去將來時,would五．直接引語/間接引語Page19of24若是引語的主句所用動詞為過去時，那么間接引語要做相應(yīng)變化：時態(tài)，人稱，時間地址及指示詞時態(tài)變化：一般現(xiàn)在時——一般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時——過去進行時一般過去時——過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成時——過去完成時一般將來時——過去將來時begoingto——was/weregoingto/wouldcancouldmaymight時間地址及指示詞的變化：here—there,tomorrow—thenextday,thefollowingday,this—that人稱變化：依照句意改變?nèi)朔Q。六．直接