critical thinking閱讀時(shí)的批判性思維

CriticalThinkingUnit2,BookIIText1CriticalThinkingPartI:(Paras.1–4)Whatiscriticalthinking?(definition)Para.1:It’sasystemforopeningeveryexistingsystem.Para.2:Or,criticalthinkingisthinkingthatanalyzesthought,thatassessesthought,andthattransformsthoughtforthebetter.Para.2:(Thereisathirdwaytotalkaboutcriticalthinking)It’sthinkingaboutthinkingwhilethinkinginordertothinkbetter.Para.4:Inotherwords,criticalthinking,…,transformsthinkingintwodirections:moresystematicallyandmorecomprehensively.PartII:(Paras.5–6)Criticalthinkingisimportant.Para.5:It’simportantbecausewe,ascreatures,aredeeplydetermined…byourthinking.Para.6:Ourfutureasaspeciesisdependentonwhetherwecandevelopthewherewithaltoraiseourcollectivethinkingsoastoproducepositivechangesinsocietiesacrosstheworld.PartIII:(Paras.7–10):ThetaskofdevelopingcriticalsocietiesisaHerculeanone.Para.7:topicsentenceandbackgroundinformation.Paras.8--10:Therearemanybarrierstocriticalthought.--Para.8:humanegocentricity,sociocentricity,self-delusion,narrow-mindedness--Para.9:fear,humaninsecurity,humanhabits,bureaucracy--Para.10:Thenforuswhoareteaching,studentresistancetocriticalthinkingisanobstacle....mistakennotions,ignorance,ourlimitedknowledge,stubbornness,ouractivatedignorance,(finally)ourresistancetodoingtheintellectualwork...PartIV(Paras.11–15):Howdowecultivatecriticalthinking?Paras.11and12:Thiscanbedoneonlyperson-by-personthroughaprocess,whichwecallintellectualwork.Thinkofthe“ElementsofThought”...Areweinthehabitofaskingquestions?Paras.13–15:Whatstandardsdoyouusetoassessyourthinkingandthethinkingofothers?“Iusethestandardsofclarity,accuracy,precision,relevance,depth,breadth,logicandfairness.”Thelasttwoparas.:conclusionOurstudentsshouldlearntothinkcriticallysoastoknowhowtochangetheirthinkinginkeepingwiththechangesoftheworld.Whatiscriticalthinking?Whyisitimportantforus?Whyisitsodifficult?Howcanwecultivateit?Whatis“beingcritical”?CriticcomesfromtheAncientGreek,meaningapersonwhooffersreasonedjudgmentoranalysis,andcriticismistheactivityofjudgmentorinformedinterpretation,whichcanbesynonymouswithanalysis.

'Beingcritical'inacademictermsreferstotwobroadcharacteristicsofaresearcher'swayofthinking.Acriticalresearcherisalwaysquestioning.

askingquestion/expressingdoubts:nothingistakenforgranted.scrutinizingevidence:Wherethereisaclaimmade,clarifytheevidencethatsupports.drawingaconclusion:checkiftheclaimsinquestionarecredible-ornot!Acriticalresearcherisopen-minded,respectfulofothers(evenwhileperhapschallengingtheirwork),andconstructive.Theobjectiveofcriticalresearchistoadvanceknowledge,nottobuildone'sownreputationordamagesomeoneelse's.So,howdoyouunderstand“beingcritical”inreading?Whatdowemeanby‘critical’inreading?readbetweenlinesbeinquisitivejudgecredibilitycommentrationallyreflectononeselfforimprovementreadbetweenlines:thinkingcarefullyaboutwhatyoureadandwhy:notjustlookingforandreadingtheobviousbeinquisitive:

questioningandtestingwhatyouread,e.g.“dotheauthor’sviewpointsandideasappearjustified?Why-orwhynot?”askinggoodquestionsofothersandofyourselfexploringfurtherwhatisnotadequatelydiscussedinwhatyoureadjudgecredibility:

judgingwhatisbelievableandwhatisnotspottingandchallengingpotentialbias,distortedviews,prejudice,andself-interest-intheworkofothers,andinyourownthinkingchallengingideas-whereappropriate,andbasedoncredibleevidencecommentrationally:notjustrepeatingtheideasofothers,butlookingforconnections(ordisparities),andconstructingyourownargumentssupportedbyarangecarefullyconsideredviewpointsreflectforimprovement:lookingforgaps,andputtingforwardnewordifferentsolutions;adaptingyourplan,yourgoal,yourwayofreadingandlearningbasedonyourdevelopinginsightsWhatisthe“criticalthinking”‘stairway’?Whatdopeopledowhentheythinkcritically?Discussion(I)Whenyouhaveaproblem,orsimplywhenyouwanttodosth.,orachieveacertaingoal,whatdoyoudotoarriveatthefinaldestination?Discussion(II)SherlockHolmesandJohnWatsonhavenevermeteachotherbuttheyaregoingtoshareaflat.Whentheymeetforthefirsttime,theymustwonder:Whoistheguyandwhatishelike?HowdidHolmesgettheanswers?HowdidWatsongettheanswers?Holmes’waytogettheanswer–Question

–observation

–processinginformation(analyzingwhatisseenandrecognizinglogicalrelationshipbetweenthevisibleandtheinvisible)–assumption

–puttingtheassumptiontotest

–reconstructingbelief–arrivingataccurateconclusionWatson’swaytogettheanswerpuzzledwaitingtobetoldtheanswerCriticalThinking“Stairway”Questions/problems/plan/goal,etc.observation:gatheringrelevantinformationprocessinginformation:analyzing,comparing,synthesizing,recognizinglogicalrelationshipbetweenthevisibleandtheinvisibleassumption:Recognizingt