考研英語閱讀理解終極指導(dǎo)1

點(diǎn)這里，看更多英語資料中公考研，讓考研變得簡單！查看更多考研英語輔導(dǎo)資料考研英語怎么復(fù)習(xí)？在考研復(fù)習(xí)中，復(fù)習(xí)資料的選擇至關(guān)重要。中公考研輔導(dǎo)老師為考生整理了【考研英語-閱讀理解知識點(diǎn)講解和習(xí)題】，同時(shí)可以為大家提供名師考研英語視頻、考研英語復(fù)習(xí)資料、考研英語真題和考研英語輔導(dǎo)等，助您沖擊名校！閱讀理解終極指導(dǎo)Ⅰ：文章“讀懂”的秘密考研英語閱讀的文章多選自西方國家核心期刊雜志的學(xué)術(shù)性議論文。一篇議論文的構(gòu)成主要有論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)兩部分。作者在文章中提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，或我們稱之為論點(diǎn)，然后運(yùn)用各類論證手段，各種類型的論據(jù)證明自己的觀點(diǎn)，為讀者所接受。因此，“讀懂文章”重在找到論點(diǎn)，理清論據(jù)。一、尋找文章論點(diǎn)考生首先要有尋找文章論點(diǎn)的意識，根據(jù)歷年真題的考查情況，我們可以總結(jié)如下：考研英語閱讀的文章通常在首段以及第二段首句的范圍提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。這基本上是由西方人的直線型思維模式?jīng)Q定的。(一）論點(diǎn)在首段首句關(guān)注文章各段首句，尤其是第一段首句。這一點(diǎn)充分體現(xiàn)了西方人的思維習(xí)慣對語言的影響，西方人屬于直線式思維模式，習(xí)慣于開門見山的表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)，然后通過各種論述方法論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。因此通常情況下，文章首段首句是文章的中心句，各段首句是段落中心句。［例1］WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject…[2001年]本文的作者在文章開篇,以一個(gè)問句的形式提出中心句,接下來整篇文章全部圍繞這個(gè)問題展開:為什么美國人不信任他們在報(bào)紙中讀到的東西?以問句提出疑問在考研英語的真題中偶然會出現(xiàn),考生可以再參考2007年第一篇文章。［例2］Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers…[2003年]本文開篇直接交待近幾年鐵路行業(yè)出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)現(xiàn)象：各家鐵路公司相互之間不斷并購，使得民眾擔(dān)心壟斷出現(xiàn)。第一段的第二三句通過數(shù)據(jù)佐證這個(gè)并購現(xiàn)象，下文圍繞是否會產(chǎn)生壟斷展開論述。［例3］Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish…[2005年]本文也屬于段首句提出文章中心：美國的公眾人物不再對自己英語語言高要求。下文開始討論JohnMcWhorter在自己的書中DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,提出的這一觀點(diǎn)的準(zhǔn)確性。（二）論點(diǎn)在首段末句［例1］“TheHeartoftheMatter,”thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.［2014年］?本文的文章中心即為Regrettably,however,thereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.后文圍繞報(bào)告的不足之處進(jìn)行展開。［例2］Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.［2007年］?本文的中心主旨是Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.下文運(yùn)用各類論據(jù)論述美國中產(chǎn)階級的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況非常不穩(wěn)定。（三）論點(diǎn)在第二段首句關(guān)注文章第二段首句。這類文章一個(gè)顯著的特點(diǎn)是，作者先說明一個(gè)現(xiàn)象或講述一個(gè)事件；在該段末，作者針對這個(gè)現(xiàn)象提出相應(yīng)的觀點(diǎn)。這類文章的首段有一個(gè)顯著的特點(diǎn)，作者在說明現(xiàn)象和講述事件的時(shí)候通常使用描述性語言和記敘性語言；而在第二段首句出現(xiàn)的文章論點(diǎn)通常是議論性語言。［例1］Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing….［2008年］?本文的中心主旨是二段首句，作者通過講述首段的WiltChamberlain身高的故事，以拋磚引玉的方式引出文章中心：Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing美國人停止了生長。［例2］thepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”［2010年］（四）表示轉(zhuǎn)折的句子通常為段落論點(diǎn)關(guān)注文章首段或其他段落中表示轉(zhuǎn)承，因果的句子。通常情況下，首段出現(xiàn)這樣的句子,要么是中心句，要么與中心密切相關(guān)；而在文章其他段落出現(xiàn)這樣的句子通常為段落主旨句。［例1］Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.[2014年]最近幾年的考題中以轉(zhuǎn)折引出文章中心的考題并不少見，本文是其中之一。那么本文開始圍繞中心：為什么美國的法律事務(wù)客戶會對律師有如此多的投訴。［例2］Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.［2013年］本文的中心句是第一段的這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折句，作者的下文圍繞upsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates展開。因此考生要讀懂考研閱讀的文章，首先要學(xué)會有意識地尋找文章的中心主旨，通過研究真題，整理總結(jié)文章主旨的提出方式，基本上每年必考的主旨題也就迎刃而解了。二、理清論據(jù)當(dāng)作者提出文章中心，即這篇議論文的論點(diǎn)后，接下來還會運(yùn)用各類論據(jù)證明自己的觀點(diǎn)，考生應(yīng)學(xué)會整理。在考研英語閱讀文章中，作者經(jīng)常使用的論據(jù)類型包括：引用專家教授等人的觀點(diǎn)、數(shù)字論據(jù)、事實(shí)論據(jù)，以及實(shí)驗(yàn)調(diào)查研究等。（一）一種論據(jù)［例1］（數(shù)字論據(jù)）Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.?本段的段落觀點(diǎn)是Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.緊接著作者使用數(shù)字論據(jù)InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.證明期刊出版行業(yè)規(guī)模非常大。那么考生在閱讀的時(shí)候不用把太多時(shí)間和精力放到這些數(shù)據(jù)的閱讀上，而能明白這些數(shù)字的存在僅僅是為了證明期刊出版行業(yè)規(guī)模之大。［例2］（專家觀點(diǎn)）Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”［2008年］?本段的核心目標(biāo)是說明兩性之間的第三個(gè)差別anotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.作者直接引用她的觀點(diǎn)，說明兩性面對的壓力的巨大差別。（二）多種論據(jù)結(jié)合［例1］（數(shù)字論據(jù)+專家觀點(diǎn)）Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople--especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren'tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.［2008年］?在這個(gè)段落中，作者提出觀點(diǎn)Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing美國人停止生長。隨后作者使用了數(shù)字論據(jù)Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople--especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.接著，作者引用專家觀點(diǎn)“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.進(jìn)行論證。如果分清這個(gè)論點(diǎn)論據(jù)關(guān)系，考生在閱讀的時(shí)候就不會糾結(jié)于論據(jù)中一些細(xì)節(jié)表達(dá)讀不懂的問題。［例2］（專家觀點(diǎn)+事實(shí)論據(jù)）Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitiousquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.Sexualcon