2016年全國(guó)碩士研究生招生考試英語(yǔ)（二）試題

--PAGE8-2016年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（二）試題SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(lOpoints)Happypeopleworkdifferently.moreproductive,morecreative,andwillingtotakegreaterrisks.Andnewresearchsuggeststhathappinessmightinfluence1firmswork,too.Companieslocatedinplaceswithhappierpeopleinvestmoreaccordingtoarecentresearchpaper.2,msinhappyplacesspendmoreonR&D(researchanddevelopment)becausehappinessislinkedtothekindoflonger-termthinking3formakinginvestmentsforthefuture.Theresearcherswantedtoknowifthe4andinclinationforrisk-takingthatcomewithhappinesswould5thewaycompaniesinvested.SotheycomparedU.S.cities'averagehappiness6byGalluppollingwiththeinvestmentactivityofpubliclytradedfirmsinthoseareas.7enough,investmentandR&Dintensitywerecorrelatedwiththehappinessoftheareainwhichtheywere8.Butisitreallyhappinesslinkedtoinvestment,orcouldsomethingabouthappiercities9whymstherespendmoreonR&D?Tofindout,theresearcherscontrolledforvarious10thatmightmakemsmorelikelytoinvest—likesize,industry,andsales—andforindicatorsthataplacewas11tolivein,likegrowthinwagesorpopulationThelinkbetweenhappinessandinvestmentgenerally12evenafteraccountingforthesethings.Thecorrelationbetweenhappinessandinvestmentwasparticularlystrongforyoungerfirms,whichtheauthors13tocodifieddecisionmakingandtheofand14whoaretobeinfluencedbysentiment."Therelationshipwas15strongerinplaceswherehappinesswasspreadmore16.Firmsseemtoinvestmoreinplaceswherepeopleareratherthaninplaceswith17provehappinesscausestoinvestoralonger-termview,theauthorsbelieveitatleast18atpossibility.nothardtoimaginethatlocalcultureandsentimentwouldhelp19howexecutivesthinkaboutthefuture."Itsurelyseemsplausiblethathappypeoplewouldbemoreforward-thinkingandcreativeand20R&Dmorethantheaverage,"saidoneresearcher.how [C]where [D]when[A]Inreturn [B]Inparticular [C]Incontrast [D]Inconclusion[A]necessary [B]famous [C]perfect [D]sufficient[A]individualism[B]realism[A]miss [B]echo [C]spoil

[D]modernism[A]imagined [B]measured [C]assumed [D]invented[A]Sure [B]Odd [C]Unfortunate [D]Often[A]divided [B]advertised [C]overtaxed [D]headquartered[A]summarize [B]overstate[A]factors

[D]emphasizelevels [D]methods[A]desirable [B]sociable [C]reliable [D]reputable[A]resumed

[C]held [D]broke[B]attribute [C]transfer[A]serious [B]civilized [C]ambitious [D]experienced16.[A]rapidly[A]instead [B]thus [C]also [D]never16.[A]rapidly[A]While [B]Until [C]After [D]Since[A]arrives [C]hints [D]strikes[A]share [B]rediscover [C]simplify[A]prayfor [B]leantowards [C]sendoutII ComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1truethathigh-schoolcodingclassesaren'tessentialforlearningcomputerscienceincollege.Studentswithoutexperiencecancatchupafterafewintroductorycourses,saidCortina,theassistantdeanatCarnegieofScience.However,Cortinasaid,earlyexposureisbeneficial.Whenyoungerkidslearncomputerscience,theylearnthatnotjustaconfusing,endlessstringoflettersandnumbers—butatooltobuildapps,orcreateartwork,ortesthypotheses.notasfortotransformthoughtprocessesasitisforstudents.Breakingdownproblemsintobite-sizedchunksandusingcodetosolvethembecomesnormal.Givingmorechildrenthistrainingcouldincreasethenumberofpeopleinterestedinthefieldandhelpfillthejobsgap,Cortinasaid.sobenefitmlearningngaboutngbeforeyettocollege,whereintroductorycomputer-scienceclassesarepackedtothebrim,whichcandrivetheless-experiencedor-determinedstudentsTheSchool,wherepeoplepaytolearnprogramming,asofthemanycodingbootcampsbecomeforadultslookingforacareerchange.Thehigh-schoolersgetthesamecurriculum,but"wetrytogearlessonstowardthingsinterestedin,"saidVictoriaFriedman,aninstructor.Forinstance,oneoftheappsthestudentsaredevelopingsuggestsmoviesbasedonyourmood.ThestudentsintheFlatironclassprobablydropoutofhighschoolandbuildthenextFacebook.languageshaveaquickturnover,sothe"RubyonRails"languagelearnedmaynotevenberelevantbythetimetheyenterthejobmarket.Buttheskillstheylearn—howtothinklogicallythroughaproblemandtheresults—applytoanylanguage,saidSeehom,anforthestateofNorthCarolina.Indeed,theFlatironstudentsmightnotgointoITatallButcreatingafuturearmyofcodersisnotthesolepurposeoftheclassesThesekidsaregoingtobesurroundedbycomputers—intheirpockets,intheiroffices,intheirhomes—fortherestoftheirlivesTheyoungerlearnhowcomputersthinkhowto埜theintongtyt—erylearnthatyhavethepowertodothat—thebetter.Cortinaholdsthatearlyexposuretocomputersciencemakes1teasierto .completefuturejobtrainingremodelthewayofthinkingformulatelogicalhypothesesperfectartworkproductionIndeliveringlessonsforhigh-schoolers,Flatironhasconsideredtheir .expenenceinterestcareerprospectsacademicbackgroundsDeborahSeehombelievesthattheskillslearnedatFlatironwillhelpstudentslearnothercomputerlanguageshavetobeupgradedwhennewtechnologiescomeneedimprovingwhenstudentslookforjobsenablestudentstomakebigquickmoneyAccordingtothelastparagraph,Flatironstudentsareexpectedto .bringforthinnovativecomputertechnologiesstaylongerintheinformationtechnologyindustrybecomebetterpreparedforthedigitalizedworldcompetewithafutureofprogrammersTheword"coax"(Line4,Para.6)isclosestinmeaningto .[D]challengeText2Biologistsestimatethatasmanyas2millionlesserprairiechickens—akindofbirdlivingonstretchinggrasslands—oncelentredtotheoftengreylandscapeofthemidwestemandsouthwesternUnitedStates.Butjustsome22,000birdsremaintoday,occupyingabout16%ofthespecies'historicrange.ThecrashwasareasontheU.S.FishandWildlifeService(USFWS)decidedtoformallylistthebirdasthreatened."Thelesserprairiechickenisinadesperatesituation,"saidUSFWSDirectorAshe.Someenvironmentalists,however,weredisappointed.Theyhadpushedtheagencytodesignatethebirdas"endangered,"astatusthatgivesfederalofficialsgreaterregulatorypowertocrackdownonthreats.ButAsheandothersarguedthatthe"threatened"taggavethefederalgovernmentflexibilitytotryoutnew,potentiallylessconfrontationalconservationapproaches.Inparticular,calledforforgingclosercollaborationswithwesternstategovernments,whichareoftenuneasywithfederalaction,andwiththeprivatelandownerswhocontrolanestimated95%oftheprairiehabitat.Undertheplan,forexample,theagencysaiditwouldnotprosecutelandownersorbusinessesthatunintentionallykill,harm,ordisturbthebird,aslongastheyhadsignedarange-widemanagementplantorestoreprairiechickenhabitat.NegotiatedbyUSFWSandthestates,theplanrequiresindividualsandbusinessesthatdamagehabitataspartoftheiroperationstopayintoafundtoreplaceeveryacredestroyedwith2newacresofsuitablehabitat.Thefundwillalsobeusedtocompensatelandownerswhosetasidehabitat.USFWSalsosetaninterimgoalofrestoringprairiechickenpopulationstoanannualaverageof67,000birdsoverthenext10years.AnditgivestheAssociationofFishandWildlifeAgenciesacoalitionofstateagencies,thejobofmonitoringprogress.Overall,theideaistolet"statesremainintheseatformanagingthespecies,"Ashesaid.Noteveryonethewin-winrhetoric.SomeCongressmembersaretryingtoblocktheplan,andatleastadozenindustrygroups,fourstates,andthreeenvironmentalgroupsarechallengingitinfederalcourt.Notsurprisingly,industrygroupsandstatesitgoestoofar;sayitdoesn'tgofarenough."Thefederalgovernmentisgivingresponsibilityformanagingthebirdtothesameindustriesthatarepushingittoextinction,"biologistLininger.Thereasonforlistingthelesserprairiechickenasis .itsdrasticallydecreasedpopulationtheunderestimateofthegrasslandacreageadesperateappealfromsomebiologiststheinsistenceofprivatelandownersThe"threatened"tagdisappointedsomeenvironmentalistsinthatit .wasagive-intogovernmentalpressurewouldinvolvefeweragenciesinactiongrantedlessfederalregulatorypowerwentagainstconservationpoliciesItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatunintentionalharm-doerswillnotbeprosecutediftheyagreetopayasumforcompensationvolunteertosetanequallybighabitatoffertosupportthemonitoringjobpromisetoraisefundsforUSFWSoperationsAccordingtoAshe,theleadingroleinmanagingthespeciesis .thefederalgovernmentthewildlifeagenciesthelandownersthestatesJayLiningerwouldmostlikelysupport .industrygroupsthewin-winrhetoricenvironmentalgroupstheplanunderchallengeText3Thateveryone'stoobusythesedaysisacliche.Butonespecificcomplaintisey:sryetoWhatmakestheproblemthornieristhattheusualtime-managementtechniquesdon'tseemsufficientTheweb'sfullofarticlesofferingtipsonmakingtimetoread"GiveupTVor"Carryabookwithyouatalltimes.Butinexperience,usingsuchmethodstofreeuptheodd30minutesdoesn'twork.Sitdowntoreadandtheflywheelofwork-relatedthoughtskeepsspinningorelsesoexhaustedthatachallengingbook'sthelastthingyouneed.Themodemmind,TimParks,anovelistandcritic,writes,"isoverwhelminglyinclinedtowardcon皿unication…Itisnotsimplythatoneisinterrupted;itisthatoneisactuallyinclinedtointerruption."readingrequiresnotjusttimebutaspecialkindoftimewhichcan'tbeobtainedmerelybybecomingmoreefficient.Infact,"becomingmoreefficient"ispartoftheproblem.Thinkingoftimeasaresourcetobemaximisedmeansyouapproachitinstnunentally,judginganygivenmomentaswellspentonlyinsofarasitadvancesprogresstowardsomegoal.Immersivereading,bycontrast,dependsonbeingwillingtoriskinefficiency,goallessness,eventime-wasting.Trytoslotitinasato-dolistitemandmanageonlygoal-focusedreading—useful,sometimes,butnotthemostfulfillingkind."Thefuturecomesatuslikeemptybottlesalonganunstoppableandnearlyinfiniteconveyorbelt,"writesGaryEberleinhisbookSacredTime,andfeelapressuretofillthesedifferent-sizedbottles(days,hours,minutes)astheypass,foriftheygetbywithoutbeingfilled,wewillhavewastedthem."Nomind-setcouldbeworseforlosingyourselfinabook.Sowhatdoeswork?Perhapssurprisingly,schedulingregulartimesforreading.thinkthismightfueltheefficiencymind-set,butinfact,Eberlenotes,suchritualisticbehaviourhelpsus"stepoutsidetime'sflow"into"soultime."Youcouldlimitdistractionsbyreadingonlyphysicalbooks,oronsingle-purposee-readers."Carryabookwithyouatalltimes"canactuallywork,too—providingyoudipinoftenenough,sothatreadingbecomesthedefaultstatefromwhichyoutemporarilysurfacetotakecareofbusiness,beforedroppingbackdown.Onareallygoodday,itnolongerfeelsasif"makingtimetoread,"butjustreading,andmakingtimeforeverythingelse.Theusualtstworkbecause .whattheycanofferdoesnoteasethemodemmindwhatchallengingbooksdemandisrepetitivereadingwhatpeopleoftenforgetiscarryingabookwiththemwhatreadingrequirescannotbeguaranteedThe"emptybottles"metaphorillustratesthatpeoplefeelapressureto .updatetheirto-dolistsmakepassingtimefulfillingcarrytheirplansthroughpursuecarefreereadingEberlewouldagreethatschedulingregulartimesforreadinghelps .encouragetheefficiencymind-setdeveloponlinereadinghabitspromoteritualisticreadingachieveimmersivereading"Carryabookwithyouatalltimes"canworkif .readingbecomesyourprimarybusinessofthedayallthedailybusinesshasbeenpromptlydealtwithyouareabletodropbacktobusinessafterreadingtimecanbeevenlysplitforreadingandbusinessThebesttitleforthistextcouldbeHowtoEasyReadingHowtoFindTimetoReadHowtoSetReadingGoalsHowtoReadExtensivelyText4Againstabackdropofdrasticchangesineconomyandpopulationstructure,youngerAmericansaredrawinganew21st-centuryroadmaptosuccess,alatestpollhasfound.Acrossgenerationallines,Americanscontinuetoprizemanyofthesametraditionalmilestonesofasuccessfullife,includinggettingmarried,havingchildren,owningahome,andretiringintheirsixties.Butwhileyoungandoldmostlyagreeonwhatconstitutesthefinishlineofafulfillinglife,theyofferstrikinglydifferentpathsforreachingit.peoplewhoarestillgettingstartedinlifeweremorelikelythanolderadultstoprioritizepersonalfulfillmentintheirwork,tobelievetheywilladvancetheircareersmostbyregularlychangingjobs,tofavorcommunitieswithmorepublicservicesandafasterpaceoflife,toagreethatcouplesshouldbefinanciallysecurebeforegettingmarriedorhavingchildren,andtomaintainthatchildrenarebestservedbytwoparentsworkingoutsidethehome,thesurveyfound.FromcareertocommunityandthesecontrastssuggestthatintheaftermathofthesearingGreatRecession,thosejuststartingoutinlifearedefiningprioritiesandexpectationsthatwillincreasinglyspreadthroughvirtuallyallaspectsofAmericanlife,fromconsumerpreferencestohousingpatternstopolitics.Youngandoldconvergeononekeypoint:Overwhelmingmajoritiesofbothgroupssaidtheybelieveitisharderforyoungpeopletodaytogetstartedinlifethanitwasforearliergenerations.Whileyoungerpeoplearesomewhatmoreoptimisticthantheireldersabouttheprospectsforthosestartingouttoday,bigmajoritiesinbothgroupsbelievethose“justgettingstartedinlife”faceatougherclimbthanearliergenerationsinreachingsuchsignpostachievementsassecuringagood-payingjob,startingafamily,managingdebt,andfindingaffordablehousing.PeteSchneiderconsiderstheclimbtougherSchneider,a27-year-oldautotechnicianfromtheChicagosuburbs,sayshestruggledtofindajobaftergraduatingfromcollege.Evennowthatheisworkinghesaid,“Ican’taffordtopaymymonthlymortgagepaymentsonmyown,soIhaverentroomsouttopeopletomakethathappen.”Lookingback,heisstruckthathisparentscouldprovideacomfortablelifefortheirchildreneventhoughneitherhadcompletedcollegewhenhewasyoung.“Istillgrewupinanuppermiddle-classhomewithparentswhodidn’thavecollegedegrees,”Schneidersaid.“Idon’tthinkpeoplearecapableofthatanymore.”-9---PAGE13-Onecross-generationmarkofasuccessfullifeis .tryingoutdifferentlifestyleshavingafamilywithchildrenworkingbeyondretirementagesettingupaprofitablebusinessItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatyoungpeopletendto .favoraslowerlifepaceholdanoccupationlongerattachimportancetopre-maritalfinancegiveprioritytochildcareoutsidethehomeTheprioritiesandexpectationsdefinedbytheyoungwill .becomeincreasinglyclearfocusonmaterialisticissuesdependlargelyonpoliticalpreferencesreachalmostallaspectsofAmericanlifeBothyoungandoldagreethat .good-payingjobsarelessavailabletheoldmademorelifeachievementshousingloanstodayareeasytoobtaingettingestablishedisharderfortheyoungWhichofthefollowingistrueaboutSchneider?Hefoundadreamjobaftergraduatingfromcollege.Hisparentsbelieveworkingsteadilyisamustforsuccess.Hisparents'goodlifehaslittletodowithacollegedegree.Hethinkshisjobasatechnicianquitechallenging.PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)BesillyHavefunAskforhelpExpressyouremotionsoverthinkitBeeasilypleasedNoticethingsActYourShoeSize,NotYourAgeAsadults,itseemsthatweareconstantlypursuinghappiness,oftenwithmixedresults.Yetchildrenappeartohaveitdowntoanart—andforthemostpartdon'tneedself-helpbooksorInstead,lookaftertheirwellbeinginstinctively,andusuallymoreeffectivelythanwedoasgrownups.Perhapstimetolearnafewlessonsthem.Whatdoesachilddowhensad?Hecries.Whenangry?Heshouts.Scared?Probablyabitofboth.Aswegrowup,welearntocontrolouremotionssoareanddictateourwhichisinwaysagoodthing.Buttoooftenwetakethisprocesstoofarandendupsuppressingemotions,especiallynegativeones.That'saboutaseffectiveasbrushingdirtunderacarpetandcanevenmakeusill.Whatweneedtodoisfindawaytoacknowledgeandexpresswhatwefeelappropriately,andthen—again,likechildren-moveon.AcoupleofChristmasesago,youngeststepdaughter,whowasnineyearsoldatthetime,gotaSupermanforChristmas.Itcostlessthanafiverbutshewasandstoptalkingaboutit.oftenwebelievethatanewjob,biggerhouseorbettercarwillbethemagicsilverbulletthatwillallowustofinallybecontent,buttherealityisthesethingshaveverylittlelastingimpactonourhappinesslevels.Instead,beinggratefulforsmallthingseverydayisamuchbetterwaytoimprovewellbeing.Haveyouevernoticedhowmuchchildrenlaugh?Ifweadultscouldindulgeinabitofsillinessandgiggling,wewouldreducethestresshormonesinourbodies,increasegoodhormoneslikeendorphins,improvebloodflowtoourheartsandevenhaveagreaterchanceoffightingoffinfection.Allofwhichwould,ofcourse,haveapositiveeffectonourhappinesslevels.Theproblemwithbeingagrownupisthatanawfullotofseriousstufftodealwith—work,mortgagepayments,figuringoutwhattocookfordinner.Butasadultswealsohavetheluxuryofbeingabletocontrolourowndiariesandimportantthatwescheduleintimetothingswelove.Thosethingsmightbesocial,sporting,creativeorcompletelyrandom(dancingaroundthelivingroom,anyone?)-it