2019-2020高考英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)：表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生或存在狀態(tài)以及表現(xiàn)方式的一種動(dòng)詞形式。語(yǔ)態(tài)：用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間關(guān)系的一種動(dòng)詞形式。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或行為的主體；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者或行為的對(duì)象英語(yǔ)中，在不同時(shí)間，以不同的方式發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)要用動(dòng)詞的不同形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，動(dòng)詞的這些不同形式構(gòu)成了動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在的事情用現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行描述，發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，用過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行描述，將要發(fā)生的事情用將來(lái)的時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行描述。英語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)共計(jì)16種，常用的有12種。時(shí)間、方式現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)一般worksworkedshall/willworkshould/wouldwork進(jìn)行am/is/areworkingwas/wereworkingshall/willbeworkingshould/wouldbeworking完成have/hasworkedhadworkedshall/willhaveworkedshould/wouldhaveworked完成進(jìn)行have/hasbeenworkinghadbeenworkingshall/willhavebeenworkingshould/wouldhavebeenworking在高中階段，我們將會(huì)主要學(xué)習(xí)到的時(shí)態(tài)有：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。本次課我們主要講解現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).基本結(jié)構(gòu)肯定形式：have/has+done（過(guò)去分詞）否定形式：have/has+not+done（過(guò)去分詞）一般疑問(wèn)句：Have/Has+…特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句.基本用法：①表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但其結(jié)果影響到現(xiàn)在，常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：already,yet,now,just,bythistime,sofar,bynow。（過(guò)發(fā)現(xiàn)影）例:IhavejustcomebackfromtheUnitedStates.②表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還可能持續(xù)下去，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：allday,thewholeday,uptonow,allone’slife,sofar,inthepast/lastfewyears,“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”：for+時(shí)間段。（過(guò)發(fā)持續(xù)）例：Ihavebeeninthelibraryforawholemorning..注意點(diǎn)：①hasgoneto和hasbeento的區(qū)別（通常出現(xiàn)在對(duì)話(huà)中）hasgoneto表示“已去了某地”。（現(xiàn)在還未回來(lái)）hasbeento表示“過(guò)去曾去過(guò)某地”。（現(xiàn)在已不在該地）例：A:Wherehaveyoubeenrecently?IhavebeentoTianjin.（人在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)）Whereisyourfather?Hehasgonetothelibrary.（人不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)）②動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(zhǎng)短可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作的可持續(xù)性，可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。如：live,stay,study,work,keep,teach等。如：WehavelivedinChinasince2001.自從2001年以來(lái)，我們一直住在中國(guó)。Youcankeepthebookfortwoweeks.你可以借用這本書(shū)兩周。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示瞬間動(dòng)作，動(dòng)作一經(jīng)發(fā)生立即結(jié)束，如：buy,lend,borrow,die,begin,stop,finish,arrive,join,go,come,catch等。如：Hehasbeenhereforfivedays.他已經(jīng)到這兒五天了。（這里不能用hasarrivedhere）Thefilmhasbeenonfortenminutes. 電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始十分鐘了。（這里不能用hasbegun）非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與一段時(shí)間連用時(shí)可采用下列三種方法：1,將非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞buyhaveborrowkeepopenbeopenclosebeclosedbegin/startbeoncomebehereleavebeawayfromfinishbeoverdiedbedeadjoinbe(in).將時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)改為過(guò)去時(shí)間，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)誤：Theoldmanhasdiedforeightyears.正：Theoldmandiedeightyearsago..用句型Itis+一段時(shí)間+since+從句(從句用過(guò)去時(shí))Itiseightyearssincetheoldmandied.③用在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間完成的動(dòng)作例：IwillsurftheInternetwhenIhavefinishedallthehousework.④相關(guān)句型：This/That/Itisthefirst/second/…time(that)....意為“這/那是第幾次……”“從句常用完成時(shí)態(tài)”為其時(shí)態(tài)的固定用法。主句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句中用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：Thisisthefirsttime(that)shehasbeenabroad.這是她第一次出國(guó)。This/That/Itisthe+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+that…意為這是…做過(guò)的最…的事情例：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.這是我看過(guò)的最好看的電影。“Itis+段時(shí)間+since從句”意為咱從….以來(lái)有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”:多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)有做某事了”例：Itis10yearssinceIcamehere.我來(lái)這里已經(jīng)十年了。Itis10yearssinceIworkedinXinjiang.我不在新疆工作已經(jīng)有十年了。⑤一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別for+一段時(shí)間：一般過(guò)去時(shí)V.S.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)判斷動(dòng)作是否持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在：是一現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)/現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)否一一般過(guò)去時(shí)—HasLindacomebackfromCanada?—Yes.Shethereforeightyears.A.hasstayed B.staysC.stayedLiuFangisacompanyCEOnow,butsheasateacherinamiddleschoolforthreeyears.A.worked B.hasworkedC.works D.hadworked---YourfamilyismovingtoHawaii?Why?---Weaboutachangeofsceneryforsometime.A.havethought B.hadthoughtC.think D.thought答案：CAA二.過(guò)去完成時(shí).基本結(jié)構(gòu)肯定形式：had+done否定形式：had+not+done一般疑問(wèn)句：Had+…+done+…？特殊疑問(wèn)詞：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句.用法①表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或一種狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,注意：只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)間或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才能用到這一時(shí)態(tài)。常用用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：bytheendof,+過(guò)去時(shí)間，bythattime,“before+過(guò)去時(shí)間或從句”“when+從句。例U：Mostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.Theroadswerefullofcars;wehadn,tthoughtofthat.②表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間，還可能持續(xù)下去，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：“since+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)或從句”:for+時(shí)間段。例：IhadworkedinacarfactoryfortwoyearsbeforeIcamehere.③hope,wish,plan,want,mean（意圖）,intend,think,expect等用于過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)，表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的“計(jì)劃、打算、企圖、愿望、想法”等，多譯為“本想（本打算、本以為）….”例：Ihadplannedtosendyouabirthdaygift.Theboyhadmeanttocomeinbutwerefusedhim..句型①This/That/Itis/wasthefirst/second/...time(that)....意為“這/那是第幾次……”“從句常用完成時(shí)態(tài)”為其時(shí)態(tài)的固定用法。主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例：Thatwasthefirsttime(that)shehadbeenabroad.那是她第一次出國(guó)。②"Itwas+段時(shí)間+since從句”意為咱從….以來(lái)有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”“多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)有做某事了”“主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)”為其時(shí)態(tài)的固定用法。例：ItwasfiveyearssinceIhadseenthefamousactress.我已經(jīng)有五年沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到那位著名的女演員了。③“主句+bythetime+從句”意為“到…..為止”“從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)”為其時(shí)態(tài)的固定用法。例：Themeetinghadbeenoverbythetimewegotthere.我們到達(dá)那里時(shí)會(huì)議已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。④hardly…when/nosooner…than意為“剛(一)就'“主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)”為其時(shí)態(tài)的固定用法。如：例：Rosehadhardlyheardthenewswhensheburstintotears.羅斯一聽(tīng)到消息就哭了起來(lái)。Wehadnosoonerarrivedatthestationthanthetrainleft.我們一到達(dá)火車(chē)站，火車(chē)就啟動(dòng)了。三.將來(lái)完成時(shí).基本結(jié)構(gòu)肯定形式：sbshall/willhavedonesth否定形式：sbshall/willhavenotdonesth一般疑問(wèn)句：Shall/Willsbhavedonesth?特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句.用法將來(lái)完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)是“shall/will+have+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”，表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)上會(huì)完成的動(dòng)作，并對(duì)將來(lái)某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:“before+將來(lái)時(shí)間”“by+將來(lái)時(shí)間”，before或bythetime引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句。例：Weshallhavefinishedtheworkbytheendofnextweek..句型“主句+bythetime+從句”意為“到…..為止”“從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)/一般將來(lái)時(shí)”為其時(shí)態(tài)的固定用法。例：Iwillhavefinishedallmyworkbythetimeyoucomeback.到你回來(lái)時(shí)，我將已經(jīng)完成所有工作了。四.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí).基本結(jié)構(gòu)肯定形式：sbhave/hasbeendoingsth否定形式：sbhave/hasnotbeendoingsth一般疑問(wèn)句：Have/Hassbbeendoingsth?特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句.用法現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)多用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如live,learn,lie,stay,sit,wait,stand,rest,study等，并常和allthetime（一直），thisweek,thismonth,allthemorning,recently等狀語(yǔ)以及since和for所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句或短語(yǔ)連用（since和for連用時(shí)，動(dòng)作常會(huì)繼續(xù)下去）。①表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，并且還將持續(xù)下去例：IhavebeenlearningEnglishsincethreeyearsago.（動(dòng)作可能會(huì)持續(xù)下去）②表示在說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)刻之前剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作Wehavebeenwaitingforyouforhalfanhour.（動(dòng)作不再繼續(xù)下去了）.注意：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)側(cè)重于動(dòng)作尚未完成和仍在進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作。例：Ihavereadhislatestbook.我已經(jīng)讀過(guò)他的新書(shū)。（動(dòng)作已完成）Ihavebeenreadinghislatestbook.我一直在讀他的新書(shū)。（動(dòng)作未完成）ShehasstayedinBeijingforsixweeks.她已在北京呆了六周。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已完成）ShehasbeenstayinginBeijingforsixweeks.她在北京呆了有六周"（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性）1.觀(guān)察下列例句，將序號(hào)填入對(duì)應(yīng)用法之后的空白欄中⑴Ireceivedaletterfromafriendyesterday.Wehadnotheardfromeachothersince1990⑵Ihopewe'llhavegottheinstructions(說(shuō)明書(shū))readybeforeyoucometomorrow.⑶Wehadhopedtocatchthe9:30train,butwefailedto.Ihadnosoonerreturnedthanhecalled.Ihavebeenwaitinganhourandhestillhasn'tturnedup.Ihavecleanedthehouse.It,stidynow.⑺Ihavewatchedhimseveraltimes.ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedtheBeijingZoo.Iamverytired.Ihavebeenworkingallmorning.

(io)Wehavediscussedthetopic(for)thelast3weeks.(11)ThisisthemostterriblemoviethatIhaveeverwatched.時(shí)態(tài)用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“過(guò)發(fā)現(xiàn)影”：過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響，常與already,just,yet等連用⑹⑺“過(guò)發(fā)持續(xù)：過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，常與sofar,untilnow,“for+時(shí)間段”，“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用”（10）固定句型：This/Itisthefirst/second/lasttimethat+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)This/Itisthe+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+that+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)⑻(過(guò)去完成時(shí)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”：表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作常與“by+過(guò)去時(shí)間”或“bythetime+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句”連用⑴表示原本打算實(shí)現(xiàn)而未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望⑶

或計(jì)劃。常用此結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有hope,want,expect,think,mean,suppose,intend等用于nosooner…than;hardly…when的句型中⑷將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)的一個(gè)特定時(shí)刻將成為過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或該時(shí)刻剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作，常與也可與“by+將來(lái)時(shí)間”或“bythetime+現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句”連用⑵現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，并且還將持續(xù)下去，常與“for+時(shí)間段”或者“since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用”⑸2.單項(xiàng)選擇SofaralargenumberofvolunteersinYa,antohelpthesurvivors.A.havearrivedB.arearrivingC.hasarrivedD.isarrivingItwasthefirsttimethatIthemovie,andIfellinlovewithitatonce.A.waswatching B.waswatchingC.havewatched D.hadwatchedKatestillcannotgotoschool.ShesicksincelastMonday.A.hadbeenB.wasC.hasbeenD.isJonny,Ican,tbelievehowmuchyouhavechanged!Youatleastonefoot!A.grow B.grewC.havegrownD.aregrowing---Howlongdidyouownyourfirstcar?---Weitforsixmonthsbeforeitwasstolen.A.hadownedB.ownedC.hasownedD.wouldown---Jack,doyouknowanythingaboutDoctorBrown?---1tohimforyears.Idon,tseehowanyoneelsecoulddobetter.A.went B.willgoC.hadgone D.havebeengoing---Haveyoureceivedyournewshoes?---Yes.AndatthesametimeIgotthejacketI.A.hadorderedB.orderedC.haveorderedD.order---Whydoyouwanttoapplyforthepositionasahistoryteacher?---ThisisthejobthatI.A.lookedforB.hadlookedforC.willlookforD.havebeenlookingfor---Guesswhat?IhappenedtomeetJohnsoninthestreetlastFriday.---Ifmymemoryservesmecorrectly,youeachotherforages.A.haven'tseenB.hadn'tseenC.didn'tseeD.don'tseeWhensheenteredthepolicestation,sherecognizedthemanwhoheratonce.A.wasattacking B.attackedC.hadattacked D.wouldattack---ThisisthemostexcitingmovieIhaveeverwatched.---WheredidyougetthatDVD?Itofinditsincelastsummer.A.wastrying B.triedC.hadtried D.havebeentryingWithitsrapidgrowthinpopulation,thecityinalldirectionsinthe