專外-專業(yè)外語chapter21nonwoven fabrics

Joseph’sIntroductory

TextileScience(6thEd.)XudongYang楊旭東

Ch.21NonwovenFabricsWordslistKeywords全部Newwords4，6，18，21，23，28，34，41-43，45，52，54，56，59，62。Cardedweb 梳理成網(wǎng) Dry-laidweb 干法成網(wǎng)Felt氈needlepunching針刺Spun-bondedfabric紡粘法非織造織物nonwovenfabric 非織造織物spun-lacedfabric射流成網(wǎng)法非織造織物Wet-laidweb 濕法成網(wǎng)KEYWORDSNonwovenfabircs(Figure21.1)whichincludetheoldestmethodformakingfabricaswellasthemostrecentlydevelopedmethodsareadistinctandimportantsegmentofthetextileindustry.AccordingtoINDA,thetradeassociationforthenonwovenfabricsindustry,“nonwovenfabricsarebroadlydefinedassheetorwebstructuresmadebybonding粘合，結(jié)合，聯(lián)接orentanglingfibersorfilaments(andbyperforating成孔films)—bymechanical,thermal,orchemicalmeans.INDA:InternationalNonwovensandDisposablesAssociation國際非織造織物和用可棄物品協(xié)會TraditionalNonwovenFabricsFELTASTM-123definesfeltasfollows:Felt,wool---Atextilecomposedwhollyofanyoneorcombinationsofnew,reprocessed（再生毛）,reusedwool（回用毛）

fibersphysicallyinterlock互鎖bytheinherentfeltingpropertiesofwoolandproducedbyasuitablecombinationofmechanicalwork,chemicalaction,moisture,andheat,butwithoutweaving,knitting,stitching縫合，刺繡,thermalbonding,oradhesives.Felt,partwool–Atextilecomposedofwoolfibersincombinationwithanyoneoranycombinationofnaturalormanmadefibers.Theabilityifwoolfibertocoil條圈，紗圈，線圈uponitself,interlock（互鎖）,andshrink（收縮）whensubjectedtoheat,moisture,andpressure(includingfrictionandagitation)isresponsibleforitsfeltingaction.Longbeforerecordedhistory,peoplefoundthattheycouldapplyheatandwatertowoolfibersandthenpound（擊打）themwithrockstocreateafabricthatcouldholdtogether.Thesefabricscouldbeusedonfloorsorwrappedaroundthebodytoprovidewarmthandprotectionfromtheelements（要素，元素，成分，自然環(huán)境）.Todaythemanufactureoffeltishighlymechanizedandscientificallycontrolled.Woolfibers,aloneorincombinationwithotherfibers,arecleaned,blended,andcarded.Thecardisformedintoawideweboffibers—acardedweb-ratherthanintoacardsliver（粗梳條子，生條）,asinpreparationforyarnmaking.Twoormorelayersofcardwebarearrangedalternatelyatrightanglestooneanother(dependingontheplannedfinishedthicknessofthefelt),sothefibersofeachlayerareperpendiculartotheonesprecedingandsucceedingit.Feltfabricsvaryinthicknessfrom0.5to75mm(1/64to3in.).Apparelfeltsareusually0.8to1.6mm(1/32to1/16in.)thick;feltsforuseinhomefurnishingsorascarpetpadding(毯襯墊)aremorelikelytobe12(0.5in.)thick.Followingthefeltingaction,theclothisfulled（縮絨）,orshrunkintoacompactmass.Firstitistreatedwithsoaporsulfuricacid(硫磺酸)(fullingagent縮絨劑),andthenpressureisappliedbypoundingwithwoodenhammers.Finally,thefeltisneutralized（中和）,scoured,rinsed（漂洗）,dried,andstretchedtothedesiredwidth.Feltfabricshavemanyindustrialanddomesticapplicationsbecausetheyhavegoodtoexcellentresilience,absorbshockwell,andhavegoodinsulatingproperties.Inaddition,theyareeasytoshapeanddonotravel.Theycanbefinishedtobemothproof,waterrepellent,fireresistant,andfungusresistant.Thebreakingload(斷裂負(fù)荷）offeltsislowincomparisonwiththatofmanywovenorknittedfabrics.However,withintelligentselectionoftypeandthickness,theconsumercanobtainafeltthatwillbesatisfactoryforavarietyofenduses.Feltsforapparelposesomeproblemsbecausetheylacktheresilienceandflexibilityrequiredformostgarments.Flexiblefeltsareusedforapparelsuchasskirtsandjacketsandforhomefurnishingsitemssuchasfloormatting（席子，墊子）,underlinersforupholstered(經(jīng)過布置的，裝軟墊的)furniture,tablepads,pillowbacking,andsimilaritems.TAPA:Tapa(塔帕纖維布，樹皮布)isanotherancientnonwovenfabric.Alsoknownasbarkcloth.Itisobtainedfromthebarkofthepapermulberrytree.ManufactureThebasicsequenceofstepsinmanufacturingcontemporarynonwovenfabricsisasfollows:preparationofthefiber,webformation,webbonding,drying,curing(固化)andfinishing.Forfilms,thechemicalsolutionispreparedandextruded,orcast,asafilm.ModernNonwovensRawMaterialsPolyesteristhemostfrequentlyusedfiberintheUnitedStates;Olefin（烯烴類纖維）andnylon（尼龍）areusedfortheirstrength,andcottonandrayon（粘膠纖維）areusedforabsorbency.Someacrylic（丙烯酸系纖維）,acetate（醋酸纖維）,andvinyon（維綸）arealsobeingused.TheselectionoffibersdependsontheProductproposed,thecaretypicallygivenit,andtheexpectedordesireddurability.WebFormationWebformationisthecreationofalooselyjoinedsheetstructurebylayingdownfibersinoneofseveraltechniquesincluding,butnotlimitedto,wet-anddry-laidwebs,spunbonding(紡粘),andcastingfilms(薄膜織造，鑄膜）.Wet-laidwebAwet-laidwebisformedbydepositinganaqueoussuspensionoffibersontoascreenbeltoraperforateddrum.Originallyapapermakingtechnique,theprocesshasbeenadaptedtofiberwebs.Itpermitsmanufacturerstouseveryshortfibers,eventhoselessthan?inchlong.Wet-laidwebsareformedquiterapidlyandcanbelessexpensivethanothernonwovensifwastefiberisused.Dry-LaidWebFiberscanbeseparatedbysuspendingtheminanairstreamandblowingthemontoabeltorbyusingamechanicalcardtoformauniformwebonamovingbelt.Thefibersmaybesomewhatparalleltoeachotherinarandomweb;theycanbemadeperpendicularbyalternatinglayersoffibersanrightangles;orthewebmayhaveaparrallelfiberarrangementsimilartothatofacombedyarnweb.Direct-laidwebInthedirect-laidprocess,websaremadedirectlyfromfibersspunfrommoltenpolymer.Thetwodirect-laidprocessesarespunbonding(紡粘法)andmeltblowing（熔噴法）.Spunbondingisaprocessbywhichfabricsareproduceddirectlyformathermoplasticpolymersuchaspolyester,nylon,polypropylene(聚丙烯),orpolyethylene(聚乙烯).Themoltenpolymerisextrudedthroughaspinnerette,cooledslightlyintheair,andlaidonamovingconveyorbelt(傳送帶)toformacontinuousweb.Asthewebcools,thefiberbond.MeltblowingInthemelt-blownprocess,themoltenpolymerisforcedthroughaspinneretteintoahigh-velocityairstream.Theimpactoftheairbreaksthefilamentintoshortfibers,whichthencollectonamovingbelttoformaweb.Thermalbondingsecurestheweb.FilmfibrillationFilmfibrillation(薄膜原纖化,薄膜成纖)isaprocessthatmechanicallyembossesaplasticfilmsothatitcanbestretchedandbrokentoformanopennet.Theembossingproducesaweakenedareainthefilmsothatstretchingthefilmalongbothaxescreatesopeningsinthefilm-anonwovennet.WebbondingAfterthewebisbonded,bondsbetweenthefibersmustbestrengthenedandstabilized.Websarebondedbyoneofthefollowingprocesses:1.Chemicalbonding,witheitherlatex(乳膠)orchemicalreagents（化學(xué)試劑）2.Thermalorheatbonding,witheitherhotairoracalender（軋光機）3.Mechnicalbonding,byeitherneedlepunching（針刺）orhydroentanglement（水纏結(jié)）ChemicalbondingInmostinstancesthewebiscoatedwithaheat-activatedsubstance.Whenthewebisheated,thesubstanceformsaspot-weld點狀粘合

effectatpointsofcontactbetweenfibers.Anysolventsthatarepresentevaporateathighertemperatures,leavingbehindastructureoffiberssealedtogetherattheweldpoints.Becausenoextraneous(外來的)materialisleftonthefabric,thesematerialaresofterandhavebetterdrapingpropertiesthanthosebondedwithadhesives.ThermalbondingHeatandpressurecanbeappliedtobindfibersintoaweb.Thetwocommonthermalbondingmethodsarecalenderingandairheating.MechanicalbondingMechanicalbondingistheoldestmethodofproducingnonwovens:itentanglesfiberstoimpartstrengthtodry-laidwebs.Themostcommonmechanicalmethodsareneedlepunchingandspunlacing(射流噴網(wǎng)),alsocalledhydroentangling（水刺）.NeedlePunchingInneedle-punching,barbed(帶刺的，倒鉤的)needlesarepunchedverticallythroughthewebtohookandentangletuftsoffibers.Mostneedledfabricslackanystructuralpatternbecausetheneedlespunchandintermingle(混合)thefibersinsucharandomwaythatthefabricsurfaceappearsuniform. Needle-punchedfabricsproducedwithamodifiedneedlebedandneedlesthatpenetratebeyondthesurfacetoformloopsonthebackcanbemadetoresemblelooppile（毛圈織物）,velour（絲絨）,orvelveteen（緯絨、平絨）.Theloopseitherareleftuncutorarecutandbrushedtogivethesurfaceappearanceofthepile-wovenfabric（絨頭組織織物）.HydroentanglingInhydroentangling(水刺法),orspunlacing(射流噴網(wǎng)),thefibrouswebissubjectedtohigh-velocitywaterjetstoentanglethefibers,causingthemtocurlandknotaroundeachother.Thesematerialsareproducedwithoutabinder,resultinginlightweight,soft,anddrapablespun-lacedfabrics(射流噴網(wǎng)法非織造織物).*

FinishingThefinalstageinthemanufactureofnonwovenisfinishing,whichincludesdrying,curing（焙烘、固化）,embossing（軋花）,printing,anddyeing.Hot-airovens,infraredlights（紅外光）,rollers（滾筒）overheatedcans,orhigh-frequencyelectricalequipmentcanprovidethedryingaction,whichalsoremovesanysolventsremaininginthefabric.EndUsesTheuseofnonwovenproductscontinuestoexpand.Nolongerrelegated（把…歸類）touseshiddenfromview,suchasinterlinings（襯頭）,substrates（基布、底布）,carpetbases,insulation,anddisposableproducts,theseproductsarefindingwidespreaduseinhomefurnishings,commercialandindustrialproducts,apparel,andgeotextileapplications（土工應(yīng)用）.

Themajorend-usecategoriesfornonwovenfabricsincludedisposablepersonalhygieneproducts,suchasdiapersandsanitarynapkins;medicalproducts,suchassurgicalgownsanddrapes;wipesandtowels;filtrationmedia;coatedfabrics;geotextiles;roofingproducts;andinterfacingsandinterlinings.SpecialtyNonwovenProductsFusiblenonwovensFilmfabricsTypesofFilmsCoatedfabricArtificialSuedesandLeathersFusiblenonwovensAfusiblenonwovenfabricisanynonwovenfabricwithaheat-activatedadhesiveresincoating.Morethanhalfoftheinterfacingsusedinapparelconstructionarefusibles.Theyareplacedbetweengarmentlayerstoprovidebody,shape,support,additionalstrength,andfoundation.Heatandpressure,appliedforaspecifiedtime,activatetheresintobondtheinterfacingtotheshellfabric.即用作粘合襯的非織物FilmfabricsFilmsarenottruetextilesbecause…Filmsaremadebyextruding,orcasting…以上兩段為翻譯作業(yè)CoatedfabricCoatedfabrichasasubstancesuchasoil,rubber,resin,plastic,acrylic(聚丙烯酸),orpolyurethane(聚亞安酯，聚氨酯)appliedtoitessurfacetoimpartaspecialproperty,suchasrepellency.Oilclothandmacintoshraincoat(橡皮布雨衣)fabricweretheforerunnersofthecoatedfabricsindustry.WhenCharlesMacintoshinventedhisraincoatfabricin1823,heusedrubberandturpentine(松節(jié)油)tomakeitwater-repellent.Bythe1930s,coatingsweremadeofpyridinumcloride(氯化吡啶),thenbysilicone(硅樹脂)treatments,whichformedathinfilmaroundeachfiber.Fluorochemicalprocesses(氟化物整理：拒油、拒水)becamecommoninthe1960s,andthemicroporous(多微孔的)coatingsuchasGore-Tex,inthe1980s.Manyoftheseproductsareusedforoutdoorclothingtoprovideawater-repellentorwater-proofsurfacethatallowsthepassageofairtoproduceabreathablefabric.Otherusesforcoatedfabricsaregarmentlinings(Milium),draperybacking(Blackout),shoelinings,wallcoverings,windowshaders,andluggage.ArtificalsuedesandleatherBecauserealsuedes(小羊皮，音:sweid)andleathersaresoprized,textilecompanieshavemanufacturedartificialsuedesandleathers.Ultrasuede,aproductresemblingsuede,wasintroducedbytheSkinnerDivisionofSpringsIndustries（Spring工業(yè)集團(tuán)下的Skinner產(chǎn)品分部，skinner可粗譯為皮類）

inthelate1960sandmetwithimmediatesuccess.Itappearedinhigh-fashionapparel（高級時裝）

andupholsteryfabricsandhassincebeenusedinavarietyofrelativelyexpensiveapparelandhome-furnishingfabrics,luggage,accessories,andspecialitemsonwhich“fabric”coversarepopular.Theretailpricefortheproductremainsabout$50peryard.UltrasuedeismadeinJapan,andinformationonitsmanufactureislimited.Aspecialmatrixfiber

（基質(zhì)型（復(fù)合）纖維）ofpolyesterandnylonisspun