北京外國語大學2023年611英語基礎(chǔ)測試考研真題（回憶版）

北京外國語大學2023年611英語基礎(chǔ)測試考研真題（回憶版）611一、改錯，30分，梵高和其畫作簡介第一段簡介梵高的地位和聲譽第二段提到了幾個時間、幾幅名畫，在倫敦的經(jīng)歷，還有另一位藝術(shù)家，最后夸梵高繪畫技藝高超精湛，無與倫比。VincentvanGoghpainterLondonStarryNight，還有其他幾幅畫的名字和一位畫家比較masterskills二、閱讀，3篇，60分A．兩篇選擇題，每篇5個單選題，每小題3分Passage1：德國柏林住房問題及投票Berlin’sreferendumandthehousingcostsfurytheGuardian（部分節(jié)選）byAlexanderVasudevanWed29Sep2021WithcoalitiontalksthatcouldlastmonthsunderwaytoformGermany’snextgovernment，thereverberationsofSunday’selectionwillbefeltforquiteawhile．Butoneofthemostsignificantdevelopmentsinvoters’weekendtriptothepollswasalocalreferenduminBerlin，whichstronglyendorsedacampaigntoexpropriatepropertiesownedbylargecorporatelandlords．MorethanamillionBerlinerssupportedthecampaignExpropriateDeutscheWohnen&Co，whichtargetedcompaniesholding3，000ormoreapartments（DeutscheWohnenisoneofthelargestinvestmenttrustsinthecity）．Intotal，240，000properties，or11%ofallapartmentsinBerlin，wouldcomeunderthetermsoftheinitiative，whichwasbackedbyamajorityof56．4%inthereferendum．Thevoteisn’tlegallybinding，however，soitisnowuptothecity’sgovernment，whichwasalsoelectedon26September，todecidewhethertomoveforward．AndwhilestrugglesoverhousingarenothingnewinBerlin，thissuccessfulcampaignmarksapotentiallytransformativemoment–onethatcouldhaveamajorimpactonhousingstrugglesinothercities，andalsoserveasatemplateandinspirationforactivistsinEuropeandelsewhere．ThecampaigntoresocialisehousinginBerlin（Vergesellschaftung）waslaunchedin2018，inresponsetotherapidfinancialisationofhousinginacitywhere€42bnwasspentinlarge－scalerealestateinvestmentbetween2007and2020，morethanLondonandPariscombined．Smallerlandlordsandstate－ownedsocialhousinghavebeenaggressivelytargetedbylargeinstitutionalplayersforwhomhousinghasbecomeavehicleforthemanagementofglobalcapitalfunds．ForordinarytenantsinBerlin，whereatleast80%ofthepopulationarerenters，thetransformationofthehousingmarketwasaccompaniedbyskyrocketingrents，widespreaddisplacementandthedismantlingoflocalcommunitiesandsocialbonds．Manyneighbourhoodswererapidlygentrifiedwhilelow－incomeresidentsstruggledtofinddecentaffordablehousing．TherealingenuityoftheexpropriationreferendumcampaignwasitsuseoftheGermanbasiclawtomakeitscase，assetoutinthe1949Germanconstitution，whichstatesthat“propertyentailsobligations”and“itsuseshallalsoservethepublicgood”．Theconstitutionallowsforthesocialisationofprivateassets“byalawthatdeterminesthenatureandextentofcompensation”．Manylegalexpertsalsoagreedthattakingbackhousingintosocialownershipwaspermissibleundertheconstitution．Notonlydidthecampaigninitiallysecuretherequiredsignaturestotriggerareferendum，itsubmittedmorethan350，000signatures，allwhilenegotiatingthemanychallengesofthepandemic．Thiswastestamenttoaremarkablegrassrootseffortrootedinlocalneighbourhoodteamsspreadacrossthecity’sdistricts．Workinggroupswerealsoestablishedthatfocusedonkeylegalandfinancialissuesand，inrecentweeks，thevoteitself．Afteritsvictory，thecampaignhasbeenquicktocalluponthenextBerlinsenatetorecognisetheresult，anddraftanewlawonputtinghousingbackintosocialownership．Aswiththefederalgovernment，theshapeofthenewgoverningcoalitioninBerlinitselfisnotyetclear，thoughlocalpoliticians–withtheexceptionoftheleftwingDieLinkeparty–haveexpressedlittleappetiteforhousingresocialisation．Thecity’sprospectivemayor，F(xiàn)ranziskaGiffeyofthecentre－leftSPD，hasalreadystronglyruledouttheidea，butthescaleofthereferendumvictorywillbehardtoignoreandshehasindicatedthatshewillrespecttheresult．ThecampaignhasalreadydrawnupalegislativeproposalinanattempttoputfurtherpressureontheBerlinsenate．Effortstoenactthesocialisationprocesswillundoubtedlyfacelegalchallenges，nottomentiontheproblemofcompensationofthepropertycorporations．Campaignersareadamantthattheirmodelwouldbalanceacommitmenttofaircompensationwith“budget－neutral”socialisation．Somecommentatorsworrythatthecitywillbeforcedtobuybackpropertiesatcurrentmarketratesandthatamajorprogrammeofsocialhousingconstructionmayactuallybemorecost－effective．Whateverthecase，campaignersareacutelyawarethatwhattheyhaveachievedsofarmustbepartofawiderprojecttorevive“sociallyoriented”housingconstruction，includingsupportforarangeofnon－profitpropertypolicies．ThereferendumrepresentsapotentialwatershedmomentbeyondBerlintoo．Ithighlightstherolethatordinarytenants–andgrassrootsorganising–canplayindevelopingpoliciesforaffordablehousingwhilesupportingcommunitiesincreasinglyatriskofdisplacement．ItcanbeacatalystformunicipalhousingmovementsacrossEurope．Sunday’sresultsalsoofferapotentreminderoftheabsenceofmeaningfulhousingalternativesintheUKdespitethetireless（andunderappreciated）effortsofgrassrootsorganisationsacrossthecountry．Berlinhasshownhowcommunityorganisingandacommittedgroupofcityresidentscandesignandimplementalong－termcampaignaroundhousingatascalecurrentlyunthinkableintheUK．題目：1．Reverberation的同義替換。選項：resonance/impression/．．/．．2．3．4．Watershed的同義替換。選項是progress/transformation/turningpoint/．．5．Whichtitleismostsuitableforthispassage?A．選項就是這個文章的titleD．Thisisourcity，thisisourhome（回憶小鹿說：D選項給的這句話，我在找原文的時候，發(fā)現(xiàn)它是這篇原文最后一段里有一個人說的一句話，但是北外在出這道閱讀題的時候，把最后一段刪掉了，所以我覺得應(yīng)該是選A，就是它題目原來的title）Passage2：疫情對美國學生的影響Covid19impactlearningAmericanstudentsreadingmathstudystatesinvestmentadultXinhuaOct，31TheCOVID－19pandemichasdevastatedAmericanchildren'seducation，especiallythoseinpoverty，VoiceofAmericareportedonFriday，citingananalysis．Thepandemicdisruptedchildren'swell－being，notjustbyclosingtheirschools，butalsobytakingawaytheirparents'jobs，sickeningtheirfamiliesandteachers，andaddingchaosandfeartotheirdailylives，saidthereport．Thefederalreliefwasfarfromenoughtocovertheiracademiclosses，itsaid．．．．．部分文章已刪除大意是：疫情對美國學生造成很大影響，數(shù)學和閱讀水平急劇下降（有數(shù)據(jù)），但是不同的州差距很大，提到了倆人搞的研究（有數(shù)據(jù)、有例子），提到了地區(qū)經(jīng)濟差異、人種、教學投資的不同帶來的學生表現(xiàn)差異，雖然很多州的學生退步很大，但是California的學生成績很穩(wěn)定（有一道題就考了不同州學生成績表現(xiàn)差距可能的原因），最后提到了onus要怎么做。題目：1．關(guān)于covid－19對學生的影響，以下表述錯誤的是哪一個？2．關(guān)于兩人的研究，以下哪個表述是錯誤的？3．造成美國不同地區(qū)學生成績表現(xiàn)差異可能的原因是什么？4．Onus的意思5．．．B．簡答題閱讀：3個問答題（各5分）＋1個summary作者觀點（15分）取消了gapfillingColorful，colered，colorlesswords（部分節(jié)選）byPaulRobertsThewriterbuildswithwords，andnobuilderusesarawmaterialmoreslipperyandelusiveandtreacherous．Awriter'sworkisaconstantstruggletogettherightwordintherightplace，tofindthatparticularwordthatwillconveyhismeaningexactly，thatwillpersuadethereaderorsoothehimorstartleoramusehim．Heneversucceedsaltogether－－sometimeshefeelsthathescarcelysucceedsatall－butsuchsuccessesashehasarewhatmakethethingworthdoing．Thereisnobookofrulesforthisgame．Oneprogressesthroughever－lastingexperimentonthebasisofever－wideningexperience．Therearefewusefulgeneralizationsthatonecanmakeaboutwordsaswords，butthereareperhapsafew．Somewordsarewhatwecallcolorful"．Bythiswemeanthattheyarecalculatedtoproduceapictureorinduceanemotion．Theyaredressyinsteadofplain，specificinsteadofgeneral，loudinsteadofsoft．Thus，inplaceof"Herheartbeat，"wemaywrite"Herheartpounded，throbbed，fluttered，danced．"Insteadof"Hesatinhischair，"wemaysay，"Helounged，sprawled，coiled．"Insteadof"Itwashot，"wemaysay，"ltwasblistering，sultry，muggy，suffocating，steaming，wilting．"However，itshouldnotbesupposedthatthefancywordisalwaysbetter．Oftenitisaswelltowrite．"Herheartbeat"or"Itwashot"ifthatisallitdidorallitwas．Agesdifferinhowtheyliketheirprose．Thenineteenthcenturylikeditrichandsmoky．Thetwentiethhasusuallypreferreditleanandcool．Thetwentiethcenturywriter，likeallwriters，isforeverseekingtheexactword，butheiswaryofsoundingfeverish．Hetendstopitchitlow，tounderstateit，tothrowitaway．Heknowsthatifhegetstoocolorful，theaudienceislikelytogiggle．Seehowthisstrikesyou："Astherich，goldenglowofthesunsetdiedawayalongtheeternalwesternhills，Angela'slimpidblueeyeslookedsoftlyandtrustinglyintoMontague'sflashingbrownones，andherheartpoundedlikeadrumintimewiththejoyoussongsurginginhersoul．"Somepeoplelikethatsortofthing，butmostmodernreaderswouldsay，"Goodgrief，"andturnonthetelevision．SomewordswewouldcallnotSOmuchcolorfulascolored－－thatis，loadedwithassociations，goodorbad．Allwords－exceptperhapsstructurewords－－h(huán)aveassociationsofsomesort．Wehavesaidthatthemeaningofawordisthesumofthecontextsinwhichitoccurs．Whenwehearaword，wehearwithitanechoofallthesituationsinwhichwehavehearditbefore．Insomewords，theseechoesareobviousanddiscussable．Thewordmother，forexample，has，formostpeople，agreeableassociations．Whenyouhearmotheryouprobablythinkofhome，safety，love，food，andvariousotherpleasantthings．Ifonewrites，"Shewaslikeamothertome，"hegetsaneffectwhichhewouldnotgetin"Shewaslikeanaunttome．"Theadvertisermakesuseoftheassociationsofmotherbyworkingitinwhenhetalksabouthisproduct．Thepoliticianworksitinwhenhetalksabouthimself．Soalsowithsuchwordsashome，liberty，fireside，contentment，patriot，tenderness，sacrifice，childlike，manly，bluff，limpid．Allofthesewordsareloadedwithfavorableassociationsthatwouldberatherhardtoindicateinastraightforwarddefinition．Thereismorethanaliteraldifferencebetween"Theysataroundthefireside"and"Theysataroundthestove．"Theymighthavebeenequallywarmandhappyaroundthestove，butfiresidesuggestsleisure，grace，quiettradition，congenialcompany，andstovedoesnot．Conversely，somewordshavebadassociations．Mothersuggestspleasantthings，butmother－in－lawdoesnot．Manymothers－in－lawareheroicallylovableandsomemothersdrinkginalldayandbeattheirchildreninsensible，butthesefactsoflifearebesidethepoint．Thethingisthatmothersoundsgoodandmother－in－lawdoesnot．Orconsiderthewordintellectual．Thiswouldseemtobeacomplimentaryterm，butinpointoffactitisnot，forithaspickedupassociationsofimpracticalityandineffectualityandgeneraldopiness．Soalsowithsuchwordsasliberal，reactionary，Communist，socialist，capitalist，radical，schoolteacher，truckdriver，undertaker，operator，salesman，huckster，speculator．Theseconveymeaningsontheliterallevel，butbeyondthat－sometimes，insomeplaces－theyconveycontemptonthepartofthespeaker．Thequestionofwhethertouseloadedwordsornotdependsonwhatisbeingwritten．Thescientist，thescholar，trytoavoidthem；forthepoet，theadvertisingwriter，thepublicspeaker，theyarestandardequipment．Buteverywritershouldtakecarethattheydonotsubstituteforthought．Ifyouwrite，"AnyonewhothinksthatisnothingbutaSocialist（orCommunistorcapitalist）"youhavesaidnothingexceptthatyoudon'tlikepeoplewhothinkthat，andsuchremarksareeffectiveonlywiththemostnaivereaders．Itisalwaysabadmistaketothinkyourreadersaremorenaivethantheyreallyare．Butprobablymoststudentwriterscometogriefnotwithwordsthatarecolorfulorthosethatarecoloredbutwiththosethathavenocoloratall．Apetexampleisnice，awordwewouldfindithardtodispensewithincasualconversationbutwhichisnolongercapableofaddingmuchtoadescription．Colorlesswordsarethoseofsuchgeneralmeaningthatinaparticularsentencetheymeannothing．Slangadjectives，likecool（"That'srealcool"），tendtoexplodealloverthelanguage．Theyareappliedtoeverything，losetheiroriginalforce，andquicklydie．Bewarealsoofnounsofverygeneralmeaning，likecircumstances，cases，instances，aspects，factors，relationships，attitudes，eventualities，etc．Inmostcircumstancesyouwillfindthatthosecasesofwritingwhichcontaintoomanyinstancesofwordslikethesewillinthisandotheraspectshavefactorsleadingtounsatisfactoryrelationshipswihthereaderresultinginunfavorableattitudesonhispartandperhapsothereventualities，likeagradeof"D．"Noticealsowhat"etc．"means．Itmeans"I'dliketomakethislistlonger，butIcan'tthinkofanymoreexamples．"題目：（沒有標明必須用自己的話回答）解釋什么是colofulwords，然后論述經(jīng)常使用colorfulwor