大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀4 unit2

2.Warm-upExercises5.BackgroundInformationDeerBR_MAINBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReading3.AQuiz

1.WordWeb

4.AnEnglishSongEnergyCrisisEcologicalSystem(Ecosystem)BeforeReading_1_1BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingWordWeb

Directions:Whatwordswilloccurtoyouwheneverwementiontheword“energy”？Writedownasmanywordsaspossibleaboutit.ENERGYheatsolarenergywindcoalgasoilatomicenergynuclearenergyenergyresourcesenergycrisisconservationofenergy,wind,fossil,BeforeReading_2_1.1Warm-upExercisesBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReading■Tips:Directions:Watchthevideoandwritedownthekindsofenergymentioned.Small-scalesystemstaptheenergyofflowingwater.Thesearenottobeconfusedwithbigdamprojectswhichtotallytransformecosystems,wreakingenvironmentalhavoc.MICRO-HYDRO:flowingwatersolar,chemicalreaction,nuclearBeforeReading_2_1.2BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingWINDPOWER:FOSSILFUELS:AnancientsourceundergoingarevivalwithmodernturbinetechnologyDerivedfromlong-deadorganicandanimalmatter.Oil,coal,andnaturalgasareallfossilfuels.BeforeReading_2_1.3BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingSOLARENERGY:Thesun’spowercanbeharnessedinvariousways:byusingphotovoltaiccellstogenerateelectricitydirectly;byusingthermalcollectorstomakesteamtogenerateelectricity;byusingpassivesolarmaterialsthatmaximizeorretainthesun’sheat.BIOMASS:Biomassisvegetalororganicmaterial－includingdungandplants－andbiofuelsarethesolidorliquidorgaseousfuelsthatderivefromit.Wood,methaneandalcoholareallbiofuels.BeforeReading_2_1.4BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingNUCLEARENERGY:Currentlyproducedby”fission”.Anatomissplit－usinguranium－andtheheatproduceddrivessteamturbinestogenerateelectricity.BeforeReading_3_1BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingAQuizDirections:Giveeachiteminthequizanumberfrom1to5,andaddupthenumbersfromthequiztoseeHow“Green”YouAre?1=always2=often3=sometimes4=hardlyever5=neverDoyou...?()1.avoidthrowingthingsawayiftheycanbereused,repairedorrecycled()2.userecycledpaper()3.recyclepaper,glass,andcans()4.avoidproductsfromnonrenewablesources()5.avoidbuyingoverpackagedproducts()6.walkoruseabikewhentravelingshortdistances()7.usepublictransportationwhentravelinglongdistances()8.avoidusingair-conditioninginthesummer()9.trytomakesuretheheatisn’tturneduptoohighinthewinter()10.uselow-energylightbulbs()11.turnoffthelightswhenyouleavearoom()12.avoidusingmorewaterthanyouneedBeforeReading_3_2BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingTips:Theinterpretationofyourquizscoreis:ScoreYou’resogreen,it’sunbelievable!Arethereevenmorethingsyoudotoprotecttheenvironment?You’reveryenvironmentallyaware.Youcareaboutandrespecttheworldaroundyou.Youdosomethingstoprotecttheenvironment,butthere’salwaysroomforimprovement.You’renotgreenatall.Beawareofthethingsyoucandoandtry.Everythingyoudowillhelp.12-2324-3536-4748-60BeforeReading_4_1BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingAnEnglishSongDirections:Listentothesongandfillintheblanks.Green,GreenGrassofHomeTheoldhometownlooksthesame,AsIfromthetrain.Andtheretomeetmeismymammaandmypapa.DowntheroadIlook,andthererunsMary,Hairofgoldandlipslike,It’sgoodtotouchthe.Yes,they’llallcometomeetme,Armsa-reachin’,,It’sgoodtotouchthegreen,greengrassofhome.■stepdown________cherries_______green,greengrassofhome_______________________smilingsweetly_____________Theoldhouseisstillstanding,Thoughthepaintis.Andthere'sthatoldoaktree,ThatIusedtoplayon.I’llwalkwithmysweetMary,Hairofgoldandlipslikecherries.It’sgoodtotouchthegreen,greengrassofhome.ThenIaroundme,Atthefourgraywallsthatsurroundme,AndIrealize.YesIwas,Forthere’saguardandthere’sasadoldpadre,we’llwalkatdaybreak,AgainI’lltouchthegreen,greengrassofhome.Yesthey’llallcometoseemethatoldoaktree,Astheylaymemeetthegreen,greengrassofhome.BeforeReading_4_2BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingcrackedanddry_____________Downthelane____________awakeandlook_____________onlydreaming_____________Arminarm__________intheshadeof____________BeforeReading_5_1BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingBackgroundInformationDirections:Listentothefollowingpassage，writedownthewordsyouthinkimportant,thenretellthestoryaccordingtowhatyou’veheard.1.DeerThereareabout100differentkindsofdeer.Someliveingrasslands.Othersliveinforests.Thefemaledeerbecomespregnantannuallyinlateautumn,producingonetothreeyounginlatespringorearlysummer.Thenormallifespanis15to20years.KEY■BeforeReading_5_2BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingDirections:Listentothefollowingpassage，writedownthewordsyou’veheard.2.EnergyCrisis

Energycrisisreferstoacriticalinthesupplyofenergy-producingfuels,suchasgas,oil,and.Duringtheearly1970’s,thedemandforpetroleumincreased,andWesterncountriesdependedheavilyonimported.ThesituationbecameworseduringtheArab-IsraeliWarof1973,whentheArabnationstotheUnitedStatesandothercountriesthatIsrael,causinganacuteenergyshortageinthesecountriesduringthewinterof1973to1974.shortage________coal_____sharply_______supplies_______reduced_______supported________■oilproductionandembargoedoilshipmentsBeforeReading_5_3BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingDirections:Readthefollowingpassageandfillintheblankswiththehelpofthewordsgivenbelow.3.EcologicalSystem(Ecosystem)Asystemismadeupofagroupoflivingorganismsandtheirphysicalenvironment,andtherelationshipbetweenthem.Apond,a,aforestoranoceanmaybean.Anecosystemincludessuchasfoodsupply,weatherand.Anychangeinenvironmenthasfar-reachingonlivingthings.Theclearingofaforest,forexample,maybirdsandaffectdrainage(排水).Withoutbirdstokeepundercontrol,theinsectsandmaydoseriousdamagetocrops.Withouttreestoholdbackrainwater,erosionmaysetinandruin.lake____effectsecosystemharmfulinsectsnaturalenemiesfactorsdriveawayfarmlandlakemultiplyecosystem_________naturalenemies_____________factors_______effects______driveaway_________harmfulinsects_____________multiply_______farmland________GlobeReading_main1.ScanningBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReading2.PartDivisionoftheTextForPart1ForPart2QuestionsandAnswersBlankFillingQuestionsandAnswers3.FurtherUnderstandingForPart3GlobeReading_1BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingScanningDirections:Scanthetextanddiscussinpairs,listthefactsaboutthelifeofdeerinfourseasons.eatasmuchastheycan,storingtheexcessintheformoffat;activeingrowing,reproducingorstoringfatadultmales:growantlersandgetfatadultfemales:givebirthtoyoung;producemilkfawns:becomelessdependentontheirmother’smilkandbegintosearchforgrowingplantsasfood1.Summer:continuetoeathighqualityfoodinordertodepositfatforthewinter2.Fall:reducetheiractivity,growawintercoatofhair,andlowertheirmetabolism;usethereservesoffattosurvivethecoldwinter3.Winter:becomeactiveagain4.Spring:GlobalReading_2BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingPartDivisionoftheTextMainIdeasParts123Itisenergy,notloveormoney,thatmakestheworldgoround.Takethedeerasanexampletoexplainthelifeofwildanimalsroundtheyearandhowtheycansurviveduringthehardtimesinwinter.Lifedependsonenergy,thusthecyclecontinues.

Para.12~910~11GlobeReading_3.1BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingBlankFillingDirections:Readthefirstpartofthetextcarefully,thenfillintheblanks.Somepersonssaythatlovemakestheworld.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalsaythatitisn’tlove;it’smoney.Butthetruthisthatitisthatmakestheworldgoround.Energyistheoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleonlywhenfoodisenergy,whichisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow,toreproduceandtosurvive.Onthiscyclealllifegoround________turnofmind__________energy______currency_______convertedinto____________inturn______depends________.GlobeReading_3.2.2BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingQuestionsandAnswers1.Howdowildanimalssurvivethehardtimesinwinter?Theyeatasmuchastheycanduringtimesofplenty,thesummerandthefall,storingtheexcess,usuallyintheformoffat,andthenusingthesereservesoffattosurviveduringthehardtimesinwinterwhenfoodisscarce.2.Whatisthebesttimeformilkproduction?Thebestmilkproductionoccursatthesametimethatnewplantgrowthisavailable.3.Whatistheuseoffatdeeraccumulateinsummerandfall?Fatreservesarelikebankaccountstobedrawnoninthewinterwhenfoodsuppliesarelimitedandsometimesaredifficulttoreachbecauseofdeepsnow.4.Whatchangestakeplaceindeerwhenwinterdrawsnear?Fawnslosetheirspottedcoat.Haironallthedeerbecomesdarkerandthicker.GlobeReading_3.2.3BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReading5.Whatfurthersafeguarddoesnatureprovidetohelpdeersurvivethewinter?Theyhaveaninternalphysiologicalresponsewhichlowerstheirmetabolism,orrateofbodilyfunctioning,andhenceslowsdowntheirexpenditureofenergy.6.Whatchangestakeplaceindeer’sbehaviorwhentheylowertheirmetabolism?Theirbehaviorchangesfrommoreactivitiesinsummerandfalltolessaswinterprogresses.7.Whatwillhappentodeerifdeepsnowscomeandtheweatherremainscoldforalongtime?Somewilldie.8.Whatisthefundamentalruleoflifeforwild,freewanderinganimals?Onlythelargestandstrongestarelikelytosurvive－thesurvivalofthefittest.GlobeReading_3.3BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingQuestionsandAnswersWhatconclusiondoestheauthorsupply?Lifedependsonenergy,andthusthecyclecontinues.Article_SBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingIsthereanythingwecanlearnfromdeer?Duringthe“energycrisis”of1973－1974thewriterofthisessaywaslivinginnorthernMinnesotaandwasabletoobservehowdeersurvivewhenwinterarrives.Thelessonshelearnsaboutthewaydeerconserveenergyturnoutapplicabletooureverydaylife.

Itisfairlywellknownthatwildanimalssurvivefromyeartoyearbyeatingasmuchastheycanduringtimesofplenty,thesummerandfall,storingtheexcess,usuallyintheformoffat,andthenusingthesereservesoffattosurviveduringthehardtimesinwinterwhenfoodisscarce.But,itisprobablylesswellknownSomepersonssaythatlovemakestheworldgoround.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitisn’tlove;it’smoney.Butthetruthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.Energyisthecurrencyoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleonlywhenfoodisconvertedintoenergy,whichinturnisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow,toreproduceandtosurvive.Onthiscyclealllifedepends.Article1_SBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingDeerandtheEnergyCycleAaronN.Moenoccursatthesametimethatnewplantgrowthisavailable.Thisisgoodtiming,becausemilkproductionisanenergyconsumingprocess—itrequiresalotoffood.Thecostcannotbemetunlesstheregionhasamplefoodresources.Article2_SBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingAgoodcaseinpointisthewhite-taileddeer.Likemostwildlife,deerreproduce,grow,andstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenthereisplentyofnutritiousfoodavailable.AphysicallymaturefemaledeeringoodconditionwhohasconceivedinNovemberandgivenbirthtotwofawnsduringtheendofMayorfirstpartofJune,mustsearchforfoodforthenecessaryenergynotonlytomeetherbody’sneedsbutalsotoproducemilkforherfawns.Thebestmilkproductionthatevenwiththeirstoredfat,wildanimalsspendlessenergytoliveinwinterthaninsummer.Asthesummerprogressesandthefawnsgrow,theybecomelessdependentontheirmother’smilkandmoredependentongrowingplantsasfoodsources.Theadultmalesspendthesummergrowingantlersandgettingfat.Bothmalesandfemalescontinuetoeathighqualityfoodinthefallinordertodepositbodyfatforthewinter.

Inthecaseofdoesandfawns,agreatdealofenergyisexpendedeitherinmilkproductionoringrowing,andfatisnotaccumulatedasquicklyasitisinfullgrownmales.Fatreservesarelikebankaccountstobedrawnoninthewinterwhenfoodsuppliesarelimitedandsometimesdifficulttoreachbecauseofdeepsnow.Article3_SBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingAsfallturnsintowinter,otherchangestakeplace.Fawnslosetheirspottedcoat.Haironallthedeerbecomesdarkerandthicker.ThechangeinthehaircoatsisusuallycompletebySeptemberandmaximumhairdepthsarereachedbyNovemberorDecemberwhentheweatherbecomescold.

Butinaddition,natureprovidesafurthersafeguardtohelpdeersurvivethewinter—aninternalphysiologicalresponsewhichlowerstheirmetabolism,orrateofbodilyfunctioning,andhenceslowsdowntheirexpenditureofenergy.Thedeerbecomesomewhatslowanddrowsy.Theheartratedrops.Animalsthathibernatepracticeenergyconservationtoagreaterextremethandeerdo.Althoughdeerdon’thibernate,theydothesamethingwiththeirseasonalrhythmsinmetabolism.Deerspendmoreenergyandstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenfoodisabundant,andspendlessenergyandusestoredfatinthewinterwhenfoodislessavailable.Article4_SBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingWhenthe“energycrisis”firstcamein1973－1974,IwaslivingwithmyfamilyinacabinontheedgeofanareawheredeerspendthewinterinnorthernMinnesota,observingthedeerastheirbehaviorchangedfrommoreactivityinsummerandfalltolessaswinterprogressed,followedbyanincrease

againArticle5_SBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadinginthespringasthesnowmelted.Itwasinterestingandratheramusingtolistentotheadvicegivenontheradio:

“Driveonlywhennecessary,”weweretold.“Putonmoreclothestostaywarm,andturnthethermostatonyourfurnacedown.”Meanwhilewewatchedthedeerreducetheiractivity,growawintercoatofhair,andreducetheirmetabolismastheyhaveforthousandsofyears.Itisbiologicallyreasonablefordeertoreducetheircostoflivingtoincreasetheirchancesofsurvivinginwinter.Noteverywinteriscriticalfordeerofcourse.Ifthewinterhaslightsnow,survivalandproductivitynextspringwillbehigh.Butifdeepsnowscomeandtheweatherremainscoldforseveralweeks,thenthedeermustspendmoreenergytomoveabout,foodwillbehardertofind,andtheymustthendependmoreontheirfatreservestopullthemthrough.Ifsuchconditionsgoonfortoolongsomewilldie,andonlythelargestandstrongestarelikelytosurvive.Thatisafundamentalruleoflifeforwild,freewanderinganimalssuchasdeer.Article6BeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingYes,life—anddeath,too—isacyclethatgoesroundandround,andwhenanimalsdietheirbodiesbecomefoodforotherlifeformstousebyconvertingthemintoenergy.Andthecyclecontinues.turnofmind:adj.acharacteristictendencyorwayofthinking性情;氣質(zhì)傾向,才能Hehasanoptimisticturnofmind.因?yàn)樗南敕ㄆ婀?，行為也和別人極為不同。Withaverypeculiarturnofmind,hebehavesverydifferentlyfromanyoneelse.convertinto:1)changeinto轉(zhuǎn)變,轉(zhuǎn)化Onelasteffortconverteddefeatintovictory.Thehotelhasbeenconvertedintoanofficebuilding.2)cause(aperson)tochangehisbeliefs,etc.皈依;改變信仰他們已經(jīng)改信佛教。TheyhaveconvertedtoBuddhism.reserve:1.n.

1)sth.keptforlateruse貯藏;儲(chǔ)備有些動(dòng)物在秋季儲(chǔ)備大量的食物，以防冬季挨餓。Someanimalskeepagreatreserveoffoodinfalltokeepfromstarvinginwinter.2)apieceoflandkeptfora(stated)purpose保護(hù)區(qū)Lawsandregulationsaremadetoprotectthewildlifereserves.他在自然保護(hù)區(qū)拍了很多獅子的照片。Hetookalotofphotosofthelionsinthenaturereserves.2.vt.keepforspecialpurpose保留，預(yù)訂這些座位是留給貴賓的。Theseseatsarereservedforspecialguests.agoodcaseinpoint:agoodexampleofwhatisbeingtalkedabout一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)睦親eisratherselfish.Hisunwillingnesstohelphisbrotherisagoodcaseinpoint.Lackofcommunicationcausesseriousproblemsandtheirmarriageisacaseinpoint.Collocation:incase以防；如果；倘若incaseof倘使inanycase無(wú)論如何innocase決不conceive:vt.1)becomepregnantwith(young)DeerusuallyconceiveinNovember.

鹿通常在十一月份懷胎。2)form(anidea,plan)inthemind;thinkof;imagine想出（主意、計(jì)劃等）；構(gòu)想,設(shè)想Iconceivedthattheremustbesomedifficulties.我料想到一定有些困難。givebirthto:bear,bringforth,produce生;引起,產(chǎn)生Shegavebirthtoafinehealthybaby.她生了一個(gè)健康可愛(ài)的嬰兒。Thescientist'sexperimentsgavebirthtoanewdrug.那位科學(xué)家的實(shí)驗(yàn)產(chǎn)生了一種新藥。deposit:vt.putorstoreforsafekeeping;keep(money)inabank存放;交與…保管她剛剛把一大筆錢存到她的帳戶上。Shehadjustdepositedalargesumofmoneyinheraccount.Hedepositedhisreturnedbookswiththelibrarian.他把歸還的書交給圖書管理員。Collocation:deposit…in在……存儲(chǔ)deposit…with把……交給……保管expend:vt.spendoruseupThestudentsexpendedmuchcareontheirgraduationpapers.expend,spend&cost這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞均含“花費(fèi)”之意。expend較正式用詞，通常指為某一專門目的而花費(fèi)大量金錢、時(shí)間或精力。spend普通用詞，與cost基本同義，但主語(yǔ)必須是人。cost指花費(fèi)時(shí)間、金錢、勞力等。其主語(yǔ)是物，而不能由人充當(dāng)，也不用被動(dòng)形式。1.Governments_______alotofresourcesonwar.2.It_________alottobuyahouseinthispartofLondon.3.Idon’tknowhowImanagedto_________somuchinthepublastnight.4.They________alltheirstrengthintryingtoclimbout.5.Don’t________suchalotoftimeindressingyourself.6.Herirresponsiblebehaviour_________herfathermanysleeplessnights.7.You__________somucheffortforsolittlereturn.expendcostsspendexpendedspendcostsexpendrate:n.thespeedatwhichsomethinghappensorchanges比率,率；速度;進(jìn)度按你這樣的工作速度,你絕對(duì)做不完。Attherateyouwork,you’llneverfinish.speed,rate&pace這三個(gè)名詞均含“速度、速率”之意。speed普通用詞，指單位時(shí)間內(nèi)行進(jìn)的固定速度或速率，也指可能達(dá)到的最高速度。rate作“速度”講時(shí)，與speed同義，可換用。作速率解時(shí)，指相對(duì)增長(zhǎng)的速度，也指兩種相比較而得出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)速度。pace普通用詞，指步行的速度，常引申指活動(dòng)的進(jìn)度或生產(chǎn)率。

Directions:Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.

1.Couldyouslowdownabit－Ican’tkeep_______withyou.2.Thecarhasatop________of155milesperhour.3.Idon’tlikethe__________ofmodernlife.4.Youshouldloweryour_________asyouapproachajunction.5.Thetaxiwasgoingatatremendous__________.

Article1_WBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingSomepersonssaythatlovemakestheworldgoround.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitisn’tlove;it’smoney.Butthetruthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.Energyisthecurrencyoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleonlywhenfoodisconvertedintoenergy,whichinturnisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow,toreproduceandtosurvive.Onthiscyclealllifedepends.DeerandtheEnergyCycleAaronN.MoenItisfairlywellknownthatwildanimalssurvivefromyeartoyearbyeatingasmuchastheycanduringtimesofplenty,thesummerandfall,storingtheexcess,usuallyintheformoffat,andthenusingthesereservesoffattosurviveduringthehardtimesinwinterwhenfoodisscarce.But,itisprobablylesswellknownArticle2_WBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingAgoodcaseinpointisthewhite-taileddeer.Likemostwildlife,deerreproduce,grow,andstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenthereisplentyofnutritiousfoodavailable.AphysicallymaturefemaledeeringoodconditionwhohasconceivedinNovemberandgivenbirthtotwofawnsduringtheendofMayorfirstpartofJune,mustsearchforfoodforthenecessaryenergynotonlytomeetherbody’sneedsbutalsotoproducemilkforherfawns.Thebestmilkproductionoccursatthesametimethatnewplantgrowthisavailable.Thisisgoodtiming,becausemilkproductionisanenergyconsumingprocess—itrequiresalotoffood.Thecostcannotbemetunlesstheregionhasamplefoodresources.thatevenwiththeirstoredfat,wildanimalsspendlessenergytoliveinwinterthaninsummer.Article3_WBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingAsthesummerprogressesandthefawnsgrow,theybecomelessdependentontheirmother’smilkandmoredependentongrowingplantsasfoodsources.Theadultmalesspendthesummergrowingantlersandgettingfat.Bothmalesandfemalescontinuetoeathighqualityfoodinthefallinordertodepositbodyfatforthewinter.Inthecaseofdoesandfawns,agreatdealofenergyisexpendedeitherinmilkproductionoringrowing,andfatisnotaccumulatedasquicklyasitisinfullgrownmales.Fatreservesarelikebankaccountstobedrawnoninthewinterwhenfoodsuppliesarelimitedandsometimesdifficulttoreachbecauseofdeepsnow.Asfallturnsintowinter,otherchangestakeplace.Fawnslosetheirspottedcoat.Haironallthedeerbecomesdarkerandthicker.ThechangeinthehaircoatsisusuallycompletebySeptemberandmaximumhairdepthsarereachedbyNovemberorDecemberwhentheweatherbecomescold.Article4_WBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadingButinaddition,natureprovidesafurthersafeguardtohelpdeersurvivethewinter—aninternalphysiologicalresponsewhichlowerstheirmetabolism,orrateofbodilyfunctioning,andhenceslowsdowntheirexpenditureofenergy.Thedeerbecomesomewhatslowanddrowsy.Theheartratedrops.Animalsthathibernatepracticeenergyconservationtoagreaterextremethandeerdo.Althoughdeerdon’thibernate,theydothesamethingwiththeirseasonalrhythmsinmetabolism.Deerspendmoreenergyandstorefatinthesummerandfallwhenfoodisabundant,andspendlessenergyandusestoredfatinthewinterwhenfoodislessavailable.Whenthe“energycrisis”firstcamein1973－1974,IwaslivingwithmyfamilyinacabinontheedgeofanareawheredeerspendthewinterinnorthernMinnesota,observingthedeerastheirbehaviorchangedfrommoreactivityinsummerandfalltolessaswinterprogressed,followedbyanincrease

againArticle5_WBeforeReadingGlobalReadingDetailedReadingAfterReadinginthespringasthesnowmelted.Itwasinterestingandratheramusingtolistentotheadvicegivenontheradio:“Driveonlywhennecessary,”weweretold.“Putonmoreclothestostaywarm,andturnthethermostatonyourfurnacedown.”Meanwhilewewatchedthedeerreducetheiractivity,growawintercoatofhair,andreducetheirmetabolismastheyhaveforthousandsofyears.Itisbiologicallyreasonablefordeertoreducetheircostoflivingtoincreasetheirchancesofsurvivinginwinter.

Noteverywinteriscriticalfordeerofcourse.Ifthewinterhaslightsnow,survivalandproductivitynextspringwillbehigh.Butifdeepsnowscomeandtheweatherremainscoldforseveralweeks,thenthedeermustspendmoreenergytomoveabout,foodwillbehardertofind,andtheymustthendependmoreontheirfatreservestopullthemthrough.Ifsuchconditionsgoonfortoolongsomewilldie,andonlythelargestandstrongestarelikelytosurvive.Thatisafundamentalruleoflifeforwild,freewanderinganimalssuchasdeer.Somepersonssaythatlovemakestheworldgoround.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitisn’tlove;it’smoney.Butthetruthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.Energyisthecurrencyoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleonlywhenfoodisconvertedintoenergy,whichinturnisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow,toreproduceandtosurvive.Onthiscyclealllifedepends.DeerandtheEnergyCycleAaronN.Moen

Itisfairlywellknownthatwildanimalssurvivefromyeartoyearbyeating