國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)第七章Chapter-7-Accounting-for-changing-prices

Chapter7

FinancialReportingandChangingPrices122000年55%2001年1121%2002年19893%2003年59875%2004年13275%2005年58584%2006年128111%2007年662123%2008年2200000%2000-2008年通脹率津巴布韋通貨膨脹34食品類價(jià)格同比上漲13.4%，影響價(jià)格總水平上漲約4.05個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。其中，糧食價(jià)格上漲11.9%，影響價(jià)格總水平上漲約0.33個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；肉禽及其制品價(jià)格上漲28.4%，影響價(jià)格總水平上漲約1.86個(gè)百分點(diǎn)（豬肉價(jià)格上漲43.5%，影響價(jià)格總水平上漲約1.24個(gè)百分點(diǎn)）；非食品價(jià)格環(huán)比漲幅為0.2%，影響居民消費(fèi)價(jià)格總水平環(huán)比上漲約0.10個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。其中，煙酒、衣著、家庭設(shè)備用品及維修服務(wù)、醫(yī)療保健和個(gè)人用品、居住等類別價(jià)格環(huán)比分別上漲0.6%、0.9%、0.1%、0.2%和0.2%，交通和通信、娛樂(lè)教育文化用品及服務(wù)類價(jià)格環(huán)比分別下降0.1%和0.3%。中國(guó)通貨膨脹與物價(jià)上漲5中國(guó)通貨膨脹與物價(jià)上漲6指在紙幣流通條件下，因貨幣供給大于貨幣實(shí)際需求，也即現(xiàn)實(shí)的購(gòu)買力大于產(chǎn)出供給，導(dǎo)致貨幣貶值，而引起的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)物價(jià)持續(xù)而普遍的上漲現(xiàn)象。理解：一般價(jià)格水平的上漲通貨膨脹7中國(guó)的物價(jià)上漲表現(xiàn)為以菜價(jià)上漲最快。統(tǒng)計(jì)的八大類商品，權(quán)重最大的是食品（豬肉價(jià)格占了CPI的10%）八大類商品，六類上漲，兩類下跌。2010年以來(lái)，CPI首次超過(guò)了5%，其中菜價(jià)上漲30%中國(guó)通貨膨脹與物價(jià)上漲8物價(jià)上漲原因一部分資金炒農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格上漲（1）流通渠道；（2）供求關(guān)系；（3）囤積居奇；（4）不必要的通脹恐慌。中國(guó)通貨膨脹與物價(jià)上漲910Learning

ObjectivesWhatdowemeanbytheterm,changingprices?Whyarefinancialstatementsmisleadingduringperiodsofchangingprices?Whatarethevariouswaysofadjustingfinancialstatementsforchangingprices?Doadjustmentsforchangingpricesvaryinternationally?11WhatdoesIAS21havetosayaboutinflationadjustmentsinhyperinflationarycountries?Whatistherestate-translatecontroversyallabout?Isitpossibletodouble-countfortheeffectsofforeigninflation?Learning

ObjectivesPricechanges1.Generalpricelevelchange2.Specificpricechange□GeneralpricelevelchangeItrefersanaveragechangeinthepricesofallgoodsandservicesinaneconomychange.Inotherwords,themonetaryunitgainsorlosespurchasingpower.□SpecificpricechangeItrefersachangeinthepriceofaspecificgoodorservicecausedbychangesindemandandsupply.TheMeanof“ChangingPrices”1213Generalpricelevelchange:

referstoamovementinthepricesofallgoodsandservicesinaneconomyonaverage.Positivepricemovementistermedinflation.Anegativepricemovementiscalleddeflation.TheMeanof“ChangingPrices”14Generalpricelevelchangesaremeasuredbyuseofageneralpricelevelindex(GPL).GPLisacostratiothatcomparesthecostofabasketofgoodsinthecurrentperiodwiththecostofthatsamebasketinapriororbaseperiod.ThereciprocaloftheGPLisameasureofthegeneralpurchasingpowerofthemonetaryunit.TheMeanof“ChangingPrices”15物價(jià)指數(shù)的高低，就是物價(jià)水平的高低?本地商品及服務(wù)價(jià)格比其他地區(qū)低而物價(jià)指數(shù)反而高，或本地商品及服務(wù)價(jià)格比其他地區(qū)高而物價(jià)指數(shù)反而低?物價(jià)指數(shù)VS物價(jià)水平16物價(jià)指數(shù)是指兩個(gè)時(shí)期商品及服務(wù)價(jià)格相比較的相對(duì)數(shù)，是反映兩個(gè)時(shí)期物價(jià)水平變化趨勢(shì)或變動(dòng)程度的一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)，通常用百分值表示。例如，2011年11月與上年同月相比，全國(guó)居民消費(fèi)價(jià)格指數(shù)為102.8。物價(jià)指數(shù)減100再乘100%即為升降幅度，物價(jià)指數(shù)大于100為上升，物價(jià)指數(shù)小于100為下降。上例又可表述為，11月份全國(guó)居民消費(fèi)價(jià)格比上年同月上升2.8%。物價(jià)水平是指某個(gè)時(shí)期商品及服務(wù)的價(jià)格水平。物價(jià)指數(shù)的高低，只代表本地區(qū)物價(jià)水平的高低，而不代表本地區(qū)物價(jià)水平與其他地區(qū)物價(jià)水平的高低。物價(jià)指數(shù)VS物價(jià)水平17Specificpricechange:referstothemovementinthepriceofaspecificasset;e.g.,achangeinthepriceofinventory,plant,orequipment.Specificpricechangesaremeasuredbyaspecificpriceindex(SPL).SPLisacostratiothatcomparesthecostofaspecificitemwithitscostinapriororbaseperiod.TheMeanof“ChangingPrices”18特定價(jià)格指數(shù)是根據(jù)某一種或一組特定商品或勞務(wù)的價(jià)格平均計(jì)算而成的，它反映某一特定種類或特定組合商品或勞務(wù)的價(jià)格變動(dòng)。在我國(guó)居民消費(fèi)價(jià)格總指數(shù)中，分別有食品、衣著、家庭設(shè)備及用品、醫(yī)療保健、交通和通訊工具、娛樂(lè)教育文化用品、居住和服務(wù)項(xiàng)目等種類的特定價(jià)格指數(shù)。商品零售價(jià)格指數(shù)中，有食品類、飲料、煙酒類、服裝鞋帽類等。由于在某一特定種類中的每一種商品的價(jià)格很少會(huì)與其他商品的價(jià)格成比例的同增同減，因此，特定物價(jià)指數(shù)只反映某一種或某一組特定商品或勞務(wù)的平均價(jià)格變動(dòng)。TheMeanof“ChangingPrices”19Whyarefinancialstatementspotentiallymisleadingduringpriodsofchangingprices?Duringinflation,revenuesarebasedonthegeneralpurchasingpowerofthecurrentperiod.Expenses,suchasdepreciationandamortization,maybebasedoncurrencyofhighergeneralpurchasingpowerbecausetheirrelatedassetsweretypicallyacquiredinthepastwhenGPLswerelower.

ChangingPrices20Deductingexpensesbasedonhistoricalpurchasingpowerfromrevenuesthatexpressedincurrencyofcurrentpurchasingpoweryieldsanonsensicalindexofperformance.ChangingPrices21Duringaperiodofinflation,assetsrecordedattheiroriginalacquisitioncostsseldomreflecttheassets’current(higher)valueresultinginanoverstatementinreportedincome.This,inturn,mayleadto:HighertaxesHigherdividendsHigherwagesChangingPricesWhyarefinancialstatementspotentiallymisleadingduringpriodsofchangingprices?

Theseunrealincomewilldistort:(1)financialprojections;(2)financialbudgets;(3)theappraisalofperformancedata.Theoverstatedearningsmayleadto:(1)incteasesinproportionatetaxation;(2)requestsbyshareholdersformoredividends;(3)demandsforhigherwagesbyworkers;(4)disadvantageousactionsbyhostgovernmentsChangingPricesSo,afirm'sfianacialdatashouldbeadjustedforchangesinthepurchasingpowerofthemonetaryunit.22ChangingPricesTypesofchangingpricesadjustments

Eachtypeofpricechangehasadifferenteffectonmeasuresofafirm’sfinancialpositionandoperatingperformance,therefore,itshouldbeaccountedforwithdifferentmeans.1.Historicalcost-constantpurchasingpowermodel歷史成本-不變購(gòu)買力模型2.Currentcostmodel現(xiàn)行成本模型Itistheaccountingforthefinancialstatementeffectsofgeneralpricelevelchanges.Itistheaccountingforthefinancialstatementeffectsofspecificpricechanges.2324TypesofchangingpricesadjustmentsObjectiveofconventionalhistoricalcostaccounting:maintainafirm’soriginalinvestment.Assumeafirmbeginsoperationswithaninitialcashinvestmentof$1,000.Cashisimmediatelyconvertedtosaleableinventorywhichisallsoldat50%mark-upbytheendoftheyearfor$1,500.Therearenopricechangesduringtheperiod.

ChangingPrices25TypesofchangingpricesadjustmentsRevenueswouldbe$1,500receiveduniformlyovertheperiod,expenseswouldbe$1,000,andnetincomewouldbe$500.Netincomeof$500representstheamountthatcouldbewithdrawnfromthefirmandleavetheownerswiththeiroriginalinvestmentintact.ChangingPricesGeneralpriceleveladjustments□KeyTerms1.Nominalamounts:arethecurrencyamountsthathavenotbeenadjustedaccordingtogeneralpricelevelchanges.(originalamountsstatedaccordingtomarketprice)Eg.Theoriginalcostofafixedassetexpressedinnominalcurrencyonthebalancesheet.2.Historicalcost-constantcurrency:arethecurrencyamountsthathavebeenadjustedforgeneralpricelevelchanges.Itisalsocalledpurchasingpowerequivalent.26Generalpriceleveladjustments

3.Priceindex:istheindextomeasurethegeneralpricelevelchanges.Itcanbeexpressedinthefollowingformula:

Priceindex=∑p1q1/∑p0q0

p：unitpriceofagivencommodity；q：quantityconsumed；0：thebaseyear；1：thecomparativeyear.

27

Example:Ifafamilyoffourspends$20,000tobuyarepresentativebasketofgoodsandservicesatthebaseyear,and$22,000tobuythatsamebasketayearlater.thegeneralpriceindexwouldbe?Generalpriceleveladjustments28Generalpriceleveladjustments因此，第二年的一般物價(jià)指數(shù)是：

1.1=$22,000/$20,000

（Itimpliesa10%rateofinflationduringtheyear.）Similarly,ifthebasketinquestioncoststhefamilyof$23,5002yearslater,thegeneralpriceindexwouldbe?

第三年的一般物價(jià)指數(shù)是：

1.175=$23,500/$20,000

(Itimpliesa17.5%rateofinflationduringtheyear.）29Generalpriceleveladjustments□UseofPriceIndexPriceindexnumbersareusedtotranslatesumsofmoneypaidinpastperiodstotheirend-of-periodpurchasingpowerequivalents.Themethodusedisasfollowing:PPEc=

GPLc/GPLtd×Nominalamounttd

一般購(gòu)買力等值=當(dāng)期物價(jià)指數(shù)/交易日物價(jià)指數(shù)×名義金額

PPE：generalpurchasingpowerequivalent一般購(gòu)買力等值GPL：generalpriceindex一般物價(jià)水平指數(shù)

c：currentperiod當(dāng)期

td：transactiondate交易日期

30Generalpriceleveladjustments

Example:

Supposethat$500isspentattheendofthebaseyearand$7001yearlater.Torestatetheseexpendituresattheiryear3purchasingpowerequivalents,usingpriceindexnumbers,wewoulddothefollowing:

①PPE3=$500×1.175/1.000=$587.5

②PPE3=$700×1.175/1.100=$747.7331Generalpriceleveladjustments

□Ashortcutofpriceleveladjustment:

PPEc=

GPLc/GPLavg×Nominalamounttd

GPLc=當(dāng)期物價(jià)指數(shù)

GPLavg=全年平均物價(jià)指數(shù)Eg:Usingtheend-of-periodpurchasingpowerequivalentstoexpressrevenues.

PPEc=

GPLc/GPLavg×Totalrevenues

一般購(gòu)買力等值=當(dāng)期物價(jià)指數(shù)/全年平均物價(jià)指數(shù)×全年收入總額

32Generalpriceleveladjustments

□Priceleveladjustedfiguresdonotrepresentthecurrentcostoftheitemsinquestion.Theyarestillhistoricalcostnumbers.Thehistoricalcostnumbersaremerelyrestatedinanewunitofmeasure—generalpurchasingpowerattheendoftheperiod.

注意：按物價(jià)水平調(diào)整后的數(shù)字并不代表該項(xiàng)目(名義支出)的現(xiàn)行成本，它們?nèi)匀皇菤v史成本數(shù)字。前述的所有調(diào)整只是將歷史成本用一個(gè)新的計(jì)量單位—期末的一般物價(jià)水平，來(lái)進(jìn)行重新表述。3334GeneralpriceleveladjustmentsObjective:tomeasureincomesuchthatitrepresentsanamountthatcouldbewithdrawnfromthebusinesswhilepreservingthegeneralpurchasingpowerofthefirm’soriginalinvestment.AssumethesamefactsaspreviouslyexceptthattheGPLadvancesfromalevelof100atthebeginningoftheperiodto121atperiod’sendandaveraged110duringtheyear.35Tokeepupwithinflation,owners’equityshouldgrowbyatleast$210;i.e.,beginningequity=$1,000x121/100=endingowners’equityof$1,210.Toaccomplishthis,revenuesareexpressedinendofperiodpurchasingpowerbymultiplying$1,500by121/110(110isusedasanexpedienttoreflectthefactthatrevenuesarereceiveduniformlyovertheyear).Generalpriceleveladjustments36Expenses(costofsalesinthisexample)wouldalsobeexpressedinendofperiodpurchasingpowerbymultiplying$1,000(incurredatthebeginningoftheyear)by121/100.Thisproducesanadjustedoperatingincomeof$440(=$1.650-$1,210).Generalpriceleveladjustments37GeneralPriceLevelAdjustmentsDuringinflation,anadditionalconsiderationmustbeaccountedfor.Thesearethegainsand/orlossesattributedtoholdingmonetaryitems.Monetaryasset=cashoraclaimtoafixednumberofcurrencyinthefuture;e.g.cashoraccountsreceivable.38Monetaryliability=obligationstopayafixednumberofcurrencyinthefuture;e.g.,mostpayablesexcludingcustomeradvances.Duringinflation,afirmholdingmonetaryassetsexperiencesapurchasingpowerlossascashorreceivablesarenotadjustedforinflation;afirmholdingmonetaryliabilitiesexperiencesapurchasingpowergain,asmonetaryliabilitiesarenotadjustedforinflation.GeneralPriceLevelAdjustments39Intheforegoingexample,thefirmreceived$1,500incashfromsalesuniformlyduringtheyear.Ifthismonetaryassetwereadjustedforinflationitsendingbalanceshouldbe$1,650(=$1,500x121/100).Itsactualendingcashbalanceisonly$1,500,givingrisetoapurchasingpowerloss(monetaryloss)of$150.Priceleveladjustednetincomewouldbe$290(=$440-$150).GeneralPriceLevelAdjustments40■HistoricalCost-constantPurchasingPowerAdjustments□Disposablewealthvs.Firm’swealth1.Firm’swealth2.Disposablewealth（income）:Traditionally,disposableaccountingincome(disposablewealth)isthatportionofafirm’swealththatthefirmcanwithdrawduringanaccountingperiodwithoutreducingitswealthbeneathitsoriginallevel.GeneralPriceLevelAdjustments（P164）disposableaccountingincome(traditionalaccountingincome).41GeneralPriceLevelAdjustments(P164)■HistoricalCost-constantPurchasingPowerAdjustments

□Example:SupposethatanArgentinemerchandiserbeginsthecalendaryearwithAP(ArgentinePesos)

100,000incash(nodebt),whichisimmediatelyconvertedintosalableinventory.Thefirmsellstheentireinventoryuniformlyduringtheyearata50%markup.

theaccountingincome=closingbalanceofnetassets－openingbalanceofnetassets=AP150,000-AP100,000=AP50,000Whenthelevelofpricechanges,theconventionalmeasureofincomemaynotaccuratelymeasureafirm’sdisposablewealth.Assumingnoinflation,enterpriseincomewouldbeAP50,00042GeneralPriceLevelAdjustments(P165)

Suppose:insteadthattheperiodhada21%inflationratewiththegeneralpricelevel(1.21atyear-end),averaging1.10duringtheyear.Inflation-adjustedincomewouldbemeasuredasfollows:

名義比索調(diào)整系數(shù)不變比索收入－費(fèi)用AP150,000＊1.21/1.10AP165,000100,000＊1.21/1.00121,000經(jīng)營(yíng)收益AP50,000AP44,000－貨幣損失＊－＊

15,000凈收益AP50,000AP29,00043GeneralPriceLevelAdjustments(P165)Conclusion

Theobjectiveofhistoricalcost--constantpurchasingpowermodelistopreservethegeneralpurchasingpower.歷史成本—不變購(gòu)買力模式的目的是保全公司貨幣的一般購(gòu)買力。(資本保全觀financialcapitalmaintenanceconcept）44CurrentCostAdjustment(P167)CurrentCostAdjustment

Thecurrentcostmodeldiffersfromconventionalaccountingintwomajorrespects:1.Assetsarevaluedattheircurrentcostratherthantheirhistoricalcost.2.Incomeistheamountofresourcesthatthefirmcandistributeduringaperiod,whilemaintainingitsproductivecapacityorphysicalcapital.45CurrentCostAdjustment(P167)Eg.資產(chǎn)=負(fù)債+所有者權(quán)益現(xiàn)金存貨資本1.100,000100,0002.(100,000)100,0003.150,000150,000收入4.40,00040,000重估價(jià)值5.(140,000)(140,000)費(fèi)用46CurrentCostAdjustment(P167)Conclusion

Thecurrentcostmodelattemptstopreserveafirm’sphysicalcapitalorproductivecapacity.

現(xiàn)行成本模式要保持的是公司的實(shí)物資本或者公司的生產(chǎn)能力。4748CurrentCostAdjustmentAdjustmentsforSpecificPriceChangesObjective:tomeasureincomesuchthatitrepresentsanamountthatcouldbewithdrawnfromthebusinesswhilepreservingthefirm’sproductivecapacity;i.e.,abilitytoreplacespecificassetswhosepriceshaverisenduringtheperiod.Continuingthepreviousexample,assumethatinadditiontogeneralinflation,specificpricesofinventoryhaveincreasedby30%.49Asthereplacementcostofinventorieshaveincreasedby30%,owners’equityshouldgrowbyatleast$300;i.e.,beginningequity=$1,000x130/100=$1,300.Failingthis,thecompanywillnotbeabletomaintainitsproductivecapacity;replaceallofitsinventory.Toaccomplishthis,assetsandtheirrelatedexpensesarerestatedtotheircurrentcostequivalents.CurrentCostAdjustment50CurrentCostAdjustment

Inventoryandhencecostofsales(allinventorywassold)wouldberestatedto$1,300(=$1,000x130/100).Thisproducesareplacementcostbasedadjustedoperatingincomeof$200(=$1.500-$1,300).51Withdrawing$200fromthebusinesswouldleavethefirmwith$1,300,theamountnecessarytoenableittopreserveitsproductivecapacity.Seepp.143-144ofInfosys’annualreportat/investor/reports-filingsandselectannualreportfor2007.CurrentCostAdjustment(P167)

52GeneralPriceLevelAdjustedCurrentCosts(P168)Objective:tomeasureincomesuchthatitrepresentsanamountthatcouldbewithdrawnfromthebusinesswhilepreservingthefirm’sgeneralpurchasingpowerandallowingittomaintainitsproductivecapacityinrealterms.53Samefactsasbefore.Generalpricelevelshaveadvancedby10%andspecificpriceshaveincreasedby25%.Adistinctivefeatureofthismeasurementframeworkisthatitreportschangesinthecurrentcostsofafirm’snonmonetaryassets,netofinflation.GeneralPriceLevelAdjustedCurrentCosts(P168)54Theincreaseinthemachinery’scostduetogeneralinflationwas$110(=$1,000x110/100).Therealchangeintheinventory’scurrentcostwas$150[=($1,000x125/100)–($1,000x110/100)].GeneralPriceLevelAdjustedCurrentCosts(P168)NationalPerspectives(P170)NationalPerspectiveonInflationAccounting□UnitedStatesⅠ.SFASNo.33.(1979)

“FinancialReportingandChangingPrices”.1.thecontentofSFASNo.33.----require

largecompaniestodisclosurebothhistoricalcost–constantpurchasingpowerandcurrentcost-constantpurchasingpowerfor5year.

＊Thesedisclosureswerejustsupplementtofinancial

statements

□largecompaniesⅰ.withinventoriesandproperty,plant,andequipmentofmorethan$125million;ⅱ.totalassetsofmorethan$1billion.55NationalPerspectives(P170)1979年，美國(guó)的財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)委員會(huì)發(fā)布了33號(hào)《財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則公告》，要求所有大公司必須同時(shí)披露反映歷史成本—不變購(gòu)買力和現(xiàn)行成本—不變購(gòu)買力的連續(xù)5年的資料。

1.擁有存貨以及廠房設(shè)備達(dá)125億美元以上；

2.擁有資產(chǎn)總額達(dá)10億美元以上。(但是注意，這些只是作為補(bǔ)充披露的內(nèi)容，而不是作為編制主要財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的基本計(jì)量依據(jù)。）56NationalPerspectives(P171)2.ThereviewofSFASNo.33ⅰ.thecharacteristicisthedoubledisclosure.

ⅱ.toincreasethecostofdisclosure.ⅲ.historicalcost–constantpurchasingpowerdatawerelessusefulthancurrentcostdata.57NationalPerspectives(P171)

Ⅱ.SFASNo.89.Itencouragescompaniestodisclosethefollowinginformationforeachofthe5mostrecentyears:---Netsalesandotheroperatingrevenues;---Incomefromcontinuingoperationsonacurrentcostbasis;---Purchasingpowergainsorlossesonnetmonetaryitems;---Increasesordecreasesinthecurrentcostorlowerrecoverableamount;

58NationalPerspectives(P171)---Anyaggregateforeigncurrencytranslationadjustment,onacurrentcostbasis,thatarisesfromtheconsolidationprocess;---Netassetsatyear-endonacurrentcostbasis;---Earningspershareonacurrentcostbasis;---Dividendspershareofcommonstock;---Year-endmarketpricepershareofcommonstock;---LeveloftheConsumerPriceIndexusedtomeasureincomefromcontinuingoperations.59NationalPerspectives(P171)

Ⅲ

ForeignOperationsThefollowingtwomethodsareusedtoadjustthecurrentcostoftheforeignoperationsofU.S.parentcompanies:1.Thetranslate-restatemethod:‘折算—重新表述’法

Theaccountsofforeignoperationsshouldbetranslatedtodollars,thenadjustedforU.S.inflation.

這些國(guó)外業(yè)務(wù)的賬戶余額先折算成美元表示，再按照美國(guó)的通貨膨脹水平進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

2.Therestate-translatemethod:‘重新表述—折算’法

TheaccountsofforeignoperationsshouldbeadjustedforforeigninflationandthentranslatetoU.S.dollars.

這些國(guó)外業(yè)務(wù)的賬戶余額先按照所在地當(dāng)?shù)氐耐ㄘ浥蛎浰竭M(jìn)行調(diào)整，然后在折算成美元表示。SFASNo.89.6061NationalPerspectives(P172)現(xiàn)行成本調(diào)整美元是功能貨幣先折算成美元，然后按照美國(guó)的GPL重新表述當(dāng)?shù)刎泿攀枪δ茇泿畔日鬯愠擅涝缓蟀凑彰绹?guó)的GPL重新表述先按照外國(guó)的GPL重新表述，然后折算成美元62NationalPerspectives(P172)UnitedKingdom

ⅠASCissuedSSAPNo.16“CurrentCostAccounting”in1980.

1.SSAPNo.16adoptedonlythecurrentcostmethodforexternalreporting;2.WhereastheU.S.inflationadjustmentfocusedontheincomestatement,theU.K.currentcoststatementrequiredbothacurrentcostincomestatementandabalancesheet,withexplanatorynotes.英國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)于1980年發(fā)布了《16號(hào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)公告——現(xiàn)行成本會(huì)計(jì)》1.僅對(duì)對(duì)外報(bào)告提出了按照現(xiàn)行成本編制的要求；2.美國(guó)的通貨膨脹調(diào)整以收益表為中心，而英國(guó)要求同時(shí)報(bào)告現(xiàn)行成本收益表和現(xiàn)行成本的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表，還有解釋性注釋。63NationalPerspectives(P172)ⅡTheU.K.standardallowedthreereportingoptions:1.Presentingcurrentcostaccountsasthebasicstatementswithsupplementaryhistoricalcostaccounts.

將現(xiàn)行成本報(bào)表作為基本報(bào)表，以歷史成本報(bào)表為補(bǔ)充；

2.Presentinghistoricalcostaccountsasthebasicstatementswithsupplementarycurrentcostaccounts.將歷史成本報(bào)表作為基本報(bào)表，以現(xiàn)行成本報(bào)表為補(bǔ)充；3.Presentingcurrentcostaccountsastheonlyaccountsaccompaniedbyadequatehistoricalcostinformation.

將現(xiàn)行成本報(bào)表作為唯一報(bào)表，同時(shí)附有足夠的歷史成本信息。64NationalPerspectives(P172)ⅢSSAPNo.16requiredtwofigurestoreflecttheeffectsofspecificpricechanges.

1.MWCA（amonetaryworkingcapitaladjustment）：貨幣營(yíng)運(yùn)資本調(diào)整額

----torecognizetheeffectofspecificpricechangesonthetotalamountofworkingcapitalusedinthebusinessoperations.2.GA(thegearingadjustment):杠桿比率調(diào)整額

----toreflecttheimpactofspecificpricechangesonafirm’snonmonetaryassets.

65NationalPerspectives(P173)＊〔(TL-CA)/(FA+I+MWC)〕(CCDep.Adj.+CCSalesAdj.+MWCA)

其中，TL=應(yīng)付購(gòu)銷賬款以外的負(fù)債總額CA=應(yīng)收購(gòu)銷賬款以外的流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)FA=包括投資在內(nèi)的固定資產(chǎn)

I=存貨

MWC=貨幣營(yíng)運(yùn)資本CCDep.Adj.=折舊費(fèi)的現(xiàn)行成本調(diào)整CCSalesAdj.=銷售額的現(xiàn)行成本調(diào)整MWCA=貨幣營(yíng)運(yùn)資本調(diào)整額66NationalPerspectives(P173)□BrazilⅠInflationaccountingrecommendedbyBrazilianCorporateLawⅡInflationaccountingrecommendedbyBrazilSecuritiesandExchangeCommission67NationalPerspectives(P173)Ⅰ.InflationaccountingrecommendedbyBrazilianCorporateLaw

ⅰ.thecontent----torestatepermanentassetsandstockholder’sequityaccountsusingapriceindex.

用物價(jià)指數(shù)重新表述永久性資產(chǎn)賬戶和股東權(quán)益賬戶。

①Permanentassetsincludefixedassets,buildings,investments,deferredchargesandtheirrespectivedepreciation,andamortizationordepletionaccounts(includinganyrelatedprovisionsforlosses).68NationalPerspectives(P173)永久性資產(chǎn)包括固定資產(chǎn)、建筑物、投資、遞延借項(xiàng)及其各自的折舊和攤銷或者減值賬戶（包括任何相關(guān)的損失）。②Stockholders’equityaccountscomprisecapital,revenuereserves,revaluationreserves,retainedearnings,andacapitalreservesaccountusedtorecordthepriceleveladjustmenttocapital.

股東權(quán)益賬戶包括資本、收入準(zhǔn)備、重估價(jià)準(zhǔn)備、留存收益以及用于記錄對(duì)資本進(jìn)行物價(jià)水平調(diào)整的資本準(zhǔn)備賬戶。69NationalPerspectives(P175)計(jì)算推導(dǎo)過(guò)程：令M=貨幣性資產(chǎn)；N=非貨幣性資產(chǎn)；L=負(fù)債；

E=權(quán)益；i=通貨膨脹率則：

M+N=L+E等式兩側(cè)同乘（1+i)：

M+Mi+N+Ni=L+Li+E+Ei移項(xiàng)整理：

M+(N+Ni)=L+(E+Ei)+(L-M)I因?yàn)镸+N=L+E，所以，Ni=Ei+(L-M)i＊7071Permanentassetadjustmentsareoffsetagainststockholders’equityadjustments.Apermanentassetadjustment<equityadjustmentproducesapurchasingpowerloss.Apermanentassetadjustment>equityadjustmentproducesapurchasingpowergain.NationalPerspectives(P175)NationalPerspectives(P175)即：永久性資產(chǎn)通貨膨脹調(diào)整額-所有者權(quán)益通貨膨脹調(diào)整額=貨幣性利得或損失①當(dāng)永久性資產(chǎn)的調(diào)整額低于股東權(quán)益的調(diào)整額時(shí)，產(chǎn)生購(gòu)買力損失，表示公司在其凈貨幣資產(chǎn)上承受的物價(jià)變動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Ni-Ei

＜0②當(dāng)永久性資產(chǎn)的調(diào)整額高于股東權(quán)益的調(diào)整額時(shí)，產(chǎn)生購(gòu)買力利得，說(shuō)明公司資產(chǎn)中的一部分來(lái)自于借款籌資。

Ni-Ei

＞072NationalPerspectives(P176)ⅡInflationaccountingrecommendedbyBrazilSecuritiesandExchangeCommission

ⅰthecontentListedcompaniesmustremeasurealltransactionsduringtheperiodusingtheirfunctionalcurrency.Attheendoftheperiod,theprevailinggeneralpricelevelindexconvertsunitsofgeneralpurchasingpowertounitsofnominallocalcurrency.73NationalPerspectives(P176)①Inventoryisincludedasanonmonetaryassetandisremeasuredwiththefunctionalcurrency.存貨包括在非貨幣性資產(chǎn)中，并且用功能貨幣重新計(jì)量；②Noninterest-bearingmonetaryitemswithmaturitiesexceeding90daysarediscountedtotheirpresentvaluestoallocateresultinginflationarygainsandlossestoappropriateaccountingperiods(e.g.thediscountontradereceivablesistreatedasareductionofsales,thediscountonaccountspayablereducespurchases).到期日超過(guò)90天，不計(jì)利息的貨幣項(xiàng)目折現(xiàn)為其現(xiàn)值，并將其導(dǎo)致的通貨膨脹利得或損失分配計(jì)入適當(dāng)?shù)臅?huì)計(jì)期間（例如，應(yīng)收賬款的折現(xiàn)作為銷售額的減項(xiàng)處理，應(yīng)付賬款的折扣購(gòu)貨成本的減項(xiàng)。）74NationalPerspectives(P176)③Blancesheetadjustmentsaresimilarlyreclassifiedtoappropriatelineitemsintheincomestatement.

資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的調(diào)整采用與收益表相應(yīng)的項(xiàng)目分類。75InternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(P176)InternationalAccountingStandardsCommittee1.TheIASCissuedIASNo.15,“InformationReflectingtheEffectsofChangingPrices”in1981.---recommendslargepubliclytradedenterprisestodisclosurethefollowinginformation,typicallyinsupplementaryform,usinganymethodthatadjustsforchangingprices:1981年，國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)發(fā)布了第15號(hào)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則《物價(jià)變動(dòng)影響的信息反映》，該準(zhǔn)則建議公開(kāi)上市的大公司，主要通過(guò)補(bǔ)充形式，使用任何調(diào)整物價(jià)變動(dòng)影響的方法披露下列信息：76InternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(P176)①Theamountoftheadjustmentto,ortheadjustedamountof,depreciationofproperty,plantandequipment;

對(duì)廠房設(shè)備折舊的調(diào)整額，或者已經(jīng)調(diào)整的金額。②Theamountoftheadjustmentto,ortheadjustedamountof,costofsales;

對(duì)銷售成本的調(diào)整額，或者已經(jīng)調(diào)整的金額。③Afinancingadjustment(s),ifsuchadjustment(s)isgenerallypartofthemethodadoptedforreportinginformationonchangingprices;

籌資調(diào)整額，如果這種調(diào)整是所采用的報(bào)告物價(jià)變動(dòng)信息方法的一般組成部分。77InternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(P176)④Theenterpriseresultsrecomputedtoreflecttheeffectsoftheitemsdescribedin①and②and,whereappropriate,③andanyotheritemsseparatelydisclosedthatthemethodadoptedrequires.

重新計(jì)算企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)成果，以反映(1),(2)和(3)及要求單獨(dú)披露所使用方法對(duì)其他項(xiàng)目的影響。⑤Ifacurrentcostmethodisadopted,thecurrentcostofinventoriesandofproperty,plant,andequipmentshouldbedisclosed.Disclosureofmethodsusedtocomputetheinflationadjustmentsisalsorequired.如果采用現(xiàn)行成本，存貨和廠房設(shè)備的現(xiàn)行成本應(yīng)予披露，還要求披露用來(lái)計(jì)算通貨膨脹影響所使用的方法。782.TheIASBissuedIASNo.29,“FinancialReportinginHyperinflationaryEconomies”.①Itrequires

financialstatementsofanenterprisethatreportsinacurrencyofahyperinflationaryeconomy,whetherbasedonahistoricalorcurrentcostvaluationframework,shouldbereexpressedintermsofconstantpurchasingpowerasofthebalancesheetdate.②Purchasingpowergainsorlossesrelatedtoanetmonetaryliabilityorassetpositionaretobeincludedincurrentincome.國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)發(fā)布第29號(hào)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則《惡性通貨膨脹經(jīng)濟(jì)中的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告》。該公告1.建議以惡性通貨膨脹國(guó)家貨幣為計(jì)量單位編制的企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，無(wú)論是以歷史成本還是以現(xiàn)行成本作為計(jì)價(jià)基礎(chǔ)，都應(yīng)該以資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日的不變購(gòu)買力為單位重新表述。2.與凈貨幣資產(chǎn)或凈貨幣負(fù)債相關(guān)的購(gòu)買力利得或損失包括在當(dāng)期收益中。InternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(P176)79③Reportingenterprisesshouldalsodisclosethefollowing:---Thefactthatrestatementforchangesinthegeneralpurchasingpowerofthemeasuringunithasbeenmade;

由于計(jì)量單位一般購(gòu)買力的變動(dòng)而重新編制的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告已經(jīng)完成；

---Theassetvaluationframeworkemployedintheprimarystatements(i.e.historicalorcurrentcostvaluation);

在主要財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中使用的資產(chǎn)計(jì)量模式（例如，是歷史成本或是現(xiàn)行成本計(jì)價(jià)）；InternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(P176)80---Theidentityandlevelofthepriceindexatthebalancesheetdate,togetherwithitsmovementduringthereportingperiod;

資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日物價(jià)指數(shù)的情況和水平，以及報(bào)告期物價(jià)指數(shù)的變動(dòng)；---Thenetmonetarygainorlossduringtheperiod.

當(dāng)期凈貨幣利得或損失InternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(P176)81InflationIssues（P177）AsummaryofInflationAccountingIssues□InflationGainsandLosses1.UnitedStatesGainsorlossesonmonetaryitems(allmonetaryas